1812: The Navy's War (79 page)
CHAPTER 8
86
Thanks to the wise:
John Sugden,
Tecumseh
:
A Life
(New York: Henry Holt, 1997), 310; Gerald M. Craig,
Upper Canada: The Formative Years, 1784–1841
(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1963), 5.
Thanks to the wise:
John Sugden,
Tecumseh
:
A Life
(New York: Henry Holt, 1997), 310; Gerald M. Craig,
Upper Canada: The Formative Years, 1784–1841
(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1963), 5.
86
Brigadier General William Hull:
J. C. A. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
:
Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 177–88.
Brigadier General William Hull:
J. C. A. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
:
Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 177–88.
87
Tecumseh was open to:
Sugden,
Tecumseh
, 271.
Tecumseh was open to:
Sugden,
Tecumseh
, 271.
88
Along with Hanks:
Pierre Berton,
The Invasion of Canada: 1812–1813
(Boston: Little, Brown: 1980), 103–13.
Along with Hanks:
Pierre Berton,
The Invasion of Canada: 1812–1813
(Boston: Little, Brown: 1980), 103–13.
89
Governor-General Sir George Prevost:
Kenneth McNaught,
The Penguin History of Canada
(London: Penguin, 1988), 60–75.
Governor-General Sir George Prevost:
Kenneth McNaught,
The Penguin History of Canada
(London: Penguin, 1988), 60–75.
90
Far more cautious:
Mark Zuehlke,
For Honor’s Sake
:
The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace
(Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2006), 90–94.
Far more cautious:
Mark Zuehlke,
For Honor’s Sake
:
The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace
(Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2006), 90–94.
90
“the British cannot hold”:
Hull to Eustis, March 6, 1812, quoted in Berton,
The Invasion of Canada
, 89.
“the British cannot hold”:
Hull to Eustis, March 6, 1812, quoted in Berton,
The Invasion of Canada
, 89.
91
“My situation is most”:
Quoted in Alfred L. Burt,
The United States, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace After the War of 1812
(Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1940), 327–28.
“My situation is most”:
Quoted in Alfred L. Burt,
The United States, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace After the War of 1812
(Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1940), 327–28.
91
Given this political reality, Madison:
The Secretary of War to Major General Dearborn, June 26, 1812, in Ernest A. Cruikshank, ed.,
Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812
(Ottawa, Canada: Government Printing Bureau, 1912), 33.
Given this political reality, Madison:
The Secretary of War to Major General Dearborn, June 26, 1812, in Ernest A. Cruikshank, ed.,
Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812
(Ottawa, Canada: Government Printing Bureau, 1912), 33.
91
“of the unanimity”:
Quoted in Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 6:53.
“of the unanimity”:
Quoted in Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 6:53.
91
“sacrificing the Western”:
Madison to Jefferson, Aug. 17, 1812, quoted in Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 53.
“sacrificing the Western”:
Madison to Jefferson, Aug. 17, 1812, quoted in Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 53.
92
The Canadian Provincial Marine:
Commodore Isaac Chauncey to Secretary Hamilton, Nov. 6, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:343–44; Robert Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 53.
The Canadian Provincial Marine:
Commodore Isaac Chauncey to Secretary Hamilton, Nov. 6, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:343–44; Robert Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 53.
92
“The decided superiority”:
Prevost to Bathurst, Aug. 24, 1812, quoted in Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 529.
“The decided superiority”:
Prevost to Bathurst, Aug. 24, 1812, quoted in Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 529.
92
Hull was compelled:
Berton,
The Invasion of Canada
, 89–90.
Hull was compelled:
Berton,
The Invasion of Canada
, 89–90.
93
From the rapids:
Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 193, and Donald R. Hickey,
War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 81.
From the rapids:
Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 193, and Donald R. Hickey,
War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 81.
94
“You will be emancipated”:
Quoted in J. Mackay Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
(Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 65.
“You will be emancipated”:
Quoted in J. Mackay Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
(Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 65.
