1812: The Navy's War (87 page)
331
On October 8 the British presented: American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:724–25; David S. Heidler and Jeane T. Heidler,
Henry Clay: The Essential American
(New York: Random House, 2010), 114.
On October 8 the British presented: American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:724–25; David S. Heidler and Jeane T. Heidler,
Henry Clay: The Essential American
(New York: Random House, 2010), 114.
331
“What . . . wounds me”:
Clay to Crawford, Oct. 17, 1814, in Hopkins, ed.,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 1:989.
“What . . . wounds me”:
Clay to Crawford, Oct. 17, 1814, in Hopkins, ed.,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 1:989.
331
“There can be no possible”:
Adams to Louisa Adams, Oct. 4, 1814, in Ford, ed.,
Writings of John Quincy Adams
, 5:151.
“There can be no possible”:
Adams to Louisa Adams, Oct. 4, 1814, in Ford, ed.,
Writings of John Quincy Adams
, 5:151.
331
10,000 copies printed and widely distributed: American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:695–703, gives the documents released.
10,000 copies printed and widely distributed: American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:695–703, gives the documents released.
332
“If Great Britain does not”:
Monroe to Commissioners, Aug. 11, 1814,
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:705.
“If Great Britain does not”:
Monroe to Commissioners, Aug. 11, 1814,
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:705.
332
Adams and his colleagues:
Commissioners to Monroe, Aug. 12, 1814,
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:705–7.
Adams and his colleagues:
Commissioners to Monroe, Aug. 12, 1814,
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
, 3:705–7.
332
Gallatin had already written to Secretary Monroe:
Gallatin to Monroe, June 13, 1814, in Updyke,
The Diplomacy of the War of 1812
, 282.
Gallatin had already written to Secretary Monroe:
Gallatin to Monroe, June 13, 1814, in Updyke,
The Diplomacy of the War of 1812
, 282.
332
“are very sanguine about”:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Sept. 27, 1814, in Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:424–25.
CHAPTER 27“are very sanguine about”:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Sept. 27, 1814, in Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:424–25.
333
Cochrane finally gave in:
Cochrane to First Lord of the Admiralty Viscount Melville, Sept. 17, 1814, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:289.
Cochrane finally gave in:
Cochrane to First Lord of the Admiralty Viscount Melville, Sept. 17, 1814, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:289.
334
After being wounded:
Mary Barney,
A Biographical Memoir of the Late Commodore Joshua Barney
(Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1832), 269.
After being wounded:
Mary Barney,
A Biographical Memoir of the Late Commodore Joshua Barney
(Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1832), 269.
334
Rodgers had 1,000:
Porter to Jones, Aug. 27, 1814, in Walter Lord,
The Dawn’s Early Light
(New York: Norton, 1972), 232.
Rodgers had 1,000:
Porter to Jones, Aug. 27, 1814, in Walter Lord,
The Dawn’s Early Light
(New York: Norton, 1972), 232.
335
“We deplore your”:
Spence to Rogers, Aug. 31, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:261.
“We deplore your”:
Spence to Rogers, Aug. 31, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:261.
335
Actually, Rodgers had such:
Charles O. Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers: A Biography
(Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1910), 289–90.
Actually, Rodgers had such:
Charles O. Paullin,
Commodore John Rodgers: A Biography
(Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1910), 289–90.
336
Colonel Arthur Brooke, an experienced:
Lord,
Dawn’s Early Light
, 259–62.
Colonel Arthur Brooke, an experienced:
Lord,
Dawn’s Early Light
, 259–62.
337
After Commodore Rodgers straightened:
Rodgers to Spence, Sept. 8, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:263.
After Commodore Rodgers straightened:
Rodgers to Spence, Sept. 8, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:263.
337
“It is impossible for”:
Cochrane to Cockburn, Sept. 13, 1814; Brooke to Cochrane, Sept. 13, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:277–79.
“It is impossible for”:
Cochrane to Cockburn, Sept. 13, 1814; Brooke to Cochrane, Sept. 13, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:277–79.
338
“the capture of the town”:
Brooke to Bathurst, Sept. 17, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:282–85.
