1812: The Navy's War (89 page)
394
“and every article that”:
Decatur to Crowninshield, Jan. 18, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 481–83.
“and every article that”:
Decatur to Crowninshield, Jan. 18, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 481–83.
395
The
Pomone
fired two devastating:
Decatur to Crowninshield, Jan. 18, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 481–83.
The
Pomone
fired two devastating:
Decatur to Crowninshield, Jan. 18, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 481–83.
396
On the evening of February 13:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 366–67.
On the evening of February 13:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 366–67.
396
The actual terms of the peace:
Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 1222–23.
The actual terms of the peace:
Henry Adams,
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
(New York: Library of America, 1986), 1222–23.
396
In the midst of these momentous events:
Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis
, 385–95.
In the midst of these momentous events:
Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis
, 385–95.
397
“bore up after her”: Constitution
’s log, Feb. 20, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 493.
“bore up after her”: Constitution
’s log, Feb. 20, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 493.
398
“braced aback . . . main”: Constitution
’s log, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 494.
“braced aback . . . main”: Constitution
’s log, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 494.
398
At ten o’clock Douglass: Constitution
’s log, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 494.
At ten o’clock Douglass: Constitution
’s log, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 494.
398
He brought his prizes to Porto Praya:
Tyrone G. Martin, ed.,
The USS
Constitution
’s Finest Fight, 1815: The Journal of Acting Chaplain Assheton Humphreys, US Navy
(Mount Pleasant, SC: Nautical and Aviation Publishing, 2000), 5–53; Claude Berube and John Rodgaard,
A Call to the Sea: Captain Charles Stewart of the USS
Constitution (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005), 86–93.
He brought his prizes to Porto Praya:
Tyrone G. Martin, ed.,
The USS
Constitution
’s Finest Fight, 1815: The Journal of Acting Chaplain Assheton Humphreys, US Navy
(Mount Pleasant, SC: Nautical and Aviation Publishing, 2000), 5–53; Claude Berube and John Rodgaard,
A Call to the Sea: Captain Charles Stewart of the USS
Constitution (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005), 86–93.
399
Right on Warrington’s tail: Niles’ Weekly Register
, July 8, 1815.
Right on Warrington’s tail: Niles’ Weekly Register
, July 8, 1815.
399
During the trip a neutral vessel:
David Long,
Sailor-Diplomat: A Biography of Commodore James Biddle, 1783–1848
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1983), 50.
During the trip a neutral vessel:
David Long,
Sailor-Diplomat: A Biography of Commodore James Biddle, 1783–1848
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1983), 50.
400
The
Penguin
was so badly damaged:
Biddle to the Secretary of the Navy, March 25, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 490–92; Long, S
ailor-Diplomat
, 50–55.
The
Penguin
was so badly damaged:
Biddle to the Secretary of the Navy, March 25, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 490–92; Long, S
ailor-Diplomat
, 50–55.
400
At daylight on April 30:
Biddle to Decatur, June 10, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 494–96; C. S. Forester,
The Age of Fighting Sail: The Story of the Naval War of 1812
(New York: Doubleday, 1956), 276–78.
At daylight on April 30:
Biddle to Decatur, June 10, 1815, in Brannan,
Official Letters
, 494–96; C. S. Forester,
The Age of Fighting Sail: The Story of the Naval War of 1812
(New York: Doubleday, 1956), 276–78.
400
All the while, Captain Warrington:
Theodore Roosevelt,
The Naval War of 1812
(New York: Random House, 1996), 169–70.
All the while, Captain Warrington:
Theodore Roosevelt,
The Naval War of 1812
(New York: Random House, 1996), 169–70.
400
The war did not end:
Reginald Horsman,
The War of 1812
(New York: Knopf, 1969), 263–64.
The war did not end:
Reginald Horsman,
The War of 1812
(New York: Knopf, 1969), 263–64.
401
At the end of the war the American:
Horsman,
The War of 1812
, 263.
At the end of the war the American:
Horsman,
The War of 1812
, 263.
401
“sincere regret on this”:
Castlereagh to Baker, May 23, 1815, in Castlereagh,
Memoirs
, 232.
“sincere regret on this”:
Castlereagh to Baker, May 23, 1815, in Castlereagh,
Memoirs
, 232.
401
Castlereagh’s conciliatory tone:
Lord Bathurst to Baker, April 11, 1815, in Robert Stewart Castlereagh,
Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry
(London: H. Colburn, 1848–53), 10:198; Bathurst to Baker, April 21, 1815, in Castlereagh,
Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers
, 10:205; Horsman,
The War of 1812
, 264; Charles Andrews,
The Prisoners’ Memoirs or Dartmoor Prison . . .
(New York: Printed for the Author, 1815), 144–51, 167–206, 222–35; Bradford Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 165.
