Zoobiquity (46 page)

61
“It has been proven that animals”:
Nikhil V. Dhurandhar, “Infectobesity: Obesity of Infectious Origin,”
Journal of Nutrition
131 (2001): pp. 2794S–97S; Robin Marantz Henig, “Fat Factors,”
New York Times
, August 13, 2006, accessed February 26, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/13/magazine/13obesity.html
; Nikhil V. Dhurandhar, “Chronic Nutritional Diseases of Infectious Origin: An Assessment of a Nascent Field,”
Journal of Nutrition
131 (2001): pp. 2787S–88S.

62
James Marden is an entomologist and professor
: James Marden telephone interview, September 1, 2011.

63
Fat was collecting
: Rudolph J. Schilder and James H. Marden, “Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity in an Insect,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
103 (2006): pp. 18805–09; Rudolph J. Schilder, and James H. Marden, “Metabolic Syndrome in Insects Triggered by Gut Microbes,”
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
1 (2007): pp. 794–96.

64
Dragonfly blood
: Marden interview.

65
Metabolic syndrome
: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, “Insulin Resistance and Pre-diabetes,” accessed October 13, 2011.
http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/DM/pubs/insulinresistance/#metabolicsyndrome
.

66
When Marden looked
: Schilder and Marden, “Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity”; Marden interview.

67
What the parasites caused
: Schilder and Marden, “Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.”

68
By measuring the way
: Marden interview.

69
“specific components of their metabolism”:
Ibid.

70
The gregarine infections
: Schilder and Marden, “Metabolic Syndrome in Insects”; Schilder and Marden, “Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.”

71
Intriguingly, the parasites
: Marden interview; Schilder and Marden, “Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.”

72
But although I had never
: Justus F. Mueller, “Further Studies on Parasitic Obesity in Mice, Deer Mice, and Hamsters,”
Journal of Parasitology
51 (1965): pp. 523–31.

73
In 2005, the Australians
:
NobelPrize.org
, “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005: Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren,” Nobel Prize press release, October 3, 2005, accessed October 1, 2011.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/press.html
.

74
The road to the Nobel
: Melissa Sweet, “Smug as a Bug,”
Sydney Morning Herald
, August 2, 1997, accessed October 1, 2011.
http://www.vianet.net.au/~bjmrshll/features2.html
.

75
“really wasn’t much response”:
Marden interview.

76
“Metabolic disease isn’t some strange”:
Penn State Science, “Dragonfly’s Metabolic Disease Provides Clues About Human Obesity,” November 20, 2006, accessed October 13, 2011.
http://science.psu.edu/news-and-events/2006-news/Marden11–2006.htm/
.

77
Watts had decided
: Watts interview.

78
The fruit zookeepers buy
: Edwards interview.

  
1
“I am so worried”:
“Need Help with Feather Picking in Baby,” African Grey Forum, board post dated Feb. 17, 2009, by andrea1981, accessed July 3, 2009.
http://www.africangreyforum.com/forum/f38/need-help-with-feather-picking-in-baby
; “Sydney Is the Resident Nudist Here,” African Grey Forum, board post dated April 25, 2008, by Lisa B., accessed July 3, 2009.
http://www.africangreyforum.com/forum/showthread.php/389-ok-so-who-s-grey-has-plucking-or-picking-issues
; “Quaker Feather Plucking,” New York Bird Club, accessed July 3, 2009.
http://www.luciedove.websitetoolbox.com/post?id=1091055
; “Feather Plucking: Help My Bird Has a Feather Plucking Problem,” QuakerParrot Forum, accessed July 3, 2009.
http://www.quakerparrots.com/forum/indexphp?act=idx
; Theresa Jordan, “Quaker Mutilation Syndrome (QMS): Part I,”
Winged Wisdom Pet Bird Magazine
, January 1998, accessed July 3, 2009.
http://www.birdsnways.com/wisdom/ww19eiv.htm
; “My Baby Is Plucking,” Quaker Parrot Forum, accessed July 3, 2009.
http://www.quakerparrots.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=49091
.

  
2
“Lately she has been pulling”:
“Feather Plucking.”