94
“The surrender opened”:
Hull to Eustis, Aug. 26, 1812, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 45.
“The surrender opened”:
Hull to Eustis, Aug. 26, 1812, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 45.
95
Tecumseh was keeping:
Berton,
The Invasion of Canada
, 146–48.
Tecumseh was keeping:
Berton,
The Invasion of Canada
, 146–48.
95
Ignoring instructions:
Eustis to Dearborn, June 4 and 26, 1812, quoted in Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 44–45.
Ignoring instructions:
Eustis to Dearborn, June 4 and 26, 1812, quoted in Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 44–45.
96
“I consider the agreement”:
Quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 519.
“I consider the agreement”:
Quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 519.
96
“you will inform”:
Eustis to Dearborn, Aug. 15, 1812, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 534–35.
“you will inform”:
Eustis to Dearborn, Aug. 15, 1812, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 534–35.
96
“which I had considered”:
Dearborn to Madison, Aug. 15, 1812, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 534.
“which I had considered”:
Dearborn to Madison, Aug. 15, 1812, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 534.
97
“If the troops”:
Dearborn to Eustis, Aug. 15, 1812, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 535.
“If the troops”:
Dearborn to Eustis, Aug. 15, 1812, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 535.
97
“secure Upper Canada”:
Eustis to Dearborn, Aug. 15, 1812, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 534–35.
“secure Upper Canada”:
Eustis to Dearborn, Aug. 15, 1812, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 534–35.
98
“It is far from”:
Brock to Hull, Aug. 15, 1812, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 41.
“It is far from”:
Brock to Hull, Aug. 15, 1812, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 41.
99
Brock’s unexpected triumph:
Brannan,
Official Letters
, 42; Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 78.
Brock’s unexpected triumph:
Brannan,
Official Letters
, 42; Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 78.
100
Tecumseh’s dream of expelling:
Sugden,
Tecumseh
, 310.
Tecumseh’s dream of expelling:
Sugden,
Tecumseh
, 310.
100
“The treachery of Hull”:
Jefferson to Thomas Duane, Oct. 1, 1812, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 528.
“The treachery of Hull”:
Jefferson to Thomas Duane, Oct. 1, 1812, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 528.
100
“weak, indecisive”:
Monroe to Jefferson, Aug. 31, 1812, in Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 207.
“weak, indecisive”:
Monroe to Jefferson, Aug. 31, 1812, in Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 207.
100
Colonel Lewis Cass: National Intelligencer
, Sept. 15, 1812; Colonel Lewis Cass to the Secretary of War, Sept. 10, 1812, in Cruikshank, ed.,
Documents Related to the Invasion of Canada
, 153–56.
Colonel Lewis Cass: National Intelligencer
, Sept. 15, 1812; Colonel Lewis Cass to the Secretary of War, Sept. 10, 1812, in Cruikshank, ed.,
Documents Related to the Invasion of Canada
, 153–56.
101
“was a glorious”: Times
(London), Oct. 7, 1812.
“was a glorious”: Times
(London), Oct. 7, 1812.
101
“The disaster”: Times
(London), Oct. 7, 1812.
“The disaster”: Times
(London), Oct. 7, 1812.
101
“We would gladly”: Times
(London), Oct. 21, 1812.
“We would gladly”: Times
(London), Oct. 21, 1812.
101
In the middle of September:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 73–75.
CHAPTER 9In the middle of September:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 73–75.
103
“The President”:
Hamilton to Chauncey, Aug. 31, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:297–98.
“The President”:
Hamilton to Chauncey, Aug. 31, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:297–98.
103
“the finest frigate”:
Eugene S. Ferguson,
Truxtun of the Constellation
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 217.
“the finest frigate”:
Eugene S. Ferguson,
Truxtun of the Constellation
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 217.
103
Before joining the service:
Robert Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario, 1812–1814
(1998; reprint, Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2009), 38–42.
