1812: The Navy's War (88 page)
358
The final treaty:
A copy of the complete peace treaty is conveniently in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 504–10.
The final treaty:
A copy of the complete peace treaty is conveniently in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 504–10.
359
“The terms of this instrument”:
Hopkins, ed.,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 1:1007.
“The terms of this instrument”:
Hopkins, ed.,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 1:1007.
359
Adams wrote in his diary:
Quoted in Samuel Flagg Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy
(New York: Knopf, 1950), 218.
Adams wrote in his diary:
Quoted in Samuel Flagg Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy
(New York: Knopf, 1950), 218.
359
“Wherever . . . [the treaty] has been”: Courier
(London), Dec. 30, 1814.
“Wherever . . . [the treaty] has been”: Courier
(London), Dec. 30, 1814.
359
“we have attempted to force”: Times
(London), Dec. 30, 1814.
“we have attempted to force”: Times
(London), Dec. 30, 1814.
359
“rejoice in adding”: Times
(London), Dec. 31, 1814.
“rejoice in adding”: Times
(London), Dec. 31, 1814.
359
The
Edinburgh Review
, after being:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 372.
CHAPTER 30The
Edinburgh Review
, after being:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 372.
361
“You are not mistaken”:
Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, Nov. 25, 1814, in Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
( Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 343.
“You are not mistaken”:
Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, Nov. 25, 1814, in Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
( Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 343.
362
“We are compelled”:
President’s Message to Congress, Sept. 20, 1814, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 431–35.
“We are compelled”:
President’s Message to Congress, Sept. 20, 1814, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 431–35.
362
“On our side,” he wrote:
President’s Message to Congress, Sept. 20, 1814, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 432.
“On our side,” he wrote:
President’s Message to Congress, Sept. 20, 1814, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 432.
363
“cheerfully and proudly bear”:
Brannan,
Official Letters
, 435.
“cheerfully and proudly bear”:
Brannan,
Official Letters
, 435.
363
On October 17 Monroe requested:
Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 240.
On October 17 Monroe requested:
Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 240.
363
All the Federalists from New England: Annals of Congress
(Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 1834–1856), 13–3:162, 1895–1899.
All the Federalists from New England: Annals of Congress
(Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 1834–1856), 13–3:162, 1895–1899.
363
“The Congress have met”:
Jones to Madison, Oct. 4, 1814, in Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 327.
“The Congress have met”:
Jones to Madison, Oct. 4, 1814, in Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 327.
364
“almost untouched by the hand”:
Dallas to House Committee of Ways and Means, Oct. 14, 1814, in George M. Dallas,
Life and Writings of Alexander James Dallas
(Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1871), 234.
“almost untouched by the hand”:
Dallas to House Committee of Ways and Means, Oct. 14, 1814, in George M. Dallas,
Life and Writings of Alexander James Dallas
(Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1871), 234.
365
The situation was so desperate:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 345.
The situation was so desperate:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 345.
365
To meet urgent current expenses:
Hickey,
The War of 1812
, 246–51.
To meet urgent current expenses:
Hickey,
The War of 1812
, 246–51.
366
“lock up all our disposable”:
Jones to Madison, Oct. 26, 1814, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:632.
“lock up all our disposable”:
Jones to Madison, Oct. 26, 1814, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:632.
366
The president did not:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6, 345–46; Jones to Madison, Oct. 26, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:631–36.
The president did not:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6, 345–46; Jones to Madison, Oct. 26, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:631–36.
366
His successor, Benjamin:
Christopher McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991), 17–18.
His successor, Benjamin:
Christopher McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991), 17–18.
366
Before leaving, Jones recommended:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 346, 388.
Before leaving, Jones recommended:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 346, 388.
368
On October 5, Governor Strong:
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis: The Urbane Federalist
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 356–57.
On October 5, Governor Strong:
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis: The Urbane Federalist
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 356–57.
368
Eustis called instead: National Intelligencer
, Nov. 15, 1814.
Eustis called instead: National Intelligencer
, Nov. 15, 1814.
368
Madison was deeply concerned:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 360.
Madison was deeply concerned:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 360.
368
Secretary of War Monroe prepared:
J. C. A. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 477–83.
Secretary of War Monroe prepared:
J. C. A. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 477–83.
369
“The expectation of those”:
“Report of the Hartford Convention,” in Theodore Dwight,
History of the Hartford Convention
(New York: N & J White, 1833), 352, 380.
“The expectation of those”:
“Report of the Hartford Convention,” in Theodore Dwight,
History of the Hartford Convention
(New York: N & J White, 1833), 352, 380.
369
The report then proposed:
Dwight,
History of the Hartford Convention
, 370.
CHAPTER 31The report then proposed:
Dwight,
History of the Hartford Convention
, 370.
371
On June 20, he sent a proposed plan:
Cochrane to Croker, June 20, 1814, in Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:384.
On June 20, he sent a proposed plan:
Cochrane to Croker, June 20, 1814, in Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:384.
371
Liverpool and Bathurst expected:
Bathurst to Ross, July 10, 1814, in Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 1126; Croker to Cochrane, Aug. 10, 1814, in Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:384.
