Why We Get Fat: And What to Do About It (33 page)

BOOK: Why We Get Fat: And What to Do About It
4.58Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
Chapter 17: Meat or Plants?

Anon. 1899. “The Month.”
Practitioner
. 62:369. Cited in R. N. Proctor,
Cancer Wars
. New York: Basic Books: 1995.

Burkitt, D. P., and H. C. Trowell, eds. 1975.
Refined Carbohydrate Foods and Disease: Some Implications of Dietary Fibre
. New York: Academic Press.

Cleave, T. L., and G. D. Campbell. 1966.
Diabetes, Coronary Thrombosis and the Saccharine Disease
. Bristol, U.K.: John Wright & Sons.

Cordain, L., J. B. Miller, S. B. Eaton, N. Mann, S. H. Holt, and J. D. Speth. 2000. “Plant-Animal Subsistence Ratios and Macronutrient Energy Estimations in Worldwide Hunter-Gatherer Diets.”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. Mar;71(3):682–92.

Doll, R., and R. Peto. 1981. “The Causes of Cancer: Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the United States Today.”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
. Jun;66(6):1191–1308.

Donaldson, B. F. 1962.
Strong Medicine
. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.

Higginson, J. 1997. “From Geographical Pathology to Environmental Carcinogenesis: A Historical Reminiscence.”
Cancer Letters
. 117:133–42.

Levin, I. 1910. “Cancer Among the North American Indians and Its Bearing Upon the Ethnological Distribution of Disease.”
Zeitschrift für Krebfoschung
. Oct;9(3):422–35.

Pollan, M. 2008.
In Defense of Food
. New York: Penguin Press.

Rose, G. 1985. “Sick Individuals and Sick Populations.”
International Journal of Epidemiology
. Mar;14(1);32–38.

——. 1981. “Strategy of Prevention: Lessons from Cardiovascular Disease.”
British Medical Journal
. Jun 6;282(6279):1847–51.

Trowell, H. C., and D. P. Burkitt, eds. 1981.
Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention
. London: Edward Arnold.

Chapter 18: The Nature of a Healthy Diet

Basu, T. K., and C. J. Schlorah. 1982.
Vitamin C in Health and Disease
. Westport, Conn.: Avi Publishing.

Bode, A. M. 1997. “Metabolism of Vitamin C in Health and Disease.”
Advanced Pharmacology
. 38:21–47.

Bravata, D. M., L. Sanders, J. Huang, et al. 2003. “Efficacy and Safety of Low-Carbohydrate Diets: A Systematic Review.”
Journal of the American Medical Association
. Apr 9;289(14):1837–50.

Brehm, B. J., R. J. Seeley, S. R. Daniels, and D. A. D’Alessio. 2003. “A Randomized Trial Comparing a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet and a Calorie-Restricted Low Fat Diet on Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Women.”
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
. Apr;88(4):1617–23.

Calle, E. E., and R. Kaaks. 2004. “Overweight, Obesity and Cancer: Epidemiological Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms.”
Nature Reviews Cancer
. Aug;4(8):579–91.

Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. 2002. “(Adult Treatment Panel III) Final report.”
Circulation
. Dec 17;106(25):3143–3421.

Cox, B. D., M. J. Whichelow, W. J. Butterfield, and P. Nicholas. 1974. “Peripheral Vitamin C Metabolism in Diabetics and Non-Diabetics: Effect of Intra-Arterial Insulin.”
Clinical Sciences & Molecular Medicine
. Jul;47(1):63–72.

Cunningham, J. J. 1998. “The Glucose/Insulin System and Vitamin C: Implications in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.”
Journal of the American College of Nutrition
. Apr;17(20):105–8.

——. 1988. “Altered Vitamin C Transport in Diabetes Mellitus.”
Medical Hypotheses
. Aug;26(4):263–65.

Ernst, N. D., and R. I. Levy. 1984. “Diet and Cardiovascular Disease.” In
Present Knowledge in Nutrition
, 5th ed., ed. R. E. Olson, H. P. Broquist, C. O. Chichester, et al., pp. 724–39. Washington, D.C.: Nutrition Foundation.

Ford, E. S., A. H. Mokdad, W. H. Giles, and D. W. Brown. 2003. “The Metabolic Syndrome and Antioxidant Concentrations: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.”
Diabetes
. Sep;52(9): 2346–52.

Foster, G. D., H. R. Wyatt, J. O. Hill, et al. 2010. “Weight and Metabolic Outcomes After 2 Years on a Low-Carbohydrate Versus Low-Fat Diet. A Randomized Trial.”
Annals of Internal Medicine
. Aug 3;153(3):147–57.

——. 2003. “A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity.”
New England Journal of Medicine
. May 22;348(21):2082–90.

Freeman, J. M., E. H. Kossoff, and A. L. Hartman. 2007. “The Ketogenic Diet: One Decade Later.”
Pediatrics
. Mar;119(3):535–43.