CHAPTER 33Castlereagh’s conciliatory tone:
Lord Bathurst to Baker, April 11, 1815, in Robert Stewart Castlereagh,
Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry
(London: H. Colburn, 1848–53), 10:198; Bathurst to Baker, April 21, 1815, in Castlereagh,
Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers
, 10:205; Horsman,
The War of 1812
, 264; Charles Andrews,
The Prisoners’ Memoirs or Dartmoor Prison . . .
(New York: Printed for the Author, 1815), 144–51, 167–206, 222–35; Bradford Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 165.
403
“an unlimited Armistice”:
Bradford Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 130.
“an unlimited Armistice”:
Bradford Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 130.
404
The reduction of the public expenditures:
Jack N. Rakove,
James Madison’s Writings
(New York: Library Classics of the United States, 1999), 708; George C. Daughan,
If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—From the Revolution to the War of 1812
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), 466–67.
The reduction of the public expenditures:
Jack N. Rakove,
James Madison’s Writings
(New York: Library Classics of the United States, 1999), 708; George C. Daughan,
If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—From the Revolution to the War of 1812
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), 466–67.
404
“the war has laid”:
Albert Gallatin, May 7, 1816, in Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:436.
“the war has laid”:
Albert Gallatin, May 7, 1816, in Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:436.
405
“open and direct warfare”:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 381.
“open and direct warfare”:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 381.
407
after receiving assurances:
Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams
, 162–63.
after receiving assurances:
Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams
, 162–63.
407
The American consul told:
Frederick C. Leiner,
The End of Barbary Terror: America’s 1815 War Against the Pirates of North Africa
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 91–92.
The American consul told:
Frederick C. Leiner,
The End of Barbary Terror: America’s 1815 War Against the Pirates of North Africa
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 91–92.
407
“all the privileges:
Bathurst to Baker, July 10, 1815, in Robert Stewart Castlereagh,
Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry
(London: H. Colburn, 1848–53), 10:268.
“all the privileges:
Bathurst to Baker, July 10, 1815, in Robert Stewart Castlereagh,
Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry
(London: H. Colburn, 1848–53), 10:268.
407
Of course, the British:
Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams
, 165.
Of course, the British:
Perkins,
Castlereagh and Adams
, 165.
407
The lull allowed:
Decatur to Crowninshield, June 19, 1815, in
American State Papers: Naval Affairs
(Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834), 1:396; Spencer Tucker,
Stephen Decatur: A Life Most Bold and Daring
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005), 158.
The lull allowed:
Decatur to Crowninshield, June 19, 1815, in
American State Papers: Naval Affairs
(Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834), 1:396; Spencer Tucker,
Stephen Decatur: A Life Most Bold and Daring
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005), 158.
408
“been dictated at the mouth”:
Decatur to Crowninshield, July 5, 1815, in
American State Papers: Naval Affairs
, 1:396.
“been dictated at the mouth”:
Decatur to Crowninshield, July 5, 1815, in
American State Papers: Naval Affairs
, 1:396.
408
Decatur made these odd changes: American States Papers: Naval Affairs
, 1:396.
Decatur made these odd changes: American States Papers: Naval Affairs
, 1:396.
408
Sadly, the
Epervier
never:
Tucker,
Stephen Decatur
, 163.
Sadly, the
Epervier
never:
Tucker,
Stephen Decatur
, 163.
408
Scurvy had now begun:
Decatur to Crowninshield, July 31, 1815, in
American State Papers: Naval Affairs
, 1:397; Tucker,
Stephen Decatur
, 164.
Scurvy had now begun:
Decatur to Crowninshield, July 31, 1815, in
American State Papers: Naval Affairs
, 1:397; Tucker,
Stephen Decatur
, 164.
409
Decatur left Tripoli:
Decatur to Crowninshield, Aug. 31, 1815, in
American State Papers: Naval Affairs
, 1:398.
Decatur left Tripoli:
Decatur to Crowninshield, Aug. 31, 1815, in
American State Papers: Naval Affairs
, 1:398.
409
On the way he spotted:
Leiner,
The End of Barbary Terror
, 123–39; Robert J. Allison,
Stephen Decatur: American Naval Hero, 1779–1820
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005), 173–74.
On the way he spotted:
Leiner,
The End of Barbary Terror
, 123–39; Robert J. Allison,
Stephen Decatur: American Naval Hero, 1779–1820
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005), 173–74.
409
they informed Bainbridge of Decatur’s:
Leiner,
The End of Barbary Terror
, 143.
they informed Bainbridge of Decatur’s:
Leiner,
The End of Barbary Terror
, 143.
410
Secretary Crowninshield was even getting:
Leiner,
The End of Barbary Terror
, 145.
Secretary Crowninshield was even getting:
Leiner,
The End of Barbary Terror
, 145.
410
“The object of leaving this”:
Bainbridge to Shaw, Oct. 1815, in Thomas Harris,
The Life and Services of Commodore William Bainbridge, United States Navy
(Philadelphia, 1837; reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2007), 203.
