1812: The Navy's War (78 page)
46
“let the sound”:
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis: The Urbane Federalist
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 326.
“let the sound”:
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis: The Urbane Federalist
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 326.
46
“an event awful”:
Robert A. McCaughey,
Josiah Quincy, 1772–1864: The Last Federalist
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), 58.
“an event awful”:
Robert A. McCaughey,
Josiah Quincy, 1772–1864: The Last Federalist
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), 58.
46
That night, a menacing crowd:
Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 52–71.
That night, a menacing crowd:
Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 52–71.
47
The mob’s violence upset:
Adams,
History of the United States
, 578–81.
The mob’s violence upset:
Adams,
History of the United States
, 578–81.
47
On May 11, a man:
Spencer Walpole,
The Life of the Right Honorable Spencer Perceval Including His Correspondence with Numerous Distinguished Persons
(London: Hurst and Blackett, 1874), 2:293–99.
On May 11, a man:
Spencer Walpole,
The Life of the Right Honorable Spencer Perceval Including His Correspondence with Numerous Distinguished Persons
(London: Hurst and Blackett, 1874), 2:293–99.
47
the veteran Lord Liverpool:
Charles D. Yonge,
The Life and Administration of Robert Banks, Second Earl of Liverpool
(London: Macmillan, 1868), 1:401.
the veteran Lord Liverpool:
Charles D. Yonge,
The Life and Administration of Robert Banks, Second Earl of Liverpool
(London: Macmillan, 1868), 1:401.
48
“Arguments and expostulations”:
“Second Inaugural Address,” in Rakove, ed.,
James Madison’s Writings
, 693–96.
“Arguments and expostulations”:
“Second Inaugural Address,” in Rakove, ed.,
James Madison’s Writings
, 693–96.
48
“not independent people”:
Robert Rutland,
James Madison: The Founding Father
(New York: Macmillan, 1987), 225.
“not independent people”:
Robert Rutland,
James Madison: The Founding Father
(New York: Macmillan, 1987), 225.
49
“As our councils”:
Richard Beale Davis, ed.,
Jeffersonian America: Notes by Sir Augustus John Foster
(San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1954), 99–103.
“As our councils”:
Richard Beale Davis, ed.,
Jeffersonian America: Notes by Sir Augustus John Foster
(San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1954), 99–103.
49
Pinkney departed:
Ambassador Pinkney to Secretary of State Robert Smith, March 1, 1811, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
(Washington DC: Gales & Seaton, 1833–58), 3:415.
Pinkney departed:
Ambassador Pinkney to Secretary of State Robert Smith, March 1, 1811, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
(Washington DC: Gales & Seaton, 1833–58), 3:415.
50
“To render the justice”:
“Second Inaugural Address,” in Rakove, ed.,
James Madison’s Writings
, 695.
“To render the justice”:
“Second Inaugural Address,” in Rakove, ed.,
James Madison’s Writings
, 695.
50
The president’s terms:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950), 34–5.
The president’s terms:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950), 34–5.
51
The president did not want:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6, 62.
The president did not want:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6, 62.
51
“consent to suspend”:
Castlereagh to Russell, Aug. 29, 1812, and Sept. 18, 1812, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:589–92;
Times
(London), Aug. 1812.
“consent to suspend”:
Castlereagh to Russell, Aug. 29, 1812, and Sept. 18, 1812, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:589–92;
Times
(London), Aug. 1812.
51
“to give assurance”:
Russell to Castlereagh, Aug. 24, 1812, in
Times
(London), Dec. 26, 1812.
“to give assurance”:
Russell to Castlereagh, Aug. 24, 1812, in
Times
(London), Dec. 26, 1812.
51
“to give assurance:
Secretary of State Monroe to Ambassador Jonathan Russell, June 26, 1812, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:585.
“to give assurance:
Secretary of State Monroe to Ambassador Jonathan Russell, June 26, 1812, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:585.
51
“demand of us”: Times
(London), Dec. 25, 1812.
“demand of us”: Times
(London), Dec. 25, 1812.
51
Castlereagh was willing:
Castlereagh to Russell, Aug. 29 and Sept. 18, 1812; Russell to Monroe, Sept. 17, 1812 ; and Castlereagh to Russell, Sept. 18, 1812, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:592–95.
