1812: The Navy's War (84 page)
250
Losing more contact:
Schom,
Napoleon
, 683.
Losing more contact:
Schom,
Napoleon
, 683.
251
“The whole nation will”:
Quoted in Charles Esdaile,
Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, 1803-1815
(New York: Viking, 2008), 525.
“The whole nation will”:
Quoted in Charles Esdaile,
Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, 1803-1815
(New York: Viking, 2008), 525.
251
“the cry of Vive Louis”: Times
(London), April 8, 1914.
“the cry of Vive Louis”: Times
(London), April 8, 1914.
252
“heartfelt and universal joy.”: Times
(London), April 11, 1814.
“heartfelt and universal joy.”: Times
(London), April 11, 1814.
252
“I own that, while I rejoice”:
Jefferson to John Adams, July 15, 1814, in
The Adams-Jefferson Letters
:
The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
, ed. Lester J. Cappon (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 430–34.
“I own that, while I rejoice”:
Jefferson to John Adams, July 15, 1814, in
The Adams-Jefferson Letters
:
The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
, ed. Lester J. Cappon (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 430–34.
252
“The reinforcements for”: Times
(London), April 11, 1814.
“The reinforcements for”: Times
(London), April 11, 1814.
252
“There is no public feeling”: Times
(London), April 15, 1814.
“There is no public feeling”: Times
(London), April 15, 1814.
252
“unprincipled” and “contemptible”: Morning Post
(London), Jan. 27, 1814, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 1187.
“unprincipled” and “contemptible”: Morning Post
(London), Jan. 27, 1814, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 1187.
252
The
Courier
was equally vicious: Courier
(London), Jan. 27, 1814, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 1187–8.
The
Courier
was equally vicious: Courier
(London), Jan. 27, 1814, quoted in Adams,
History of the United States
, 1187–8.
252
“immediately transferred to America”: Times
(London), April 15, 1814.
CHAPTER 21“immediately transferred to America”: Times
(London), April 15, 1814.
255
Their grandiose strategy included:
Samuel Flagg Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy
(New York: Knopf, 1950), 198–99.
Their grandiose strategy included:
Samuel Flagg Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy
(New York: Knopf, 1950), 198–99.
256
“Is it desirable to take”:
Viscount Castlereagh to Lord Liverpool, Aug. 28, 1814, in Robert Stewart Castlereagh,
Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry
(London: H. Colburn, 1848–53), 10:62–63.
“Is it desirable to take”:
Viscount Castlereagh to Lord Liverpool, Aug. 28, 1814, in Robert Stewart Castlereagh,
Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry
(London: H. Colburn, 1848–53), 10:62–63.
256
“A well organized and large army”: The Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. James F. Hopkins (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959), 1:883–85.
“A well organized and large army”: The Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. James F. Hopkins (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959), 1:883–85.
257
Only 13,000 were dispatched:
J. Mackay Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
(Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 232; Jon Latimer,
1812: War with America
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 339.
Only 13,000 were dispatched:
J. Mackay Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History
(Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 232; Jon Latimer,
1812: War with America
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 339.
258
“I have it much at heart”:
Cochrane to Bathurst, July 14, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:131.
“I have it much at heart”:
Cochrane to Bathurst, July 14, 1812, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:131.
259
Nonetheless, Prevost was expected:
Bathurst to Prevost, June 3, 1814, quoted in Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 287–88.
Nonetheless, Prevost was expected:
Bathurst to Prevost, June 3, 1814, quoted in Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 287–88.
259
Bitter cold, poor food:
Wilkinson to Brown, Dec. 18, 1813, Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1, Massachusetts Historical Society.
Bitter cold, poor food:
Wilkinson to Brown, Dec. 18, 1813, Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1, Massachusetts Historical Society.
260
the army had leadership:
The new leaders would guide the army until the Civil War. Russell F. Weigley,
History of the United States Army
(New York: Macmillan, 1967), 123; Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 252–53; John R. Elting,
Amateurs to Arms: A Military History of the War of 1812
(Cambridge, MA: DaCapo Press, 1995), 177.
the army had leadership:
The new leaders would guide the army until the Civil War. Russell F. Weigley,
History of the United States Army
(New York: Macmillan, 1967), 123; Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 252–53; John R. Elting,
Amateurs to Arms: A Military History of the War of 1812
(Cambridge, MA: DaCapo Press, 1995), 177.