  
3
Its name says it all
: E. David Klonsky and Jennifer J. Muehlenkamp, “Self-Injury: A Research Review for the Practitioner,”
Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session
63 (2007): pp. 1045–56; E. David Klonsky, “The Function of Deliberate Self-Injury: A Review of the Evidence,”
Clinical Psychology Review
27 (2007): pp. 226–39; E. David Klonsky, “The Functions of Self-Injury in Young Adults Who Cut Themselves: Clarifying the Evidence for Affect Regulation,”
Psychiatry Research
166 (2009): pp. 260–68; Nicola Madge, Anthea Hewitt, Keith Hawton, Erik Jan de Wilde, Paul Corcoran, Sandor Fakete, Kees van Heeringen, et al., “Deliberate Self-Harm Within an International Community Sample of Young People: Comparative Findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study,”
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
49 (2008): pp. 667–77; Keith Hawton, Karen Rodham, Emma Evans, and Rosamund Weatherall, “Deliberate Self Harm in Adolescents: Self Report Survey in Schools in England,”
BMJ
325 (2002): pp. 1207–11; Marilee Strong,
A Bright Red Scream: Self-Mutilation and the Language of Pain
, London: Penguin (Non-Classics): 1999; Steven Levenkron,
Cutting: Understanding and Overcoming Self-Mutilation
, New York: Norton, 1998; Mary E. Williams,
Self-Mutilation
(
Opposing Viewpoints
), Farmington Hills: Greenhaven, 2007.

  
4
Psychiatrists call cutters “self-injurers”:
Klonsky and Muehlenkamp, “Self-Injury”; Klonsky, “The Function of Deliberate Self-Injury”; Madge et al., “Deliberate Self-Harm”; Hawton et al., “Deliberate Self Harm”; Strong,
A Bright Red Scream;
Levenkron,
Cutting;
Williams,
Self-Mutilation
.

  
5
I, for one, was shocked
: BBC News, “The Panorama Interview,” November 2005,
accessed October 2, 2011.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/panorama.html
; Andrew Morton,
Diana: Her True Story in Her Own Words
, New York: Pocket Books, 1992.

  
7
While Angelina Jolie
: “Angelina Jolie Talks Self-Harm,” video, 2010, retrieved October 2, 2011, from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW1Ay4u5JDE
; Jolie,
20/20
interview, video, 2010, retrieved October 3, 2011, from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfzPhag_09E&feature=related.

  
8
Christina Ricci
: David Lipsky, “Nice and Naughty,”
Rolling Stone
827 (1999): pp. 46–52.

  
9
Johnny Depp
: Chris Heath, “Johnny Depp—Portrait of the Oddest as a Young Man,”
Details
(May 1993): pp. 159–69, 174.

10
Colin Farrell
: Chris Heath, “Colin Farrell—The Wild One,”
GQ Magazine
(2004): pp. 233–39, 302–3.

11
“I began cutting my arms”:
“Self Inflicted Injury,” Cornell Blog: An Unofficial Blog About Cornell University, accessed October 9, 2011.
http://cornell.elliottback.com/self-inflicted-injury/
.

12
And they confirm
: Klonsky and Muehlenkamp, “Self-Injury.”

13
Psychiatrists have linked
: Ibid.; Klonsky, “The Function of Deliberate Self-Injury”; Klonsky, “The Functions of Self-Injury”; Madge et al., “Deliberate Self-Harm”; Hawton et al., “Deliberate Self Harm”; Strong,
A Bright Red Scream;
Levenkron,
Cutting;
Williams,
Self-Mutilation
.

14
In the fourth version
: American Psychiatric Association,
DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, 4th Ed., Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, 1994.

15
But it turns out
: Klonsky and Muehlenkamp, “Self-Injury,” p. 1047; Lorrie Ann Dellinger-Ness and Leonard Handler, “Self-Injurious Behavior in Human and Non-human Primates,”
Clinical Psychology Review
26 (2006): pp. 503–14.

16
Some begin the behavior
: Klonsky and Muehlenkamp, “Self-Injury,” p. 1046.

17
It’s a common diagnosis
: L. S. Sawyer, A. A. Moon-Fanelli, and N. H. Dodman, “Psychogenic Alopecia in Cats: 11 Cases (1993–1996),”
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
214 (1999): pp. 71–74.

