1812: The Navy's War (86 page)
304
“annoy or destroy the enemy”:
Jones to Rodgers, Aug. 28, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:242–43.
“annoy or destroy the enemy”:
Jones to Rodgers, Aug. 28, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:242–43.
304
he angrily ordered Rodgers:
Jones to Rodgers, Aug. 29, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:243.
he angrily ordered Rodgers:
Jones to Rodgers, Aug. 29, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:243.
304
Rodgers immediately dispatched:
Rodgers to Jones, Aug. 29, 1814 in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:244.
Rodgers immediately dispatched:
Rodgers to Jones, Aug. 29, 1814 in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:244.
304
“to effect the destruction”:
Jones to Porter, Aug. 31, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:245.
“to effect the destruction”:
Jones to Porter, Aug. 31, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:245.
304
Monroe, in desperation, suggested:
Monroe to Rodgers, Sept. 2, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:245.
Monroe, in desperation, suggested:
Monroe to Rodgers, Sept. 2, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:245.
305
Rodgers tried again:
Rodgers to Jones, Sept. 9, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:256–58.
Rodgers tried again:
Rodgers to Jones, Sept. 9, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:256–58.
305
“that it was not want”:
Porter to Jones, Sept. 7, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:251–55; Hungerford to Monroe, Sept. 9, 1814, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 409–10.
“that it was not want”:
Porter to Jones, Sept. 7, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:251–55; Hungerford to Monroe, Sept. 9, 1814, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 409–10.
305
Oliver Hazard Perry was the last:
Perry to Jones, Sept. 9, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:256.
Oliver Hazard Perry was the last:
Perry to Jones, Sept. 9, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:256.
306
Before Gordon extricated:
Gordon to Cochrane, Sept. 9, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:242; Lord,
The Dawn’s Early Light
, 245–46.
Before Gordon extricated:
Gordon to Cochrane, Sept. 9, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:242; Lord,
The Dawn’s Early Light
, 245–46.
306
Even Boston was finally:
David Long,
Ready to Hazard: A Biography of Commodore William Bainbridge, 1774–1833
(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1981), 184.
Even Boston was finally:
David Long,
Ready to Hazard: A Biography of Commodore William Bainbridge, 1774–1833
(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1981), 184.
306
“been continually employed”:
Captain Sir Peter Parker to Cochrane, Aug. 30, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:232–33.
“been continually employed”:
Captain Sir Peter Parker to Cochrane, Aug. 30, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:232–33.
306
On August 30, after:
Lieutenant Colonel Philip Reid, Maryland Militia, to Brigadier General Benjamin Chambers, Maryland Militia, Sept. 3, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:235–36; Lieutenant Henry Crease, R.N., to Cochrane, Sept. 1, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:234–35.
On August 30, after:
Lieutenant Colonel Philip Reid, Maryland Militia, to Brigadier General Benjamin Chambers, Maryland Militia, Sept. 3, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:235–36; Lieutenant Henry Crease, R.N., to Cochrane, Sept. 1, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:234–35.
307
“The Federalists now have”: Salem Gazette
, Sept. 9, 1814, 7.
“The Federalists now have”: Salem Gazette
, Sept. 9, 1814, 7.
307
On April 7–8, 1814:
Richard Buel Jr.,
America on the Brink: How the Political Struggle Over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 212.
On April 7–8, 1814:
Richard Buel Jr.,
America on the Brink: How the Political Struggle Over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 212.
307
On June 16, Hardy reported:
Linda M. Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Times of Isaac Hull
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 248–49; Hardy to Cochrane, June 16, 1814, in James Tertius de Kay,
The Battle of Stonington: Torpedoes, Submarines, and Rockets in the War of 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990), 111–12.
On June 16, Hardy reported:
Linda M. Maloney,
The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Times of Isaac Hull
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986), 248–49; Hardy to Cochrane, June 16, 1814, in James Tertius de Kay,
The Battle of Stonington: Torpedoes, Submarines, and Rockets in the War of 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990), 111–12.
307
The
Times
of London would certainly: Times
(London), July 2, 1814.
The
Times
of London would certainly: Times
(London), July 2, 1814.
308
The eighty-six American defenders:
De Kay,
The Battle of Stonington
, 114–19.
The eighty-six American defenders:
De Kay,
The Battle of Stonington
, 114–19.