Before joining the service:
Robert Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario, 1812–1814
(1998; reprint, Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2009), 38–42.
104
Daniel Dobbins appeared:
Hamilton to Dobbins, Sept. 11, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:307.
Daniel Dobbins appeared:
Hamilton to Dobbins, Sept. 11, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:307.
106
“cut out [the] two British”:
Elliott to Hamilton, Oct. 9, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:329–31.
“cut out [the] two British”:
Elliott to Hamilton, Oct. 9, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:329–31.
107
Despite the loss:
Brock to Prevost, Oct. 11, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:331–33.
Despite the loss:
Brock to Prevost, Oct. 11, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:331–33.
107
On August 17:
Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 536.
On August 17:
Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 536.
107
When Major General Van Rensselaer:
Solomon Van Rensselaer,
A Narrative of the Affair of Queenstown: In the War of 1812
(New York: Leavitt, Lord, 1836), 10–14.
When Major General Van Rensselaer:
Solomon Van Rensselaer,
A Narrative of the Affair of Queenstown: In the War of 1812
(New York: Leavitt, Lord, 1836), 10–14.
107
Van Rensselaer’s position:
Van Rensselaer,
A Narrative of the Affair of Queenstown
, 15–16.
Van Rensselaer’s position:
Van Rensselaer,
A Narrative of the Affair of Queenstown
, 15–16.
108
He believed that Brock had 3,000:
Pierre Berton,
The Invasion of Canada: 1812–1813
(Boston: Little, Brown: 1980), 209.
He believed that Brock had 3,000:
Pierre Berton,
The Invasion of Canada: 1812–1813
(Boston: Little, Brown: 1980), 209.
108
By the middle of October:
Robert Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 117.
By the middle of October:
Robert Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 117.
109
Even with all his difficulties:
Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 107–20.
Even with all his difficulties:
Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 107–20.
109
“the partial success of Lieutenant:
Major General Van Rennsselaer to Dearborn in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 74.
“the partial success of Lieutenant:
Major General Van Rennsselaer to Dearborn in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 74.
109
Continuing to be overly cautious:
Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 150–51.
Continuing to be overly cautious:
Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 150–51.
111
George Jervis:
Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 155.
George Jervis:
Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 155.
111
If reinforcements arrived:
Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 153.
If reinforcements arrived:
Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 153.
112
In the meantime:
Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 121–92.
In the meantime:
Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 121–92.
112
“the victory was really”:
General Stephen Van Rensselaer to General Henry Dearborn, Oct. 14, 1812, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 74–78. 11
“the victory was really”:
General Stephen Van Rensselaer to General Henry Dearborn, Oct. 14, 1812, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 74–78. 11
3
“showed fortitude equal”:
McFeeley to General Smythe, Nov. 25, 1812, in Brannon,
Official Letters
, 93–95, and John K. Mahon,
The War of 1812
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1972; reprint, New York: DaCapo Press, 1991), 82–83.
“showed fortitude equal”:
McFeeley to General Smythe, Nov. 25, 1812, in Brannon,
Official Letters
, 93–95, and John K. Mahon,
The War of 1812
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1972; reprint, New York: DaCapo Press, 1991), 82–83.
114
Many wanted to kill:
Smyth to a Citizens Committee of Buffalo, Dec. 3, 1812, in Brannon,
Official Letters
, 101–4.
Many wanted to kill:
Smyth to a Citizens Committee of Buffalo, Dec. 3, 1812, in Brannon,
Official Letters
, 101–4.
114
“showed no talent”:
Winfield Scott,
Memoirs of Lieutenant-General Scott, LLD: Written by Himself
(New York: Sheldon, 1964), 1:31.
“showed no talent”:
Winfield Scott,
Memoirs of Lieutenant-General Scott, LLD: Written by Himself
(New York: Sheldon, 1964), 1:31.
114
Having lost the confidence:
Lt. Samuel Angus to Secretary Hamilton, Dec. 1, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:355–59; and Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 203–5.