Liverpool and Bathurst expected:
Bathurst to Ross, July 10, 1814, in Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 1126; Croker to Cochrane, Aug. 10, 1814, in Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:384.
372
“supporting the Indian tribes”:
Bathurst to Ross, Sept. 6, 1814, in Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:383.
“supporting the Indian tribes”:
Bathurst to Ross, Sept. 6, 1814, in Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:383.
373
there were perhaps 18,000 Creeks:
John K. Mahon,
The War of 1812
(1972; reprint, New York: DaCapo Press, 1991), 231.
there were perhaps 18,000 Creeks:
John K. Mahon,
The War of 1812
(1972; reprint, New York: DaCapo Press, 1991), 231.
373
The episode at Fort Mims signaled:
Adams,
The History of the United States
, 782.
The episode at Fort Mims signaled:
Adams,
The History of the United States
, 782.
373
Ultimately, the task of crushing:
Robert V. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire
(New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 187–205.
Ultimately, the task of crushing:
Robert V. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire
(New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 187–205.
374
Captain William Percy:
Reginald Horsman,
The War of 1812
(New York: Knopf, 1969), 228.
Captain William Percy:
Reginald Horsman,
The War of 1812
(New York: Knopf, 1969), 228.
375
Jackson was paying close:
Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 236.
Jackson was paying close:
Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 236.
375
Major Lawrence’s guns fired
: Jackson to Secretary of War, Sept. 17, 1814, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 426–27; William M. James,
The Naval History of Great Britain
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002), 6:356–57; Robin Reilly,
The British at the Gates: The New Orleans Campaign in the War of 1812
(Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2002), 176–77.
Major Lawrence’s guns fired
: Jackson to Secretary of War, Sept. 17, 1814, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823), 426–27; William M. James,
The Naval History of Great Britain
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002), 6:356–57; Robin Reilly,
The British at the Gates: The New Orleans Campaign in the War of 1812
(Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2002), 176–77.
375
While he did, he ignored:
Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 238–39.
While he did, he ignored:
Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 238–39.
376
Jackson attacked Pensacola:
Jackson to Secretary of War Monroe, Nov. 14, 1814, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 451–53.
Jackson attacked Pensacola:
Jackson to Secretary of War Monroe, Nov. 14, 1814, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 451–53.
376
As early as September 5:
Harry Ammon,
James Monroe
:
The Quest for National Identity
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990), 342; Monroe to Jackson, Oct. 10, 1814, in Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 239.
As early as September 5:
Harry Ammon,
James Monroe
:
The Quest for National Identity
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990), 342; Monroe to Jackson, Oct. 10, 1814, in Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 239.
376
Jackson now returned:
Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 244; Adams,
History of the United States
, 1139–40.
Jackson now returned:
Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 244; Adams,
History of the United States
, 1139–40.
377
“Andrew absorbed a near-permanent”:
Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 15.
“Andrew absorbed a near-permanent”:
Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 15.
377
Captain Shreve brought:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 223.
Captain Shreve brought:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 223.
378
Jones stationed his mosquito:
Cochrane to Croker, Dec. 7, 1814, in Mahon,
The War of 1812
, 353; Wilburt S. Brown,
The Amphibious Campaign for West Florida and Louisiana, 1814–15: A Critical Review of Strategy and Tactics at New Orleans
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1969), 93.
Jones stationed his mosquito:
Cochrane to Croker, Dec. 7, 1814, in Mahon,
The War of 1812
, 353; Wilburt S. Brown,
The Amphibious Campaign for West Florida and Louisiana, 1814–15: A Critical Review of Strategy and Tactics at New Orleans
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1969), 93.
380
By 12:40 it was all over:
Thomas ap Catesby Jones to Daniel Patterson, March 12, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 487–89; Gene A. Smith,
Thomas ap Catesby Jones
:
Commodore of Manifest Destiny
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000), 26–29.
By 12:40 it was all over:
Thomas ap Catesby Jones to Daniel Patterson, March 12, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 487–89; Gene A. Smith,
Thomas ap Catesby Jones
:
Commodore of Manifest Destiny
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000), 26–29.
380
Commodore Patterson could ill:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 233–35.
Commodore Patterson could ill:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 233–35.
381
Cochrane moved his army:
George Robert Gleig,
The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans . . . in the Years 1814–15
(London: J. Murray, 1847), 141–42.
Cochrane moved his army:
George Robert Gleig,
The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans . . . in the Years 1814–15
(London: J. Murray, 1847), 141–42.
381
Three possible invasion routes presented:
The routes are explained in Brown,
The Amphibious Campaigns
, 66.
Three possible invasion routes presented:
The routes are explained in Brown,
The Amphibious Campaigns
, 66.
381
The third potential route was:
Smith,
Thomas ap Catesby Jones
, 27.
The third potential route was:
Smith,
Thomas ap Catesby Jones
, 27.
381
He did not have enough:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 248–49.
He did not have enough:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 248–49.
382
Obstacles blocked the other:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 251.
Obstacles blocked the other:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 251.