260
Congress approved Madison’s request:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 252.
Congress approved Madison’s request:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 252.
260
By the spring of 1814:
Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 183.
By the spring of 1814:
Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 183.
260
“where twenty of his ships”:
Jones to Madison, May 25, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:495–96.
“where twenty of his ships”:
Jones to Madison, May 25, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:495–96.
261
“Every possible resource”:
Jones to Chauncey, Jan. 15, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:386.
“Every possible resource”:
Jones to Chauncey, Jan. 15, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:386.
261
he “could meet the enemy”:
Jones to Macdonough, Dec. 7, 1813, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1992), 2:605.
he “could meet the enemy”:
Jones to Macdonough, Dec. 7, 1813, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. William S. Dudley (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1992), 2:605.
261
At the end of December 1813:
Macdonough to Jones, Dec. 28, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:606.
At the end of December 1813:
Macdonough to Jones, Dec. 28, 1813, in Dudley, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 2:606.
261
To help Yeo win:
Reginald Horsman,
The War of 1812
(New York: Knopf, 1969), 139.
To help Yeo win:
Reginald Horsman,
The War of 1812
(New York: Knopf, 1969), 139.
261
the “war of the dockyards”:
Robert Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario, 1812–1814
(1998; reprint, Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2009), 225.
the “war of the dockyards”:
Robert Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario, 1812–1814
(1998; reprint, Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2009), 225.
261
During the winter, Yeo:
Robert Malcomson,
Warships of the Great Lakes, 1754–1834
(Edison, NJ: Knickerbocker Press, 2004), 102; Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake:
225.
During the winter, Yeo:
Robert Malcomson,
Warships of the Great Lakes, 1754–1834
(Edison, NJ: Knickerbocker Press, 2004), 102; Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake:
225.
262
“The increase pay and bounty”:
Chauncey to Jones, March 7, 1813, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:401.
“The increase pay and bounty”:
Chauncey to Jones, March 7, 1813, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:401.
262
In early March Brown:
Armstrong to Brown, Feb. 24, 1814, Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1.
In early March Brown:
Armstrong to Brown, Feb. 24, 1814, Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1.
262
He was under the impression:
Brown to Chauncey, March 24, 1814, and Armstrong to Brown, Feb. 28, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1.
He was under the impression:
Brown to Chauncey, March 24, 1814, and Armstrong to Brown, Feb. 28, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1.
262
Nonetheless, when Armstrong discovered:
Armstrong to Brown, March 20, 1814, and April 7, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1.
Nonetheless, when Armstrong discovered:
Armstrong to Brown, March 20, 1814, and April 7, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1.
262
Armstrong, without the administration:
C. Edward Skeen,
John Armstrong, Jr., 1758–1843: A Biography
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981), 177–78; John D. Morris
, Sword of the Border: Major-General Jacob Jennings Brown, 1775–1828
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000), 77.
Armstrong, without the administration:
C. Edward Skeen,
John Armstrong, Jr., 1758–1843: A Biography
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981), 177–78; John D. Morris
, Sword of the Border: Major-General Jacob Jennings Brown, 1775–1828
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000), 77.
263
Admiral Yeo and Lieutenant General:
Drummond to Prevost, April 28, 1814, and Prevost to Drummond, April 30, 1814, in
The Documentary History of the Campaign upon the Niagara Frontier, 1812–1814
, ed. E. A. Cruikshank (Welland, Ontario: Lundy’s Lane Historical Society, 1908), 9:313–14, 318–19.
Admiral Yeo and Lieutenant General:
Drummond to Prevost, April 28, 1814, and Prevost to Drummond, April 30, 1814, in
The Documentary History of the Campaign upon the Niagara Frontier, 1812–1814
, ed. E. A. Cruikshank (Welland, Ontario: Lundy’s Lane Historical Society, 1908), 9:313–14, 318–19.
263
After putting up what fight:
Lieutenant-Colonel Mitchell to General Brown, May 6, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1; Jones to Madison, May 25, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:495; Yeo to Croker, May 9, 1813, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:477–79; Lieutenant-Colonel George Mitchell to Major-General Jacob Brown, May 8, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:474–76; Horsman,
The War of 1812
, 173–74.