308
“On the night of 20–21 June”:
Long,
Ready to Hazard
, 180.
“On the night of 20–21 June”:
Long,
Ready to Hazard
, 180.
309
The bombardment resumed:
De Kay,
The Battle of Stonington
, 146–87; Hardy to Hotham, Aug. 12, 1814, in De Kay,
The Battle of Stonington
, 187.
The bombardment resumed:
De Kay,
The Battle of Stonington
, 146–87; Hardy to Hotham, Aug. 12, 1814, in De Kay,
The Battle of Stonington
, 187.
309
The tiny American garrison:
Adams,
History of the United States
, 974–75.
The tiny American garrison:
Adams,
History of the United States
, 974–75.
309
“The district we speak of”:
Quoted in De Kay,
The Battle of Stonington
, 120.
CHAPTER 25“The district we speak of”:
Quoted in De Kay,
The Battle of Stonington
, 120.
313
a court of inquiry:
Charles Berube and John Rodgaard,
A Call to the Sea
:
Captain Charles Stewart and the USS
Constitution (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005), 76–83.
a court of inquiry:
Charles Berube and John Rodgaard,
A Call to the Sea
:
Captain Charles Stewart and the USS
Constitution (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005), 76–83.
313
Bainbridge stood out from Boston:
William James,
The Naval History of Great Britain from the Declaration of War Against France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV
(London: Richard Bentley, 1847), 6:290–91; Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 1037–38.
Bainbridge stood out from Boston:
William James,
The Naval History of Great Britain from the Declaration of War Against France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV
(London: Richard Bentley, 1847), 6:290–91; Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 1037–38.
314
In desperation, Wales:
James,
The Naval History of Great Britain
, 6:291–94; Adams,
History of the United States
, 1038–39; Warrington to Jones, April 29, 1814, in Letters Received by the Secretary of the Navy from Commanders, National Archives, Washington, DC.
In desperation, Wales:
James,
The Naval History of Great Britain
, 6:291–94; Adams,
History of the United States
, 1038–39; Warrington to Jones, April 29, 1814, in Letters Received by the Secretary of the Navy from Commanders, National Archives, Washington, DC.
315
British Admiral Edward Codrington insisted:
Lady Bourchier, ed.,
Memoir of the Life of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington
(London: Longsman, Green, 1873), 1:310.
British Admiral Edward Codrington insisted:
Lady Bourchier, ed.,
Memoir of the Life of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington
(London: Longsman, Green, 1873), 1:310.
315
By nightfall, Warrington had:
Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:261.
By nightfall, Warrington had:
Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:261.
315
During this long voyage:
Warrington’s report of this cruise in
Niles’ Weekly Register
, Nov. 11, 1814.
During this long voyage:
Warrington’s report of this cruise in
Niles’ Weekly Register
, Nov. 11, 1814.
316
“We have experienced”:
Blakely to Jones, July 10, 1814, in Stephen W. H. Duffy,
Captain Blakeley and the
Wasp
: The Cruise of 1814
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2001), 224.
“We have experienced”:
Blakely to Jones, July 10, 1814, in Stephen W. H. Duffy,
Captain Blakeley and the
Wasp
: The Cruise of 1814
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2001), 224.
317
In the next four days:
Duffy,
Captain Blakeley and the
Wasp
,
202–14; Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:253–55.
In the next four days:
Duffy,
Captain Blakeley and the
Wasp
,
202–14; Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:253–55.
317
Three weeks later:
Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:252–53.
Three weeks later:
Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:252–53.
318
By daylight, Morris was:
Charles Morris,
The Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris, USN
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 72.
By daylight, Morris was:
Charles Morris,
The Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris, USN
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 72.
319
“let the lower anchors”:
Morris,
Autobiography
, 74.
“let the lower anchors”:
Morris,
Autobiography
, 74.
319
On July 19 Morris met:
Morris,
Autobiography
, 74; Theodore Roosevelt,
The Naval War of 1812
(New York: Random House, 1996), 185–86.
On July 19 Morris met:
Morris,
Autobiography
, 74; Theodore Roosevelt,
The Naval War of 1812
(New York: Random House, 1996), 185–86.
319
On August 17 the fog was:
Morris,
Autobiography
, 75.
On August 17 the fog was:
Morris,
Autobiography
, 75.