Castlereagh was willing:
Castlereagh to Russell, Aug. 29 and Sept. 18, 1812; Russell to Monroe, Sept. 17, 1812 ; and Castlereagh to Russell, Sept. 18, 1812, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:592–95.
51
“Still more precise”: National Intelligencer
, Aug. 4, 1812.
CHAPTER 6“Still more precise”: National Intelligencer
, Aug. 4, 1812.
53
“For God’s sake”:
Charles O. Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers: A Biography
(Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1910), 247.
“For God’s sake”:
Charles O. Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers: A Biography
(Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1910), 247.
54
“Now lads”:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 248.
“Now lads”:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 248.
54
As on all American warships:
Christopher McKee,
A Gentleman and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991), 219.
As on all American warships:
Christopher McKee,
A Gentleman and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991), 219.
54
After the Quasi-War:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 31–207.
After the Quasi-War:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 31–207.
55
“out with as large”:
Captain Decatur to Secretary Hamilton, June 8, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:122–24.
“out with as large”:
Captain Decatur to Secretary Hamilton, June 8, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:122–24.
56
“menacing them in the very teeth”:
Commodore John Rodgers to Secretary Hamilton, June 3, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:119–22.
“menacing them in the very teeth”:
Commodore John Rodgers to Secretary Hamilton, June 3, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:119–22.
56
“I apprize you”:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 249–50.
“I apprize you”:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 249–50.
57
“We may be able”:
Commodore Rodgers to Secretary Hamilton, June 19, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:138.
“We may be able”:
Commodore Rodgers to Secretary Hamilton, June 19, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:138.
57
Within ten minutes:
Spencer Tucker,
Stephen Decatur: A Life Most Bold and Daring
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005), 123.
Within ten minutes:
Spencer Tucker,
Stephen Decatur: A Life Most Bold and Daring
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005), 123.
57
The Jamaica convoy:
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Old Bruin: Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, 1794–1858
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), 34.
The Jamaica convoy:
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Old Bruin: Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, 1794–1858
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), 34.
58
“arrivals from foreign”:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 37; Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 553.
“arrivals from foreign”:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 37; Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 553.
58
Hamilton wrote to Rodgers:
Secretary Hamilton to John Rodgers, June 22, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:148–49.
Hamilton wrote to Rodgers:
Secretary Hamilton to John Rodgers, June 22, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:148–49.
58
The orders appeared:
Wade G. Dudley,
Splintering the Wooden Wall: The British Blockade of the United States, 1812–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 65.
The orders appeared:
Wade G. Dudley,
Splintering the Wooden Wall: The British Blockade of the United States, 1812–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 65.
59
The commandant of the New York Navy Yard:
Captain Isaac Chauncey to Secretary Hamilton, June 22, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:144.
The commandant of the New York Navy Yard:
Captain Isaac Chauncey to Secretary Hamilton, June 22, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:144.
59
As he passed Sandy Hook:
David Long,
Nothing Too Daring: A Biography of Commodore David Porter, 1780–1843
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1970), 64–65.
As he passed Sandy Hook:
David Long,
Nothing Too Daring: A Biography of Commodore David Porter, 1780–1843
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1970), 64–65.
60
Porter decided it:
Captain Porter to Secretary Hamilton, Sept. 3, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:446; Long,
Nothing Too Daring
, 65.
Porter decided it:
Captain Porter to Secretary Hamilton, Sept. 3, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:446; Long,
Nothing Too Daring
, 65.
61
In short order:
Lieutenant Crane to Secretary Hamilton, July 29, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:209–11.
In short order:
Lieutenant Crane to Secretary Hamilton, July 29, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:209–11.
62
“If . . . you fall in”:
Secretary Hamilton to Captain Hull, July 3, 1812, quoted in Linda M. Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Times of Isaac Hull
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 170.
“If . . . you fall in”:
Secretary Hamilton to Captain Hull, July 3, 1812, quoted in Linda M. Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Times of Isaac Hull
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 170.
63
Luckily, Nathaniel:
Captain Tingey to Secretary Hamilton, July 9, 1812 and July 15, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:188–89.
Luckily, Nathaniel:
Captain Tingey to Secretary Hamilton, July 9, 1812 and July 15, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:188–89.
64
“The crew, you will”:
Captain Hull to Secretary Hamilton, July 2, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:160–61.