“the capture of the town”:
Brooke to Bathurst, Sept. 17, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:282–85.
339
Between one and two o’clock:
Cockburn to Cochrane, Sept. 15, 1814; Brooke to Bathurst, Sept. 17, 1814; Brooke to Cochrane, Sept. 14, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:279–85; Roger Morriss,
Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 113.
Between one and two o’clock:
Cockburn to Cochrane, Sept. 15, 1814; Brooke to Bathurst, Sept. 17, 1814; Brooke to Cochrane, Sept. 14, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:279–85; Roger Morriss,
Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 113.
339
On the night of September 13–14:
Cochrane to Napier, Sept. 13, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:278; Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 324.
On the night of September 13–14:
Cochrane to Napier, Sept. 13, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:278; Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 324.
339
Lieutenant Colonel Armistead estimated:
Armistead to Monroe, Sept. 24, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:302–4.
Lieutenant Colonel Armistead estimated:
Armistead to Monroe, Sept. 24, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:302–4.
339
inspired an American spectator:
Lord,
Dawn’s Early Light
, 240–45, 293–97.
inspired an American spectator:
Lord,
Dawn’s Early Light
, 240–45, 293–97.
340
With the fleet went 2,400 ex-slaves:
Robin W. Winks,
The Blacks in Canada
, 2nd ed. (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1997), 114–27.
CHAPTER 28With the fleet went 2,400 ex-slaves:
Robin W. Winks,
The Blacks in Canada
, 2nd ed. (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1997), 114–27.
341
“commence offensive operations”:
Bathurst to Prevost, June 3, 1814, in J. Mackay Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
(Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 289–90.
“commence offensive operations”:
Bathurst to Prevost, June 3, 1814, in J. Mackay Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
(Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 289–90.
342
On September 1 Prevost marched:
Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 254.
On September 1 Prevost marched:
Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 254.
342
“Vermont has shown”:
Prevost to Bathurst, Aug. 5 and 27, 1814, in Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:363.
“Vermont has shown”:
Prevost to Bathurst, Aug. 5 and 27, 1814, in Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:363.
342
a few of Commodore Macdonough’s:
Rodney Macdonough,
The Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough, U.S. Navy
(Boston: Fort Hill Press, 1909), 160–61.
a few of Commodore Macdonough’s:
Rodney Macdonough,
The Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough, U.S. Navy
(Boston: Fort Hill Press, 1909), 160–61.
343
Armstrong wrote again:
Armstrong to Izard, July 27, 1814, and Izard to Armstrong Aug. 11, 1814, in Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 976–77; Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 253; C. Edward Skeen,
John Armstrong, Jr., 1758–1843: A Biography
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981), 184–86.
Armstrong wrote again:
Armstrong to Izard, July 27, 1814, and Izard to Armstrong Aug. 11, 1814, in Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 976–77; Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 253; C. Edward Skeen,
John Armstrong, Jr., 1758–1843: A Biography
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981), 184–86.
343
“Armstrong’s policy of meeting”:
Adams,
History of the United States
, 976–78.
“Armstrong’s policy of meeting”:
Adams,
History of the United States
, 976–78.
345
“Only sixteen days before”:
Pring to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1814, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:609–12.
“Only sixteen days before”:
Pring to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1814, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:609–12.
345
Yeo’s argument was:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 174–75; Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:370–71.
Yeo’s argument was:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 174–75; Mahan,
Sea Power
, 2:370–71.
345
Downie had the 16-gun
Linnet
:
The
Linnet
had sixteen long twelve-pounders. The
Chub
had ten eighteen-pound carronades and one long six-pounder. The
Finch
had four long six-pounders, six eighteen-pound carronades, and one eighteen-pound columbiad. The six galleys had one long twenty-four-pounder and one thirty-two-pound carronade. Two galleys had one long eighteen-pounder and one thirty-two-pounder. Two other galleys had one long eighteen-pounder and one eighteen-pound carronade. Four gunboats had one thirty-two-pound carronade, and three others had one long eighteen-pounder.
