1812: The Navy's War (82 page)
195
Cox, who considered himself: Niles Weekly Register
, July 9, 1814.
Cox, who considered himself: Niles Weekly Register
, July 9, 1814.
195
In April and May 1813:
Ira Dye,
The Fatal Cruise of the Argus: Two Captains in the War of 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 144.
In April and May 1813:
Ira Dye,
The Fatal Cruise of the Argus: Two Captains in the War of 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 144.
197
Since it was the renowned Decatur:
W. M. P. Dunne, “Inglorious First of June,”
Long Island Historical Journal
2 (Spring, 1990): 214–16.
Since it was the renowned Decatur:
W. M. P. Dunne, “Inglorious First of June,”
Long Island Historical Journal
2 (Spring, 1990): 214–16.
197
“I immediately directed”:
Decatur to Jones, June 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:133–34.
“I immediately directed”:
Decatur to Jones, June 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:133–34.
198
They performed a heroic action:
Chauncey to Jones, July 21, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:523–25.
They performed a heroic action:
Chauncey to Jones, July 21, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:523–25.
198
they were the only possible response:
Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote, “In 1812 and the two years following, the United States flooded the seas with privateers, producing an effect upon British commerce which, though inconclusive singly, doubtless co-operated powerfully with other motives to dispose the enemy to liberal terms of peace. It was . . . the only possible reply to the commercial blockade.” Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:288.
they were the only possible response:
Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote, “In 1812 and the two years following, the United States flooded the seas with privateers, producing an effect upon British commerce which, though inconclusive singly, doubtless co-operated powerfully with other motives to dispose the enemy to liberal terms of peace. It was . . . the only possible reply to the commercial blockade.” Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:288.
198
a desperate Congress authorized: National Intelligencer
, March 11, 1813; Donald G. Shomette,
Flotilla: The Patuxent Naval Campaign in the War of 1812
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 5.
a desperate Congress authorized: National Intelligencer
, March 11, 1813; Donald G. Shomette,
Flotilla: The Patuxent Naval Campaign in the War of 1812
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 5.
198
Madison commissioned 526 privateers:
David Long,
Ready to Hazard: A Biography of Commodore William Bainbridge, 1774–1833
(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1981), 186–87; Edgar S. Maclay,
A History of American Privateers
(New York: D. Appleton, 1924), viii.
Madison commissioned 526 privateers:
David Long,
Ready to Hazard: A Biography of Commodore William Bainbridge, 1774–1833
(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1981), 186–87; Edgar S. Maclay,
A History of American Privateers
(New York: D. Appleton, 1924), viii.
198
According to Lloyds of London’s: Times
(London), March 22, 1813.
According to Lloyds of London’s: Times
(London), March 22, 1813.
198
Britain’s privateering:
Alfred L. Burt,
The United States, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace After the War of 1812
(Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1940), 318.
CHAPTER 16Britain’s privateering:
Alfred L. Burt,
The United States, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace After the War of 1812
(Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1940), 318.
199
“the most complete and vigorous”:
Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to Admiral Sir John B. Warren, Dec. 26, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:633–34.
“the most complete and vigorous”:
Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to Admiral Sir John B. Warren, Dec. 26, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:633–34.
199
On December 29:
Warren to Secretary of the Admiralty, John W. Croker, Dec. 29, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:649–51.
On December 29:
Warren to Secretary of the Admiralty, John W. Croker, Dec. 29, 1812, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 1:649–51.
200
“and kedging the ship”:
Stewart to Jones, Feb. 5, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:311–12; Claude Berube and John Rodgaard,
A Call to the Sea: Captain Charles Stewart of the USS
Constitution (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005), 66–71.
“and kedging the ship”:
Stewart to Jones, Feb. 5, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:311–12; Claude Berube and John Rodgaard,
A Call to the Sea: Captain Charles Stewart of the USS
Constitution (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005), 66–71.
200
“by placing . . . boats:”
Stewart to Jones, Feb. 5, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:312.
“by placing . . . boats:”
Stewart to Jones, Feb. 5, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:312.
200
Rear Admiral George Cockburn set out:
Cockburn to Warren, March 13, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:320–24.