“The crew, you will”:
Captain Hull to Secretary Hamilton, July 2, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:160–61.
66
“At midnight moderate breeze”:
Quoted in Tyrone G. Martin,
A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of “Old Ironsides”
(Chester, CT: Globe Pequot, 1980), 9.
“At midnight moderate breeze”:
Quoted in Tyrone G. Martin,
A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of “Old Ironsides”
(Chester, CT: Globe Pequot, 1980), 9.
67
Having won this:
Captain Hull to Secretary Hamilton, July 21, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:161–65; Martin,
A Most Fortunate Ship
, 102–11; Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut
, 168–210.
Having won this:
Captain Hull to Secretary Hamilton, July 21, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:161–65; Martin,
A Most Fortunate Ship
, 102–11; Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut
, 168–210.
67
Inevitably, details were:
Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut
, 26–27, 178; Louis Arthur Norton,
Captains Contentious: The Dysfunctional Sons of the Brine
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2009), 61.
Inevitably, details were:
Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut
, 26–27, 178; Louis Arthur Norton,
Captains Contentious: The Dysfunctional Sons of the Brine
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2009), 61.
68
When he met Admiral Duckworth:
Admiral Duckworth to Captain Porter, Aug. 5, 1812, and Admiral Duckworth to Secretary Hamilton, Aug. 21, 1812, quoted in David Dixon Porter,
Memoir of Commodore David Porter of the United States Navy
(Albany, NY: J. Munsell, 1875), 95–96.
When he met Admiral Duckworth:
Admiral Duckworth to Captain Porter, Aug. 5, 1812, and Admiral Duckworth to Secretary Hamilton, Aug. 21, 1812, quoted in David Dixon Porter,
Memoir of Commodore David Porter of the United States Navy
(Albany, NY: J. Munsell, 1875), 95–96.
69
The
Essex
’s larboard guns:
Captain Porter to Secretary Hamilton, Sept. 3, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:443–44.
The
Essex
’s larboard guns:
Captain Porter to Secretary Hamilton, Sept. 3, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:443–44.
69
“trifling”:
Captain Porter to Secretary Hamilton, Sept. 3, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:444.
“trifling”:
Captain Porter to Secretary Hamilton, Sept. 3, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:444.
70
In a flash, the:
Charles Lee Lewis,
David Glasgow Farragut: Admiral in the Making
(Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1941), 44–45; Long,
Nothing Too Daring,
66–67; Loyall Farragut,
The Life of David Glasgow Farragut, First Admiral of the United States Navy, Embodying His Journal and Letters
(New York: D. Appleton, 1882), 16–17.
In a flash, the:
Charles Lee Lewis,
David Glasgow Farragut: Admiral in the Making
(Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1941), 44–45; Long,
Nothing Too Daring,
66–67; Loyall Farragut,
The Life of David Glasgow Farragut, First Admiral of the United States Navy, Embodying His Journal and Letters
(New York: D. Appleton, 1882), 16–17.
70
Porter was unhappy:
Captain Porter to Secretary Hamilton, Sept. 5, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:462–63.
Porter was unhappy:
Captain Porter to Secretary Hamilton, Sept. 5, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:462–63.
70
“At least 6 days”:
Commodore Rodgers to Secretary Hamilton, Aug. 31, 1812, quoted in John H. Schroeder,
Commodore John Rodgers: Paragon of the Early American Navy
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006), 117.
CHAPTER 7“At least 6 days”:
Commodore Rodgers to Secretary Hamilton, Aug. 31, 1812, quoted in John H. Schroeder,
Commodore John Rodgers: Paragon of the Early American Navy
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006), 117.
74
Hull sent a letter:
Captain Hull to Secretary Hamilton, July 28, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:206–7.
Hull sent a letter:
Captain Hull to Secretary Hamilton, July 28, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:206–7.
74
“remain at Boston”:
Linda M. Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Times of Isaac Hull
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 180–82.
“remain at Boston”:
Linda M. Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Times of Isaac Hull
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 180–82.
76
In these waters:
Benjamin W. Labaree,
Patriots and Partisans
:
The Merchants of Newburyport, 1764–1815
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962), 187–88.
In these waters:
Benjamin W. Labaree,
Patriots and Partisans
:
The Merchants of Newburyport, 1764–1815
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962), 187–88.