Downie had the 16-gun
Linnet
:
The
Linnet
had sixteen long twelve-pounders. The
Chub
had ten eighteen-pound carronades and one long six-pounder. The
Finch
had four long six-pounders, six eighteen-pound carronades, and one eighteen-pound columbiad. The six galleys had one long twenty-four-pounder and one thirty-two-pound carronade. Two galleys had one long eighteen-pounder and one thirty-two-pounder. Two other galleys had one long eighteen-pounder and one eighteen-pound carronade. Four gunboats had one thirty-two-pound carronade, and three others had one long eighteen-pounder.
346
Macdonough thought there were:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 161.
Macdonough thought there were:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 161.
346
The
Saratoga
had eight long:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 165.
The
Saratoga
had eight long:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 165.
347
At eight o’clock Macdonough’s:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 176.
At eight o’clock Macdonough’s:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 176.
347
Macdonough credited him with:
Macdonough to Jones, Sept. 13, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:614–15. Perry had been ordered to Lake Champlain on April 22, 1814.
Macdonough credited him with:
Macdonough to Jones, Sept. 13, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:614–15. Perry had been ordered to Lake Champlain on April 22, 1814.
348
Macdonough was in constant:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 182.
Macdonough was in constant:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 182.
349
his battered crew “declared”:
Robertson’s statement written from the
Saratoga
, Sept. 12, 1814, in
Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812
, ed. William Charles Henry (Toronto: Publications of the Champlain Society, 1920–23), 3:373–77.
his battered crew “declared”:
Robertson’s statement written from the
Saratoga
, Sept. 12, 1814, in
Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812
, ed. William Charles Henry (Toronto: Publications of the Champlain Society, 1920–23), 3:373–77.
349
around 11:20, Pring was forced:
Pring to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:609–12.
around 11:20, Pring was forced:
Pring to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:609–12.
349
“The Almighty has been pleased”:
Macdonough to Jones, Sept. 11, 1814, in Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 185.
“The Almighty has been pleased”:
Macdonough to Jones, Sept. 11, 1814, in Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 185.
349
“Gentlemen, return your swords”:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 185.
“Gentlemen, return your swords”:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 185.
349
“I have much satisfaction”:
Pring to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:612.
“I have much satisfaction”:
Pring to Yeo, Sept. 12, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:612.
349
The American and British seamen:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 188–89.
The American and British seamen:
Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 188–89.
350
“The enemy’s shot”:
Macdonough to Jones, Sept. 13, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:614–15.
“The enemy’s shot”:
Macdonough to Jones, Sept. 13, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:614–15.
350
Macdonough was particularly critical:
Christopher McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991), 294; Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 191–92.
Macdonough was particularly critical:
Christopher McKee,
A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991), 294; Macdonough,
Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 191–92.
350
“The disastrous and unlooked for”:
Prevost to Bathurst, Sept. 22, 1814, in Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 264.
“The disastrous and unlooked for”:
Prevost to Bathurst, Sept. 22, 1814, in Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 264.
350
“the expectations of His Majesty’s”:
Pierre Berton,
Flames Across the Border: The Canadian-American Tragedy, 1813–1814
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), 399.
CHAPTER 29“the expectations of His Majesty’s”:
Pierre Berton,
Flames Across the Border: The Canadian-American Tragedy, 1813–1814
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), 399.
353
“for in our own country:
Clay to Monroe, Oct. 26, 1814, in
The Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. James F. Hopkins (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959), 1:995–96.
“for in our own country:
Clay to Monroe, Oct. 26, 1814, in
The Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. James F. Hopkins (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959), 1:995–96.
353
Clay made sure that Goulburn:
David S. Heidler and Jeane T. Heidler,
Henry Clay: The Essential American
(New York: Random House, 2010), 113.
Clay made sure that Goulburn:
David S. Heidler and Jeane T. Heidler,
Henry Clay: The Essential American
(New York: Random House, 2010), 113.
353
The Duke of Wellington, now:
Major General C. Macaulay to Liverpool, Oct. 31, 1814, in
Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence, and Memoranda of Field Marshall Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G.
, ed. Arthur R. Wellesley (London: John Murray, 1862), 9:407.
The Duke of Wellington, now:
Major General C. Macaulay to Liverpool, Oct. 31, 1814, in
Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence, and Memoranda of Field Marshall Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G.