320
On the morning of September 2:
Morris,
Autobiography
, 82.
On the morning of September 2:
Morris,
Autobiography
, 82.
320
Secretary Jones gave Morris:
Morris,
Autobiography
, 83.
Secretary Jones gave Morris:
Morris,
Autobiography
, 83.
321
“strictly prohibited [them] from”:
Jones to George Parker, Dec. 8, 1813. Jones issued identical commands to the
Siren
, under George Parker; see
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1992), 2:296.
“strictly prohibited [them] from”:
Jones to George Parker, Dec. 8, 1813. Jones issued identical commands to the
Siren
, under George Parker; see
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1992), 2:296.
321
The
Enterprise
and the
Rattlesnake
were:
Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:232; Adams,
History of the United States
, 836;
Niles’ Weekly Register
, July 11, 1814, 391.
The
Enterprise
and the
Rattlesnake
were:
Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:232; Adams,
History of the United States
, 836;
Niles’ Weekly Register
, July 11, 1814, 391.
321
On July 11, the 50-gun
Leander
, under: The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:200.
On July 11, the 50-gun
Leander
, under: The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:200.
321
Before the
Siren
reached:
Nathaniel D. Nicholson to Captain Samuel Evans, Aug. 24, 1815, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 498–99.
Before the
Siren
reached:
Nathaniel D. Nicholson to Captain Samuel Evans, Aug. 24, 1815, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 498–99.
322
While he was away:
David Curtis Skaggs,
Oliver Hazard Perry: Honor, Courage, and Patriotism in the Early Navy
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2006), 164.
While he was away:
David Curtis Skaggs,
Oliver Hazard Perry: Honor, Courage, and Patriotism in the Early Navy
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2006), 164.
322
“must be annihilated”: Times
(London), July 2, 1814.
“must be annihilated”: Times
(London), July 2, 1814.
322
Secretary Jones even considered:
Jones to Decatur, Nov. 8, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:640–41.
Secretary Jones even considered:
Jones to Decatur, Nov. 8, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:640–41.
322
David Porter was enthusiastic:
James Tertius de Kay,
The Battle of Stonington: Torpedoes, Submarines, and Rockets in the War of 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990), 89–90.
David Porter was enthusiastic:
James Tertius de Kay,
The Battle of Stonington: Torpedoes, Submarines, and Rockets in the War of 1812
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990), 89–90.
322
The navy gave the inventor:
Kirkpatrick Sale,
The Fire of His Genius: Robert Fulton and the American Dream
(New York: Free Press, 2001) 159–60.
The navy gave the inventor:
Kirkpatrick Sale,
The Fire of His Genius: Robert Fulton and the American Dream
(New York: Free Press, 2001) 159–60.
323
Secretary Jones was not reluctant:
Jones to Madison, Oct. 26, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:631–36.
Secretary Jones was not reluctant:
Jones to Madison, Oct. 26, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:631–36.
323
Privateers continued to be:
George F. Emmons,
Navy of the United States from the Commencement, in 1775, Through 1853
(Washington, DC: Gideon, 1853), 170–97; Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:233–44; Adams,
History of the United States
, 834–53.
Privateers continued to be:
George F. Emmons,
Navy of the United States from the Commencement, in 1775, Through 1853
(Washington, DC: Gideon, 1853), 170–97; Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:233–44; Adams,
History of the United States
, 834–53.
323
Marblehead, Massachusetts, for instance:
Samuel E. Morison,
The Maritime History of Massachusetts
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921), 199.
Marblehead, Massachusetts, for instance:
Samuel E. Morison,
The Maritime History of Massachusetts
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921), 199.
323
estimated 100, 000 seamen:
William M. Marine,
The British Invasion of Maryland
(1913; reprint, Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press, 1965), 13.
estimated 100, 000 seamen:
William M. Marine,
The British Invasion of Maryland
(1913; reprint, Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press, 1965), 13.
323
Britain’s home islands were:
C. S. Forester,
The Age of Fighting Sail: The Story of the Naval War of 1812
(New York: Doubleday, 1956), 218–19; Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:262–63.
Britain’s home islands were:
C. S. Forester,
The Age of Fighting Sail: The Story of the Naval War of 1812
(New York: Doubleday, 1956), 218–19; Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:262–63.