18
The diagnosis of acral lick dermatitis
: Anita Patel, “Acral Lick Dermatitis,”
UK Vet
15 (2010): pp. 1–4; Mark Patterson, “Behavioural Genetics: A Question of Grooming,”
Nature Reviews: Genetics
3 (2002): p. 89; A. Luescher, “Compulsive Behavior in Companion Animals,”
Recent Advances in Companion Animal Behavior Problems
, ed. K. A. Houpt, Ithaca: International Veterinary Information Service, 2000.

19
“Flank biters”:
Katherine A. Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists
, 5th ed., Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011: pp. 121–22.

20
Nicholas Dodman, a veterinarian
: N. H. Dodman, E. K. Karlsson, A. A. Moon-Fanelli, M. Galdzicka, M. Perloski, L. Shuster, K. Lindblad-Toh, et al., “A Canine Chromosome 7 Locus Confers Compulsive Disorder Susceptibility,”
Molecular Psychiatry
15 (2010): pp. 8–10.

21
Whether OCD in humans and CCD in dogs
: N. H. Dodman, A. A. Moon-Fanelli, P. A. Mertens, S. Pflueger, and D. J. Stein, “Veterinary Models of OCD,” In
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders
, edited by E. Hollander and D. J. Stein. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997 pp. 99–141; A. A. Moon-Fanelli and N. H. Dodman, “Description and Development of Compulsive Tail Chasing in Terriers and Response to Clomipramine Treatment,”
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
212 (1998): pp. 1252–57.

22
In contrast, with animals
: Karen L. Overall and Arthur E. Dunham, “Clinical Features and Outcome in Dogs and Cats with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: 126 Cases (1989–2000),”
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
221 (2002): pp. 1445–52; Dellinger-Ness and Handler, “Self-Injurious Behavior.”

23
compulsive vocalization
: Dan J. Stein, Nicholas H. Dodman, Peter Borchelt, and Eric Hollander, “Behavioral Disorders in Veterinary Practice: Relevance to Psychiatry,”
Comprehensive Psychiatry
35 (1994): pp. 275–85; Nicholas H. Dodman, Louis Shuster, Gary J. Patronek, and Linda Kinney, “Pharmacologic Treatment of Equine Self-Mutilation Syndrome,”
International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine
2 (2004): pp. 90–98.

24
They call it, simply
: Alice Moon-Fanelli “Feline Compulsive Behavior,” accessed October 9, 2011.
http://www.tufts.edu/vet/vet_common/pdf/petinfo/dvm/case_march2005.pdf
; Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, p. 167.

25
Some chimps pick parasites
: Christophe Boesch, “Innovation in Wild Chimpanzees,”
International Journal of Primatology
16 (1995): pp. 1–16.

26
Japanese macaques
: Ichirou Tanaka, “Matrilineal Distribution of Louse Egg-Handling Techniques During Grooming in Free-Ranging Japanese Macaques,”
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
98 (1995): pp. 197–201; Ichirou Tanaka, “Social Diffusion of Modified Louse Egg-Handling Techniques During Grooming in Free-Ranging Japanese Macaques,”
Animal Behaviour
56 (1998): pp. 1229–36.

27
plays a vital role in the social structure
: Megan L. Van Wolkenten, Jason M. Davis, May Lee Gong, and Frans B. M. de Waal, “Coping with Acute Crowding by
Cebus Apella,” International Journal of Primatology
27 (2006): pp. 1241–56.

28
Some groups of chimps
: Kristin E. Bonnie and Frans B. M. de Waal, “Affiliation Promotes the Transmission of a Social Custom: Handclasp Grooming Among Captive Chimpanzees,”
Primates
47 (2006): pp. 27–34.

29
When lower-ranking bonnet macaques
: Joseph H. Manson, C. David Navarrete, Joan B. Silk, and Susan Perry, “Time-Matched Grooming in Female Primates? New Analyses from Two Species,”
Animal Behaviour
67 (2004): pp. 493–500.