, ed. Arthur R. Wellesley (London: John Murray, 1862), 9:407.
354
“You will have heard from”:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Nov. 2, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:401–2; Major General C. Macaulay to Liverpool, Oct. 31, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:487.
“You will have heard from”:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Nov. 2, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:401–2; Major General C. Macaulay to Liverpool, Oct. 31, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:487.
354
Castlereagh hoped that getting:
Charles K. Webster,
The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, 1812–1815
(London: G. Bell and Sons, 1931), 10:342–61.
Castlereagh hoped that getting:
Charles K. Webster,
The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, 1812–1815
(London: G. Bell and Sons, 1931), 10:342–61.
354
“Unless the Emperor of Russia”:
Castlereagh to Liverpool, Nov. 11, 1814, in Charles K. Webster,
The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815
(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1934), 104.
“Unless the Emperor of Russia”:
Castlereagh to Liverpool, Nov. 11, 1814, in Charles K. Webster,
The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815
(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1934), 104.
355
“I see little prospect”:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Nov. 2, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:401–2.
“I see little prospect”:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Nov. 2, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:401–2.
355
Liverpool wrote to Wellington:
Liverpool to Wellington, Nov. 4, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:405–7; Frank A. Updyke,
The Diplomacy of the War of 1812
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1915), 303–6.
Liverpool wrote to Wellington:
Liverpool to Wellington, Nov. 4, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:405–7; Frank A. Updyke,
The Diplomacy of the War of 1812
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1915), 303–6.
355
“The Duke of Wellington would restore”:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Nov. 4, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:405.
“The Duke of Wellington would restore”:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Nov. 4, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:405.
355
“you cannot at this moment”:
Wellington to Liverpool, Nov. 7, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:422.
“you cannot at this moment”:
Wellington to Liverpool, Nov. 7, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:422.
355
The duke wrote to Liverpool again:
Wellington to Liverpool, Nov. 9, 1814, in Robert Stewart Castlereagh,
Correspondence
,
Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry
(London: H. Colburn, 1848–53), 10:118–19.
The duke wrote to Liverpool again:
Wellington to Liverpool, Nov. 9, 1814, in Robert Stewart Castlereagh,
Correspondence
,
Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry
(London: H. Colburn, 1848–53), 10:118–19.
356
“I confess that I think”:
Wellington to Liverpool, Nov. 9, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:422, 424–26, 435–37; Updyke,
The Diplomacy of the War of 1812
, 306–7.
“I confess that I think”:
Wellington to Liverpool, Nov. 9, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:422, 424–26, 435–37; Updyke,
The Diplomacy of the War of 1812
, 306–7.
356
“I can assure you”:
Liverpool to Wellington, Nov. 13, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 430.
“I can assure you”:
Liverpool to Wellington, Nov. 13, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 430.
356
Liverpool then wrote:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Nov. 18, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:438.
Liverpool then wrote:
Liverpool to Castlereagh, Nov. 18, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:438.
357
“After such a contest”:
Updyke,
The Diplomacy of the War of 1812
, 302.
“After such a contest”:
Updyke,
The Diplomacy of the War of 1812
, 302.
357
“The American projet, I think”:
Goulburn to Bathurst, Nov. 14, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:432.
“The American projet, I think”:
Goulburn to Bathurst, Nov. 14, 1814, in Wellesley, ed.,
Supplementary Despatches
, 9:432.
357
the principle of
uti possidetis
:
The clearest expression of the cabinet’s view of
uti possidetis
was given by Bathurst in his notes of Oct. 18 and 20, 1814, in Castlereagh,
Correspondence
,
Despatches, and Other Papers
, 9:168–69.
the principle of
uti possidetis
:
The clearest expression of the cabinet’s view of
uti possidetis
was given by Bathurst in his notes of Oct. 18 and 20, 1814, in Castlereagh,
Correspondence
,
Despatches, and Other Papers
, 9:168–69.
357
The American commissioners offered:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 368;
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
(Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 1833–58), 3:732–44.
The American commissioners offered:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 368;
American State Papers: Foreign Relations
(Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 1833–58), 3:732–44.
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