324
Britain’s Convoy Act did not apply:
Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:226.
Britain’s Convoy Act did not apply:
Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:226.
324
That the number of American privateers:
Marine,
The British Invasion of Maryland
, 16–17.
CHAPTER 26That the number of American privateers:
Marine,
The British Invasion of Maryland
, 16–17.
325
Dealing with the aftermath:
Charles K. Webster,
The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815
(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1934), 1.
Dealing with the aftermath:
Charles K. Webster,
The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815
(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1934), 1.
326
“much yet remains”: Times
(London), Aug. 1, 1814.
“much yet remains”: Times
(London), Aug. 1, 1814.
326
the most contentious was:
Webster,
The Congress of Vienna
, 99.
the most contentious was:
Webster,
The Congress of Vienna
, 99.
327
“On mature consideration”:
Monroe to the Joint Commissioners of the United States for Treating of Peace with Great Britain, June 27, 1814, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
(Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 1833–58), 3:700–704.
“On mature consideration”:
Monroe to the Joint Commissioners of the United States for Treating of Peace with Great Britain, June 27, 1814, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
(Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 1833–58), 3:700–704.
328
“I think it not unlikely”:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Sept. 2, 1814, in
Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence, and Memoranda of Field Marshall Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G.
, ed. Arthur R. Wellesley (London: John Murray, 1862), 9:245.
“I think it not unlikely”:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Sept. 2, 1814, in
Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence, and Memoranda of Field Marshall Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G.
, ed. Arthur R. Wellesley (London: John Murray, 1862), 9:245.
328
The
Times
had expected the government: Times
(London), May 20 and 24, 1814.
The
Times
had expected the government: Times
(London), May 20 and 24, 1814.
329
The
Courier
, Liverpool’s mouthpiece: Courier
(London), May 21, 1814, in Bradford Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 64.
The
Courier
, Liverpool’s mouthpiece: Courier
(London), May 21, 1814, in Bradford Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 64.
329
Liverpool’s demand was obviously:
George Dangerfield,
The Era of Good Feelings
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952), 67–69.
Liverpool’s demand was obviously:
George Dangerfield,
The Era of Good Feelings
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952), 67–69.
329
“Great Britain has opened”:
Adams to Crawford, Aug. 29, 1814, in
Writings of John Quincy Adams
, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford (New York: Macmillan, 1915), 5:105.
“Great Britain has opened”:
Adams to Crawford, Aug. 29, 1814, in
Writings of John Quincy Adams
, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford (New York: Macmillan, 1915), 5:105.
329
On August 19, the British envoys:
American ministers to Monroe, Aug. 19, 1814, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:708–9.
On August 19, the British envoys:
American ministers to Monroe, Aug. 19, 1814, in
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:708–9.
330
These demands were immediately:
Journal of Ghent Negotiations, Aug. 19, 1814, in
The Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. James F. Hopkins (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959), 1:968–71.
These demands were immediately:
Journal of Ghent Negotiations, Aug. 19, 1814, in
The Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. James F. Hopkins (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959), 1:968–71.
330
“The prospect of peace”:
Clay to Crawford, Aug. 22, 1814, in Hopkins, ed.,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 1:971–72.
“The prospect of peace”:
Clay to Crawford, Aug. 22, 1814, in Hopkins, ed.,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 1:971–72.
330
“To surrender both the rights”:
Dangerfield,
The Era of Good Feelings
, 69.
“To surrender both the rights”:
Dangerfield,
The Era of Good Feelings
, 69.
330
The demand for a permanent:
Frank A. Updyke,
The Diplomacy of the War of 1812
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1915), 250–53.
The demand for a permanent:
Frank A. Updyke,
The Diplomacy of the War of 1812
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1915), 250–53.
330
But the rest of the note:
Updyke,
Diplomacy of the War of 1812
, 256.
But the rest of the note:
Updyke,
Diplomacy of the War of 1812
, 256.
331
Popular enthusiasm for the war: Times
(London), Sept. 16, 1814.
Popular enthusiasm for the war: Times
(London), Sept. 16, 1814.
331
A gleeful Henry Goulburn:
Fred L. Engelman,
The Peace of Christmas Eve
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1962), 197.
A gleeful Henry Goulburn:
Fred L. Engelman,
The Peace of Christmas Eve
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1962), 197.
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