Rear Admiral George Cockburn set out:
Cockburn to Warren, March 13, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:320–24.
200
“at the same time”:
Cockburn to Warren, March 23, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:326–29.
“at the same time”:
Cockburn to Warren, March 23, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:326–29.
201
On May 2 he attacked:
Charles O. Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers: A Biography
(Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1910), 279.
On May 2 he attacked:
Charles O. Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers: A Biography
(Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1910), 279.
202
“I . . . keep the old Tunisian”:
Dolley Madison to Edward Coles, May 12, 1813, in Dolley Madison,
Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison
, edited by her grandniece (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1886; reprint, Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971), 89–92 ; Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 169; Donald G. Shomette,
Flotilla: The Patuxent Naval Campaign in the War of 1812
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 9.
“I . . . keep the old Tunisian”:
Dolley Madison to Edward Coles, May 12, 1813, in Dolley Madison,
Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison
, edited by her grandniece (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1886; reprint, Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971), 89–92 ; Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 169; Donald G. Shomette,
Flotilla: The Patuxent Naval Campaign in the War of 1812
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 9.
203
Smith thought North Point:
Frank A. Cassell,
Merchant Congressman in the Young Republic: Samuel Smith of Maryland, 1752–1839
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971), 186–92.
Smith thought North Point:
Frank A. Cassell,
Merchant Congressman in the Young Republic: Samuel Smith of Maryland, 1752–1839
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971), 186–92.
203
All Secretary Jones did:
Jones to Sinclair, Feb. 17, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:333.
All Secretary Jones did:
Jones to Sinclair, Feb. 17, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:333.
204
He wrote later:
Cassin to Jones, June 21, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:358–59.
He wrote later:
Cassin to Jones, June 21, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:358–59.
204
He decided to leave:
Jones to Cassin, Feb. 16, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:313–14.
He decided to leave:
Jones to Cassin, Feb. 16, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:313–14.
204
On June 25, to compensate:
Beckwith to Warren, July 5, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:364–65.
On June 25, to compensate:
Beckwith to Warren, July 5, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:364–65.
205
Warren ordered Cockburn:
Cockburn to Warren, July 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:184–85.
Warren ordered Cockburn:
Cockburn to Warren, July 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:184–85.
205
Fulton had obtained his design:
George C. Daughan,
If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—From the Revolution to the War of 1812
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), 102–3.
Fulton had obtained his design:
George C. Daughan,
If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—From the Revolution to the War of 1812
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), 102–3.
205
Fulton copied Bushnell’s:
James T. Flexner,
Steamboats Come True: American Inventors in Action
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1978), 248–61.
Fulton copied Bushnell’s:
James T. Flexner,
Steamboats Come True: American Inventors in Action
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1978), 248–61.
205
On the sixteenth of July:
Cockburn to Warren, July 16, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:355–56;
Times
(London), Sept. 8, 1813; Flexner,
Steamboats Come True
, 244–61.
On the sixteenth of July:
Cockburn to Warren, July 16, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:355–56;
Times
(London), Sept. 8, 1813; Flexner,
Steamboats Come True
, 244–61.
206
Warren now decided:
Shomette,
Flotilla
, 19.
Warren now decided:
Shomette,
Flotilla
, 19.
206
Joshua Barney wrote:
“Barney’s Defense Proposal,” in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:373–81.
CHAPTER 17Joshua Barney wrote:
“Barney’s Defense Proposal,” in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:373–81.
207
Back on January 20, 1813:
Samuel E. Morison,
Old Bruin: Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, 1794–1858
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), 8–11.
Back on January 20, 1813:
Samuel E. Morison,
Old Bruin: Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, 1794–1858
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), 8–11.
208
“Many are the difficulties”:
Perry to Commodore Chauncey, April 10, 1813, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1992), 2:440–41.
“Many are the difficulties”:
Perry to Commodore Chauncey, April 10, 1813, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1992), 2:440–41.
209
“There is a general want”:
Barclay to Proctor, June 29, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:483.
“There is a general want”:
Barclay to Proctor, June 29, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:483.