30
A tropical reef dweller
: Karen L. Cheney, Redouan Bshary, and Alexandra S. Grutter, “Cleaner Fish Cause Predators to Reduce Aggression Toward Bystanders at Cleaning Stations,”
Behavioral Ecology
19 (2008): pp. 1063–67.

31
Scientists have found
: Ibid.

32
Cats and rabbits may spend
: Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, p. 57.

33
Sea lions and seals
: Hilary N. Feldman and Kristie M. Parrott, “Grooming in a Captive Guadalupe Fur Seal,”
Marine Mammal Science
12 (1996): pp. 147–53.

34
Birds roll in dirt
: Peter Cotgreave and Dale H. Clayton, “Comparative Analysis of Time Spent Grooming by Birds in Relation to Parasite Load,”
Behaviour
131 (1994): pp. 171–87.

35
Snakes, lacking napkins
: Daniel S. Cunningham and Gordon M. Burghardt, “A Comparative Study of Facial Grooming After Prey Ingestion in Colubrid Snakes,”
Ethology
105 (1999): pp. 913–36.

36
Grooming actually alters the neurochemistry
: Allan V. Kalueff and Justin L. La Porte,
Neurobiology of Grooming Behavior
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

37
Even simply petting
: Karen Allen, “Are Pets a Healthy Pleasure? The Influence of Pets on Blood Pressure,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
12 (2003): pp. 236–39; Sandra B. Barker, “Therapeutic Aspects of the Human-Companion Animal
Interaction,”
Psychiatric Times
16 (1999), accessed October 10, 2011.
http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/54671?pageNumber=1
.

38
It turns out that both pain and grooming
: Kalueff and La Porte,
Neurobiology of Grooming Behavior;
G. C. Davis, “Endorphins and Pain,”
Psychiatric Clinics of North America
6 (1983): pp. 473–87.

39
Researchers in Massachusetts
: Melinda A. Novak, “Self-Injurious Behavior in Rhesus Monkeys: New Insights into Its Etiology, Physiology, and Treatment,”
American Journal of Primatology
59 (2003): pp. 3–19.

40
Call a veterinarian to treat a flank biter
: Sue M. McDonnell, “Practical Review of Self-Mutilation in Horses,”
Animal Reproduction Science
107 (2008): pp. 219–28; Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, pp. 121–22; Nicholas H. Dodman, Jo Anne Normile, Nicole Cottam, Maria Guzman, and Louis Shuster, “Prevalence of Compulsive Behaviors in Formerly Feral Horses,”
International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine
3 (2005): pp. 20–24.

41
Isolation can also provoke it
: I. H. Jones and B. M. Barraclough, “Auto-mutilation in Animals and Its Relevance to Self-Injury in Man,”
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
58 (1978): pp. 40–47.

42
Birds—even ones
: Franklin D. McMillan,
Mental Health and Well-Being in Animals
, Hoboken: Blackwell, 2005: pp. 289.

43
Many stallions stop
: McDonnell, “Practical Review,” pp. 219–28; Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, p. 121–22.

44
Animals of many kinds
: McDonnell, “Practical Review,” pp. 219–28.

45
As mentioned earlier, environmental enrichment
: Robert J. Young,
Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals
, Hoboken: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare and Blackwell, 2003; Ruth C. Newberry, “Environmental Enrichment: Increasing the Biological Relevance of Captive Environments,”
Applied Animal Behaviour Science
44 (1995): pp. 229–43.

46
In 1985, the USDA
: Jodie A. Kulpa-Eddy, Sylvia Taylor, and Kristina M. Adams, “USDA Perspective on Environmental Enrichment for Animals,”
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal
46 (2005): pp. 83–94.

47
When the coyote handler
: Hilda Tresz, Linda Ambrose, Holly Halsch, and Annette Hearsh, “Providing Enrichment at No Cost,”
The Shape of Enrichment: A Quarterly Source of Ideas for Environmental and Behavioral Enrichment
6 (1997): pp. 1–4.

48
Trainers give horses
: McDonnell, “Practical Review,” pp. 219–28.

49
Some therapists counsel
: Deb Martinsen, “Ways to Help Yourself Right Now,” American Self-Harm Information Clearinghouse, accessed December 20, 2011.
http://www.selfinjury.org/docs/selfhelp.htm
.