After putting up what fight:
Lieutenant-Colonel Mitchell to General Brown, May 6, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1; Jones to Madison, May 25, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:495; Yeo to Croker, May 9, 1813, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:477–79; Lieutenant-Colonel George Mitchell to Major-General Jacob Brown, May 8, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:474–76; Horsman,
The War of 1812
, 173–74.
263
“If Sir James had landed”:
Chauncey to Jones, June 15, 1815, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:522.
“If Sir James had landed”:
Chauncey to Jones, June 15, 1815, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:522.
263
He had placed General Gaines:
Morris,
Sword of the Border
, 80.
He had placed General Gaines:
Morris,
Sword of the Border
, 80.
264
Woolsey had laid a clever:
Major Daniel Appling to Brown, May 30, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1.
Woolsey had laid a clever:
Major Daniel Appling to Brown, May 30, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1.
264
On June 6 Yeo returned:
Major Daniel Appling to Brigadier-General Edmund P. Gaines, May 30, 1814, and Woolsey to Chauncey, June 1, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:508–12; Malcomson,
Warships of the Great Lakes
, 108–9, 295–96.
On June 6 Yeo returned:
Major Daniel Appling to Brigadier-General Edmund P. Gaines, May 30, 1814, and Woolsey to Chauncey, June 1, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:508–12; Malcomson,
Warships of the Great Lakes
, 108–9, 295–96.
265
It would not be until:
Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake
, 307–8.
It would not be until:
Malcomson,
Lords of the Lake
, 307–8.
265
Recruiting offices were:
Rodney Macdonough,
The Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough, U.S. Navy
(Boston: Fort Hill Press, 1909), 145.
Recruiting offices were:
Rodney Macdonough,
The Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough, U.S. Navy
(Boston: Fort Hill Press, 1909), 145.
266
Pring’s bomb vessel:
Macdonough to Jones, May 14, 1814, in Macdonough,
Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 142.
Pring’s bomb vessel:
Macdonough to Jones, May 14, 1814, in Macdonough,
Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 142.
266
Macdonough then moved his fleet:
Macdonough,
Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 146.
Macdonough then moved his fleet:
Macdonough,
Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 146.
266
“I find the
Saratoga
to be”:
Macdonough to Jones, May 29, 1814, quoted in Macdonough,
Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 147.
“I find the
Saratoga
to be”:
Macdonough to Jones, May 29, 1814, quoted in Macdonough,
Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough
, 147.
267
“I determined to make them”:
Campbell to Armstrong, May 18, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
The Naval War of 1812
, 3:486–87.
“I determined to make them”:
Campbell to Armstrong, May 18, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
The Naval War of 1812
, 3:486–87.
267
When Lieutenant General Drummond:
Colonel John B. Campbell to Armstrong, May 18, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:486–87; Captain Arthur Sinclair to Jones, May 19, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:487–89; Drummond to Prevost, May 27, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:141, 489–90; Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 219.
When Lieutenant General Drummond:
Colonel John B. Campbell to Armstrong, May 18, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:486–87; Captain Arthur Sinclair to Jones, May 19, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:487–89; Drummond to Prevost, May 27, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:141, 489–90; Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 219.
268
he gathered the cabinet:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 259, 263.
he gathered the cabinet:
Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief
, 259, 263.
268
The president also decided:
Notes on Cabinet Meeting, June 7, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:497–98.
The president also decided:
Notes on Cabinet Meeting, June 7, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:497–98.
269
“excited much regret”:
Jones to Sinclair, June 1, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:513–14. A court of inquiry with General Scott as president also condemned the destruction of private property.
“excited much regret”:
Jones to Sinclair, June 1, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:513–14. A court of inquiry with General Scott as president also condemned the destruction of private property.
269
“Mackinac is by nature”:
Sinclair to Jones, Aug. 9, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:568–70.
“Mackinac is by nature”:
Sinclair to Jones, Aug. 9, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:568–70.
269
“Our men were shot”:
Sinclair to Jones, Aug. 9, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:568–70.
“Our men were shot”:
Sinclair to Jones, Aug. 9, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:568–70.
269
Seeing no way to attain: Diary of Surgeon Usher Parsons on the Brig
Lawrence, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:558–62.
Seeing no way to attain: Diary of Surgeon Usher Parsons on the Brig
Lawrence, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:558–62.