210
Barclay was having problems:
Barclay to Prevost, July 16, 1813, and Prevost to Barclay, July 21, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:544–45.
Barclay was having problems:
Barclay to Prevost, July 16, 1813, and Prevost to Barclay, July 21, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:544–45.
210
“a motley set”:
Perry to Chauncey, July 27, 1813, and Chauncey to Perry, July 30, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:529–31.
“a motley set”:
Perry to Chauncey, July 27, 1813, and Chauncey to Perry, July 30, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:529–31.
210
“removed from this”:
Perry to Chauncey, July 27, 1813; Chauncey to Perry, July 30, 1813; Perry to Jones, Aug. 10, 1813; and Jones to Perry, Aug. 18, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:529–33.
“removed from this”:
Perry to Chauncey, July 27, 1813; Chauncey to Perry, July 30, 1813; Perry to Jones, Aug. 10, 1813; and Jones to Perry, Aug. 18, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:529–33.
210
During the greater part:
David Curtis Skaggs and Gerald T. Altoff,
A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–1813
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997), 84.
During the greater part:
David Curtis Skaggs and Gerald T. Altoff,
A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–1813
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997), 84.
211
When the haze cleared:
Pierre Berton,
Flames Across the Border: The Canadian-American Tragedy, 1813–1814
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), 149–51.
When the haze cleared:
Pierre Berton,
Flames Across the Border: The Canadian-American Tragedy, 1813–1814
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), 149–51.
211
Barclay sailed back to Amherstburg:
Barclay to Yeo, Aug. 5, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:546–47.
Barclay sailed back to Amherstburg:
Barclay to Yeo, Aug. 5, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:546–47.
211
“I have great pleasure”:
Perry to Jones, Aug. 4, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:546.
“I have great pleasure”:
Perry to Jones, Aug. 4, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:546.
212
Harrison was happy to give:
Harrison to Secretary of the Army Armstrong, Sept. 15, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:565–66.
Harrison was happy to give:
Harrison to Secretary of the Army Armstrong, Sept. 15, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:565–66.
212
“I do not hesitate”:
Proctor to Noah Freer, British Military Secretary, Sept. 6, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:552.
“I do not hesitate”:
Proctor to Noah Freer, British Military Secretary, Sept. 6, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:552.
212
“So perfectly destitute”:
Barclay to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:555.
“So perfectly destitute”:
Barclay to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:555.
212
“totally unacquainted”:
Barclay to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:555–57.
“totally unacquainted”:
Barclay to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:555–57.
212
In short order, Perry:
Morison,
Old Bruin
, 42.
In short order, Perry:
Morison,
Old Bruin
, 42.
213
“against the superior force”:
Barclay’s report of the battle to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:555–557.
“against the superior force”:
Barclay’s report of the battle to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:555–557.
213
The
Niagara
and Jesse Elliott:
Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:80–89.
The
Niagara
and Jesse Elliott:
Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:80–89.
214
“Every brace and bowline”:
Perry to Jones, Sept. 13, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:557.
“Every brace and bowline”:
Perry to Jones, Sept. 13, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:557.
215
“I determined to pass”:
Perry to Jones, Sept, 13 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:557–59.
“I determined to pass”:
Perry to Jones, Sept, 13 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:557–59.
216
“Every poor fellow”:
Taylor to his wife, Abby Taylor, Sept. 15, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:559–60.
“Every poor fellow”:
Taylor to his wife, Abby Taylor, Sept. 15, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:559–60.
216
“We have met the enemy”:
Perry to Harrison, Sept. 10, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:553.
“We have met the enemy”:
Perry to Harrison, Sept. 10, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:553.
216
“It has pleased the Almighty”:
Perry to Jones, Sept. 10, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:554.
“It has pleased the Almighty”:
Perry to Jones, Sept. 10, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:554.
216
“[Perry] has immortalized”:
Chauncey to Jones, Sept. 25, 1813, quoted in Robert Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario, 1812–1814
(1998; reprint, Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2009), 197.
“[Perry] has immortalized”:
Chauncey to Jones, Sept. 25, 1813, quoted in Robert Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario, 1812–1814
(1998; reprint, Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2009), 197.