77
“Hull was now”:
Moses Smith,
Naval Scenes in the Last War; or, Three Years on Board the Frigate
Constitution
, and the
Adams
, Including the Capture of the
Guerriere (Boston: Gleason’s Publishing Hall, 1846), 30–31.
“Hull was now”:
Moses Smith,
Naval Scenes in the Last War; or, Three Years on Board the Frigate
Constitution
, and the
Adams
, Including the Capture of the
Guerriere (Boston: Gleason’s Publishing Hall, 1846), 30–31.
79
“I feel it my duty”:
Dacres to Sawyer, Sept. 7, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:243–45.
“I feel it my duty”:
Dacres to Sawyer, Sept. 7, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:243–45.
80
Lieutenant Morris:
Charles Morris,
The Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris, U.S. Navy
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 61–63.
Lieutenant Morris:
Charles Morris,
The Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris, U.S. Navy
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 61–63.
80
his report to Secretary Hamilton:
Captain Hull to Secretary Hamilton, Aug. 28, 1812, and Captain Dacres to Vice Admiral Sawyer, Sept. 7, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812,
1:238–45; Maloney,
Captain from Connecticut
, 184–94; and Charles Francis Adams, “Wednesday, August 19, 1812, 6:30 P.M.: The Birth of a World Power,”
American Historical Review
(1918): 519–20.
his report to Secretary Hamilton:
Captain Hull to Secretary Hamilton, Aug. 28, 1812, and Captain Dacres to Vice Admiral Sawyer, Sept. 7, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812,
1:238–45; Maloney,
Captain from Connecticut
, 184–94; and Charles Francis Adams, “Wednesday, August 19, 1812, 6:30 P.M.: The Birth of a World Power,”
American Historical Review
(1918): 519–20.
80
It was common:
Christopher McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Navy Officer Corps, 1794–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1991), 219.
It was common:
Christopher McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Navy Officer Corps, 1794–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1991), 219.
81
“At daylight discovered”:
Charles O. Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers: Captain, Commodore, and Senior Officer of the American Navy, 1773-1838
(1909; reprint, Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1967), 257–58.
“At daylight discovered”:
Charles O. Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers: Captain, Commodore, and Senior Officer of the American Navy, 1773-1838
(1909; reprint, Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1967), 257–58.
81
because of scurvy:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 258. Paullin claims there were three hundred men on the two frigates suffering symptoms, but that figure seems too high; see John H. Schroeder,
Commodore John Rodgers: Paragon of the Early American Navy
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006), 117.
because of scurvy:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 258. Paullin claims there were three hundred men on the two frigates suffering symptoms, but that figure seems too high; see John H. Schroeder,
Commodore John Rodgers: Paragon of the Early American Navy
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006), 117.
81
“Even if I did”:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 258–59.
“Even if I did”:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 258–59.
82
A remarkable 250:
Wade G. Dudley,
Splintering the Wooden Wall: The British Blockade of the United States, 1812–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 76; George Coggeshall,
History of American Privateers and Letters of Marque During Our War with England, 1812, ’13, ’14
(New York, George Putnam, 1856), 81.
A remarkable 250:
Wade G. Dudley,
Splintering the Wooden Wall: The British Blockade of the United States, 1812–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 76; George Coggeshall,
History of American Privateers and Letters of Marque During Our War with England, 1812, ’13, ’14
(New York, George Putnam, 1856), 81.
82
“having been much favored”:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 258.
“having been much favored”:
Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers
, 258.
82
when news of the
Constitution
’s: Times
(London), Oct. 7, 1812; Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 624.
when news of the
Constitution
’s: Times
(London), Oct. 7, 1812; Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 624.
82
At his court-martial:
“Court Martial of Captain James R. Dacres, Formerly of HMS
Guerriere
,”
Naval Chronicle
28:422–24, quoted in
The Naval Chronicle: The Contemporary Record of the Royal Navy at War, 1811–1815
, ed. Nicholas Tracy (London: Chatham, 1999), 5:113–14.
At his court-martial:
“Court Martial of Captain James R. Dacres, Formerly of HMS
Guerriere
,”
Naval Chronicle
28:422–24, quoted in
The Naval Chronicle: The Contemporary Record of the Royal Navy at War, 1811–1815
, ed. Nicholas Tracy (London: Chatham, 1999), 5:113–14.
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