270
The
Scorpion
had been fifteen:
Lieutenant Andrew H. Bulger, Royal Newfoundland Fensible Infantry, to Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall, British Army, Sept. 7,1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:605; Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 236; Elting,
Amateurs to Arms
, 274–80; Barry Gough,
Fighting Sail on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay: The War of 1812 and Its Aftermath
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 103–12.
The
Scorpion
had been fifteen:
Lieutenant Andrew H. Bulger, Royal Newfoundland Fensible Infantry, to Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall, British Army, Sept. 7,1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:605; Hitsman,
The Incredible War of 1812
, 236; Elting,
Amateurs to Arms
, 274–80; Barry Gough,
Fighting Sail on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay: The War of 1812 and Its Aftermath
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 103–12.
270
Not long afterward, McDouall:
Horsman,
The War of 1812
, 169–72.
Not long afterward, McDouall:
Horsman,
The War of 1812
, 169–72.
270
The administration, meanwhile:
Brown to Peter B. Porter, May 19, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1; Armstrong to Brown, May 25, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1; Armstrong to Izard, June 10, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:498–99.
The administration, meanwhile:
Brown to Peter B. Porter, May 19, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1; Armstrong to Brown, May 25, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1; Armstrong to Izard, June 10, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:498–99.
271
“To give . . . immediate occupation”:
Armstrong to Brown, June 2, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1; Armstrong to Brown, June 10, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:500.
“To give . . . immediate occupation”:
Armstrong to Brown, June 2, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1; Armstrong to Brown, June 10, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:500.
271
At eight o’clock Buck fired:
Donald E. Graves,
Where Right and Glory Lead! The Battle of Lundy’s Lane, 1814
(Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 75–76.
At eight o’clock Buck fired:
Donald E. Graves,
Where Right and Glory Lead! The Battle of Lundy’s Lane, 1814
(Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 75–76.
272
“For completeness, Scott’s victory”:
Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 937–38.
“For completeness, Scott’s victory”:
Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 937–38.
272
Chippawa was a source of immense pride:
The best account of the battle is in Donald E. Graves,
Red Coats & Grey Jackets: The Battle of Chippawa, 5 July 1814
(Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994), 79–135; see also Graves,
Where Right and Glory Lead
, 75–92; Elting,
Amateurs to Arms
, 187. The grey uniforms of the cadets at West Point were not chosen in 1816 to commemorate Scott’s grey uniforms, but the legend that they were has persisted.
Chippawa was a source of immense pride:
The best account of the battle is in Donald E. Graves,
Red Coats & Grey Jackets: The Battle of Chippawa, 5 July 1814
(Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994), 79–135; see also Graves,
Where Right and Glory Lead
, 75–92; Elting,
Amateurs to Arms
, 187. The grey uniforms of the cadets at West Point were not chosen in 1816 to commemorate Scott’s grey uniforms, but the legend that they were has persisted.
273
he had made it clear:
Chauncey to Brown, June 25, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:527.
he had made it clear:
Chauncey to Brown, June 25, 1814, in Crawford, ed.,
Naval War of 1812
, 3:527.
273
“The slaughter had”:
General Brown to Major Samuel Brown, July 30, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1.
“The slaughter had”:
General Brown to Major Samuel Brown, July 30, 1814, in Jacob Brown Papers, Reel 1.
274
“victory was complete”:
Porter to Tompkins, July 29, 1814, quoted in Graves,
Where Right and Glory Lead
, 208.
CHAPTER 22“victory was complete”:
Porter to Tompkins, July 29, 1814, quoted in Graves,
Where Right and Glory Lead
, 208.
277
“I hope to be able”:
Cochrane to Prevost, March 11, 1814, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:38–39.
“I hope to be able”:
Cochrane to Prevost, March 11, 1814, in
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History
, ed. Michael Crawford (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002), 3:38–39.
277
As Cochrane thought about:
Cochrane to Croker, March 8, 1814, in Wade G. Dudley,
Splintering the Wooden Wall: The British Blockade of the United States, 1812–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 116.
As Cochrane thought about:
Cochrane to Croker, March 8, 1814, in Wade G. Dudley,
Splintering the Wooden Wall: The British Blockade of the United States, 1812–1815
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 116.
277
The British blockade now ran:
Cochrane to Bathurst, July 14, 1814, in Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:330–31.
The British blockade now ran:
Cochrane to Bathurst, July 14, 1814, in Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:330–31.
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