382
Jackson called out the entire:
Horsman,
The War of 1812
, 239.
Jackson called out the entire:
Horsman,
The War of 1812
, 239.
382
She was a well-built schooner:
Patterson to Secretary Jones, Oct. 10, 1814, in
National Intelligencer
, Nov. 14, 1814.
She was a well-built schooner:
Patterson to Secretary Jones, Oct. 10, 1814, in
National Intelligencer
, Nov. 14, 1814.
383
The
Louisiana
was a converted:
Patterson to the Secretary of the Navy, Jan. 27, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 461–63.
The
Louisiana
was a converted:
Patterson to the Secretary of the Navy, Jan. 27, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 461–63.
383
Laffite’s pirates did not serve:
Brown,
The Amphibious Campaign
, 39–43.
Laffite’s pirates did not serve:
Brown,
The Amphibious Campaign
, 39–43.
383
Admiral Cochrane made no attempt:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 253.
Admiral Cochrane made no attempt:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 253.
384
“Fearing the consequence”:
Jackson to Monroe, Dec. 27, 1814, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 453–54.
“Fearing the consequence”:
Jackson to Monroe, Dec. 27, 1814, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 453–54.
384
Jackson had inflicted so much:
Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 264.
Jackson had inflicted so much:
Remini,
Andrew Jackson
, 264.
384
Cochrane committed his entire:
Brown,
Amphibious Campaign
, 105.
Cochrane committed his entire:
Brown,
Amphibious Campaign
, 105.
386
many of New Orleans’s prominent:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 287.
many of New Orleans’s prominent:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 287.
386
“I lament that I have not”:
Jackson to Monroe, Dec. 29, 1814 in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 455.
“I lament that I have not”:
Jackson to Monroe, Dec. 29, 1814 in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 455.
387
Patterson was also strengthening:
Brown,
Amphibious Campaign
, 121–42.
Patterson was also strengthening:
Brown,
Amphibious Campaign
, 121–42.
388
Jackson had erected:
Brown,
Amphibious Campaign
, 137; Mahon,
Sea Power
, 2:362.
Jackson had erected:
Brown,
Amphibious Campaign
, 137; Mahon,
Sea Power
, 2:362.
389
“Lieutenant Norris of the Navy”:
Jackson’s General Orders from Headquarters, Seventh Military District, Jan. 21, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 478.
“Lieutenant Norris of the Navy”:
Jackson’s General Orders from Headquarters, Seventh Military District, Jan. 21, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 478.
390
“twice the column”:
Jackson to Secretary of War Monroe, Jan. 9, 1815, in
National Intelligencer
, Feb. 6, 1815.
“twice the column”:
Jackson to Secretary of War Monroe, Jan. 9, 1815, in
National Intelligencer
, Feb. 6, 1815.
391
On the other side of the river:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 330.
On the other side of the river:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 330.
391
“may not everywhere”:
Jackson to Monroe, Jan. 13, 1815, in Ralph Ketcham,
James Madison: A Biography
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971), 596.
“may not everywhere”:
Jackson to Monroe, Jan. 13, 1815, in Ralph Ketcham,
James Madison: A Biography
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971), 596.
391
Cochrane sent five small ships:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 334–35.
Cochrane sent five small ships:
Reilly,
The British at the Gates
, 334–35.
392
The successful defense of New Orleans:
Admiral Cockburn was supposed to create a diversion in favor of Cochrane when he attacked New Orleans, but Cockburn was late beginning an attack on Georgia. He did not commence his assault on Georgia’s coast until January 13. After bombarding a fort guarding the St. Mary’s River, he sailed up to the town of St. Mary’s and captured it on January 14. He then took Cumberland Island and established his headquarters there on January 22. He was waiting for ground troops to attack Savannah when word of peace came with an order to cease all military operations.
CHAPTER 32The successful defense of New Orleans:
Admiral Cockburn was supposed to create a diversion in favor of Cochrane when he attacked New Orleans, but Cockburn was late beginning an attack on Georgia. He did not commence his assault on Georgia’s coast until January 13. After bombarding a fort guarding the St. Mary’s River, he sailed up to the town of St. Mary’s and captured it on January 14. He then took Cumberland Island and established his headquarters there on January 22. He was waiting for ground troops to attack Savannah when word of peace came with an order to cease all military operations.
393
Prospects for an acceptable peace: National Intelligencer
, Jan. 20, 1815.
Prospects for an acceptable peace: National Intelligencer
, Jan. 20, 1815.
394
“The proceedings are tempered”:
Quoted in Samuel Eliot Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis: The Urbane Federalist
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 381.
“The proceedings are tempered”:
Quoted in Samuel Eliot Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis: The Urbane Federalist
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 381.
394
“owing to some mistake”:
Decatur to Secretary of the Navy Crowninshield, Jan. 18, 1815, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823).
“owing to some mistake”:
Decatur to Secretary of the Navy Crowninshield, Jan. 18, 1815, in John Brannan,
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States During the War with Great Britain, in the Years 1812–1815
(Washington City: Way and Gideon, 1823).
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