Having lost the confidence:
Lt. Samuel Angus to Secretary Hamilton, Dec. 1, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:355–59; and Malcomson,
A Very Brilliant Affair
, 203–5.
115
With good intelligence:
Pierre Berton,
Flames Across the Border: The Canadian-American Tragedy, 1813–1814
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), 22; Adams,
History of the United States
, 669–89.
With good intelligence:
Pierre Berton,
Flames Across the Border: The Canadian-American Tragedy, 1813–1814
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), 22; Adams,
History of the United States
, 669–89.
116
Before Chauncey arrived:
Woolsey to Hamilton, June 9, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:274; Woolsey to Hamilton, July 21, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:283–84.
Before Chauncey arrived:
Woolsey to Hamilton, June 9, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:274; Woolsey to Hamilton, July 21, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:283–84.
117
“rather a latish month”:
James Fenimore Cooper,
Ned Myers; or Life Before the Mast
(1843; reprint, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1989), 56.
“rather a latish month”:
James Fenimore Cooper,
Ned Myers; or Life Before the Mast
(1843; reprint, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1989), 56.
117
Hard as it was for Chauncey:
Chauncey to Hamilton, Nov. 4, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 341–42.
Hard as it was for Chauncey:
Chauncey to Hamilton, Nov. 4, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 341–42.
118
Although he failed:
Chauncey to Hamilton, Nov. 13, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:344–46; Robert Malcomson,
Capital in Flames: The American Attack on York, 1813
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008), 49–58.
Although he failed:
Chauncey to Hamilton, Nov. 13, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:344–46; Robert Malcomson,
Capital in Flames: The American Attack on York, 1813
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008), 49–58.
118
“nine weeks since”:
Chauncey to Hamilton, Nov. 26, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:353.
“nine weeks since”:
Chauncey to Hamilton, Nov. 26, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:353.
119
Like Chauncey, Macdonough:
Sidney Smith to Hamilton, June 16, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:275; and New York Navy Agent John Bullus to Hamilton, July 16, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:281–83.
Like Chauncey, Macdonough:
Sidney Smith to Hamilton, June 16, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:275; and New York Navy Agent John Bullus to Hamilton, July 16, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:281–83.
119
By then, Macdonough had:
Macdonough to Hamilton, Dec. 20, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:370.
CHAPTER 10By then, Macdonough had:
Macdonough to Hamilton, Dec. 20, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:370.
121
Secretary Hamilton ordered:
Secretary of the Navy to Commodore John Rodgers, Sept. 9, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:471.
Secretary Hamilton ordered:
Secretary of the Navy to Commodore John Rodgers, Sept. 9, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:471.
121
“pursue that course”:
Secretary Hamilton to Commodore John Rodgers, Sept. 9, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:471.
“pursue that course”:
Secretary Hamilton to Commodore John Rodgers, Sept. 9, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:471.
123
“seems to assume”:
Admiral John Warren to Secretary of the Admiralty John W. Croker, Oct. 5, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:508–9.
“seems to assume”:
Admiral John Warren to Secretary of the Admiralty John W. Croker, Oct. 5, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:508–9.
123
“The Orders in Council”: American State Papers: Foreign Relations
(Washington DC: Gales & Seaton, 1833–58), 3:495–96.
“The Orders in Council”: American State Papers: Foreign Relations
(Washington DC: Gales & Seaton, 1833–58), 3:495–96.
123
Lord Melville wrote:
Lord Melville to Admiral John Warren, March 26, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:78–79.
Lord Melville wrote:
Lord Melville to Admiral John Warren, March 26, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:78–79.
123
Melville wanted naval traffic:
First Secretary of the Admiralty John W. Croker to Admiral John Warren, March 20, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:75–78.
Melville wanted naval traffic:
First Secretary of the Admiralty John W. Croker to Admiral John Warren, March 20, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:75–78.
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