216
“The greatest cause”:
Barclay to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:555–56.
“The greatest cause”:
Barclay to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:555–56.
216
He wrote to Earl Bathurst:
Prevost to Bathurst, Sept. 22, 1813, quoted in Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake
, 199.
He wrote to Earl Bathurst:
Prevost to Bathurst, Sept. 22, 1813, quoted in Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake
, 199.
217
Perry, with a strong:
Perry to Jones, Sept. n.d., 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:569.
Perry, with a strong:
Perry to Jones, Sept. n.d., 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:569.
218
Having always been most:
John R. Elting,
Amateurs to Arms: A Military History of the War of 1812
(Cambridge, MA: DaCapo Press, 1995), 110–15.
Having always been most:
John R. Elting,
Amateurs to Arms: A Military History of the War of 1812
(Cambridge, MA: DaCapo Press, 1995), 110–15.
218
For Governor Shelby:
Berton,
Flames Across the Border
, 208; Reginald Horsman,
The War of 1812
(New York: Knopf, 1969), 107–15.
For Governor Shelby:
Berton,
Flames Across the Border
, 208; Reginald Horsman,
The War of 1812
(New York: Knopf, 1969), 107–15.
218
On September 29:
Jones to Perry, Sept. 29, 1813, and Chauncey to Jones, Oct. 13, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:577–79.
CHAPTER 18On September 29:
Jones to Perry, Sept. 29, 1813, and Chauncey to Jones, Oct. 13, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:577–79.
220
“unprincipled imbecile”:
Winfield Scott,
Memoirs of Lieutenant-General Scott, LLD: Written by Himself
(New York: Sheldon, 1964), 1:37; Timothy D. Johnson,
Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 10, 34–40.
“unprincipled imbecile”:
Winfield Scott,
Memoirs of Lieutenant-General Scott, LLD: Written by Himself
(New York: Sheldon, 1964), 1:37; Timothy D. Johnson,
Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 10, 34–40.
220
A tireless self-promoter:
James Ripley Jacobs,
Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson
(New York: Macmillan, 1938), 284–85; Andro Linklater,
An Artist in Treason
:
The Extraordinary Double Life of General James Wilkinson
(New York: Walker, 2009), 284–88.
A tireless self-promoter:
James Ripley Jacobs,
Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson
(New York: Macmillan, 1938), 284–85; Andro Linklater,
An Artist in Treason
:
The Extraordinary Double Life of General James Wilkinson
(New York: Walker, 2009), 284–88.
220
He was military commander:
Linklater,
An Artist in Treason
, 299–300.
He was military commander:
Linklater,
An Artist in Treason
, 299–300.
221
“You will make Kingston”:
Armstrong to Wilkinson,
American State Papers: Military Affairs
(Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 1832–61), 1:464.
“You will make Kingston”:
Armstrong to Wilkinson,
American State Papers: Military Affairs
(Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 1832–61), 1:464.
221
“afford the Army”:
Chauncey to Jones, Oct. 30, 1813, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1992), 2:594–96.
“afford the Army”:
Chauncey to Jones, Oct. 30, 1813, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1992), 2:594–96.
222
On September 7 Chauncey:
Chauncey to Jones, Sept. 13, 1813; Yeo to Admiral Warren, Sept. 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:579–81.
On September 7 Chauncey:
Chauncey to Jones, Sept. 13, 1813; Yeo to Admiral Warren, Sept. 12, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:579–81.
222
During the voyage Wilkinson:
Wilkinson to Brown, Sept. 20, 1813, Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1, Massachusetts Historical Society.
During the voyage Wilkinson:
Wilkinson to Brown, Sept. 20, 1813, Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1, Massachusetts Historical Society.
222
To relieve his pain:
John D. Morris,
Sword of the Border: Major-General Jacob Jennings Brown, 1775–1828
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000), 63.
To relieve his pain:
John D. Morris,
Sword of the Border: Major-General Jacob Jennings Brown, 1775–1828
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000), 63.
223
Chauncey was “mortified”:
Chauncey to Jones, Oct. 30, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:594–96.
Chauncey was “mortified”:
Chauncey to Jones, Oct. 30, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:594–96.
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