Gardner, C. D., A. Kiazand, S. Alhassan, et al. 2007. “Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A TO Z Weight Loss Study, a Randomized Trial.”
Journal of the American Medical Association
. Mar 7;297(9):969–77.

Godsland, I. F. 2009. “Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinaemia in the Development and Progression of Cancer.”
Clinical Science
. Nov 23;118(5):315–32.

Harris, M. 1985.
Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture
. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Hession, M., C. Rolland, U. Kulkarni, A. Wise, and J. Broom. 2009. “Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Low-Carbohydrate vs. Low-Fat/Low-Calorie Diets in the Management of Obesity and Its Comorbidities.”
Obesity Reviews
. Jan;10(1):36–50.

Hooper, L., C. D. Summerbell, J. P. Higgins, et al. 2001. “Reduced or Modified Dietary Fat for Preventing Cardiovascular Disease.”
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
. (3):CD002137.

Howard, B. V., L. Van Horn, J. Hsia, et al. 2006. “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial.”
Journal of the American Medical Association
. Feb 8;295(6):655–66.

Katan, M. B. 2009. “Weight-Loss Diets for the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity.”
New England Journal of Medicine
. Feb 26;360(9):923–25.

Kuklina, E. V., P. W. Yoon, and N. L. Keenan. 2009. “Trends in High Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in the United States, 1999–2006.”
Journal of the American Medical Association
. Nov 18;302(19):2104–10.

Luchsinger, J. A., and D. R. Gustafson. 2009. “Adiposity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Alzheimer’s Disease.”
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
. Apr;16(4):693–704.

Maher, P. A., and D. R. Schubert. 2009. “Metabolic Links Between Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease.”
Expert Reviews of Neurotherapeutics
. Oct;111(2): 332–43.

Mavropoulos, J. C., W. B. Isaacs, S. V. Pizzo, and S. J. Freedland. 2006. “Is There a Role for a Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet in the Management of Prostate Cancer?”
Urology
. Jul;68(1):15–18.

Neal, E. G., and J. H. Cross. 2010. “Efficacy of Dietary Treatments for Epilepsy.”
Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
. Apr;23(2):113–19.

Packard, C. J. 2006. “Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein and Its Role as an Independent Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease.”
Current Opinions in Lipidology
. Aug;17(4):412–17.

Sacks, G. A., G. A. Bray, V. J. Carey, et al. 2009. “Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates.”
New England Journal of Medicine
. Feb 26;360(9):859–73.

Samaha, F. F., N. Iqubal, P. Seshadri, et al. 2003. “A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity.”
New England Journal of Medicine
. May 22;348(21):2074–81.

Seyfried, B. T., M. Klebish, J. Marsh, and P. Mukherjee. 2009. “Targeting Energy Metabolism in Brain Cancer Through Calorie Restriction and the Ketogenic Diet.”
Journal of Cancer Research Therapy
. Sep;5(Suppl 1):S7–S15.

Shai, I., D. Schwarzfuchs, Y. Henkin, et al. 2008. “Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet.”
New England Journal of Medicine
. Jul 17;359(3):229–41.

Siri, P. M., and R. M. Krauss. 2005. “Influence of Dietary Carbohydrate and Fat on LDL and HDL Particle Distributions.”
Current Atherosclerosis Reports
. Nov;7(6):455–59.

Skeaff, C. M., and J. Miller. 2009. “Dietary Fat and Coronary Heart Disease: Summary of Evidence from Prospective Cohort and Randomised Controlled Trials.”
Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism
. 55(1–3):173–201.

Sondike, S. B., N. Copperman, and M. S. Jacobson. 2003. “Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Overweight Adolescents.”
Journal of Pediatrics
. Mar;142(3):253–58.

Will, J. C., and T. Byers. 1996. “Does Diabetes Mellitus Increase the Requirement for Vitamin C?”
Nutrition Reviews
. Jul;54(7):193–202.

Wilson, P. W., and J. B. Meigs. 2008. “Cardiometabolic Risk: a Framingham Perspective.”
International Journal of Obesity
. May;32(Suppl 2):S17–S20.

World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. 2007.
Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective
. Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Cancer Research.

Yancy, W. S., Jr., M. K. Olsen, J. R. Guyton, R. P. Bakst, and E. C. Westman. 2004. “A Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet Versus a Low-Fat Diet to Treat Obesity and Hyperlipidemia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.”
Annals of Internal Medicine
. May 18;140(10):769–77.

Chapter 19: Following Through

Allan, C. B., and W. Lutz. 2000.
Life Without Bread: How a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Can Save Your Life
. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Kemp, R. 1972. “The Over-All Picture of Obesity.”
Practitioner
. Nov;209:654–60.

——. 1966. “Obesity as a Disease.”
Practitioner
. Mar;196:404–9.

——. 1963. “Carbohydrate Addiction.”
Practitioner
. Mar;190:358–364.

Lecheminant, J. D., C. A. Gibson, D. K. Sullivan, et al. 2007. “Comparison of a Low Carbohydrate and Low Fat Diet for Weight Maintenance in Overweight or Obese Adults Enrolled in a Clinical Weight Management Program.”
Nutrition Journal
. Nov 1;6:36.

National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2005.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients
). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

Phinney, S. D. “Ketogenic Diets and Physical Performance.”
Nutrition & Metabolism
. Aug 17;1(1):2.

Sidbury, J. B., Jr., and R. P. Schwartz. 1975. A Program for Weight Reduction in Children. In
Childhood Obesity
, ed. P. Collip, pp. 65–74: Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group.

Westman, E. C., W. S. Yancy, J. C. Mavropoulos, M. Marquart, J. R. McDuffie. 2008. “The Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet versus a Low-Glycemic Index Diet on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.”
Nutrition and Metabolism
. Dec 19;5:36.

Westman, E. C., W. S. Yancy, M. K. Olsen, T. Dudley, J. R. Guyton. 2006. “Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet Program Compared to a Low-Fat Diet on Fasting Lipoprotein Subclasses.”
International Journal of Cardiology
. June 16;110(2):212–16.

Yancy, W. S., M. K. Olsen, J. R. Guyton, R. P. Bakst, E. C. Westman. 2004. “A Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet versus a Low-Fat Diet to Treat Obesity
and Hyperlipidemia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.”
Archives of Internal Medicine
. May 18;140(10):769–77.

Yancy, W. S., M. C. Vernon, and E. C. Westman. 2003. “A Pilot Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.”
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
. Sep;1(3):239–43.

Yancy, W. S., E. C. Westman, J. R. McDuffie, et al. 2010. “A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet versus Orlistat Plus a Low-Fat Diet for Weight Loss.”
Archives of Internal Medicine
. Jan 25;170(2):136–45.

ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

1.1
“Fat Louisa” photograph. Reprinted from
The Pima Indians
, Frank Russell, page 67. Copyright 1908.

5.1
Steatopygia photograph. Reprinted from
The Races of Man
, J. Deniker, page 94. Copyright 1900.

5.2
Lean and obese identical twins photographs. Reprinted from
Obesity and Leanness
, Hugo R. Rony, page 84 and 85. Copyright 1940.

5.3
Aberdeen Angus photograph. Courtesy of Genus ABS.

5.4
Jersey cow photograph. By Maggie Murphy, courtesy of Agri-Graphics Ltd.

5.5
Woman with progressive lipodystrophy photograph. Reprinted from
Obesity and Leanness
, Hugo R. Rony, page 71. Copyright 1940.

5.6
HIV-related progressive lipodystrophy photographs. Mauss, S. “Lipodystrophy, Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Risk-Complications of Antiretroviral Therapy.”
European Pharmacotherapy
2003, Touch Briefings. © Touch Briefings. Reprinted with permission.

9.1
The effects of estrogen on LPL illustration. By Ellen Rogers.

9.2
Author’s son, August 2007 and August 2010 photographs. By Larry Lederman.

9.3
Zucker rat photograph. Courtesy of Charles River Laboratories.

11.1
Calvin and Hobbes comic strip. Calvin and Hobbes © 1986 Watterson. Reprinted by permission of Universal Uclick. All rights reserved.

11.2
Fatty acid/tryglyceride illustration. By Ellen Rogers.

11.3
Effects of insulin on adipose tissue photograph. Courtesy of Informa Healthcare Communications. Reprinted from
Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach
, Stephen Nussey and Saffron Whitehead, page 31. Copyright 2001.

A Note About the Author

Gary Taubes is the author of
Good Calories, Bad Calories: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control, and Disease
. He is a contributing correspondent for
Science
magazine, and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation investigator in health policy research at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health. His articles about science, medicine, and health have appeared in
Discover, The Atlantic
, and
The New York Times Magazine
, among other publications. He has won three Science-in-Society Journalism Awards, given by the National Association of Science Writers—the only print journalist so recognized—as well as awards from the Pan American Health Organization, the American Institute of Physics, and the American Physical Society. His writing was selected for
The Best American Science Writing 2002, The Best of the Best of American Science Writing
, and
The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2000
and
2003
. He is also the author of
Bad Science
and
Nobel Dreams
. He was educated at Harvard, Stanford, and Columbia. He lives in Berkeley, California, with his wife and two sons.

Other books

The Final Victim by Wendy Corsi Staub
The Mogul by Marquis, Michelle
The Ultimate Secret by David Thomas Moore
Grey Wolf: The Escape of Adolf Hitler by Simon Dunstan, Gerrard Williams
Summerfall by Claire Legrand