“The object of leaving this”:
Bainbridge to Shaw, Oct. 1815, in Thomas Harris,
The Life and Services of Commodore William Bainbridge, United States Navy
(Philadelphia, 1837; reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2007), 203.
410
Bainbridge stood out:
Tucker,
Stephen Decatur
, 168. In 1816 the British sent twenty warships under Admiral Lord Exmouth to Algiers and mercilessly bombarded the place, ending the Barbary menace once and for all.
CHAPTER 34Bainbridge stood out:
Tucker,
Stephen Decatur
, 168. In 1816 the British sent twenty warships under Admiral Lord Exmouth to Algiers and mercilessly bombarded the place, ending the Barbary menace once and for all.
413
“The war has renewed”:
Gallatin, May 7, 1816, in Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:436.
“The war has renewed”:
Gallatin, May 7, 1816, in Alfred T. Mahan,
Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 2:436.
414
“was the first British statesman”:
Charles K. Webster, ed.,
Britain and the Independence of Latin America
(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1938), 1:42.
“was the first British statesman”:
Charles K. Webster, ed.,
Britain and the Independence of Latin America
(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1938), 1:42.
414
An augury of things to come:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 376.
An augury of things to come:
Irving Brant,
James Madison
, vol. 6:
Commander in Chief, 1812–1836
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 376.
415
the great powers unanimously:
Wellington to Castlereagh, March 25, 1815, in
British Diplomacy, 1813–1815: Select Documents Dealing with the Reconstruction of Europe
, ed. Charles K. Webster (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1921), 316–17.
the great powers unanimously:
Wellington to Castlereagh, March 25, 1815, in
British Diplomacy, 1813–1815: Select Documents Dealing with the Reconstruction of Europe
, ed. Charles K. Webster (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1921), 316–17.
415
In January the czar:
Wellington to Castlereagh, March 12, 1815, in Webster, ed.,
British Diplomacy
, 312–13.
In January the czar:
Wellington to Castlereagh, March 12, 1815, in Webster, ed.,
British Diplomacy
, 312–13.
GLOSSARY
Abaft:
to the rear of.
to the rear of.
Aft:
toward, or in, the stern of a vessel.
toward, or in, the stern of a vessel.
Astern
: behind a vessel.
: behind a vessel.
Ballast:
any heavy substance used to maintain a vessel at its proper draft or trim, or its stability.
any heavy substance used to maintain a vessel at its proper draft or trim, or its stability.
Beam:
the breadth of a ship at its widest part.
the breadth of a ship at its widest part.
Beam ends:
a ship lying so far over on its side that the ends of her beams are touching the water and she is in danger of capsizing.
a ship lying so far over on its side that the ends of her beams are touching the water and she is in danger of capsizing.
Beat to quarters:
a marine drummer calling a crew to its battle stations.
a marine drummer calling a crew to its battle stations.
Beat up:
to sail in the direction from which the wind is coming.
to sail in the direction from which the wind is coming.
Bilge:
the lowest point of the hull, usually containing foul water.
the lowest point of the hull, usually containing foul water.
Binnacle:
box on the quarterdeck near the helm that houses the compass and has drawers where telescopes are kept.
box on the quarterdeck near the helm that houses the compass and has drawers where telescopes are kept.
Boom:
a long spar used to extend the foot (or bottom) of a specific sail.
a long spar used to extend the foot (or bottom) of a specific sail.
Bomb vessel:
a small ketch used to hold mortars for hurling bombs.
a small ketch used to hold mortars for hurling bombs.
Bow:
the forward part of a ship.
the forward part of a ship.
Bow chasers:
long guns placed on both sides of the bow to allow firing ahead.
long guns placed on both sides of the bow to allow firing ahead.
Bower:
large anchor placed at the bows of a ship.
large anchor placed at the bows of a ship.
Bowsprit:
a spar extending forward from the bow or stem of a ship to carry a sail forward and to support the masts by stays.
a spar extending forward from the bow or stem of a ship to carry a sail forward and to support the masts by stays.
Braces:
ropes attached to the end of yards that allow them to be turned.
ropes attached to the end of yards that allow them to be turned.
Brig:
a two-masted, square-rigged vessel.
a two-masted, square-rigged vessel.
Broach to:
to veer a ship’s stern suddenly to windward so that her broadside is exposed to the wind and sea, putting her in danger of capsizing.
to veer a ship’s stern suddenly to windward so that her broadside is exposed to the wind and sea, putting her in danger of capsizing.
Bulkhead:
a partition separating compartments on a vessel.
a partition separating compartments on a vessel.
Cable’s length:
six hundred feet.
six hundred feet.
Capstan:
a vertical, cleated drum used for moving heavy weights powered by capstan bars pushed by hand.
a vertical, cleated drum used for moving heavy weights powered by capstan bars pushed by hand.
Carronade:
form of cannon used to throw heavy shot at close quarters.
form of cannon used to throw heavy shot at close quarters.
Chasers:
a chase gun.
a chase gun.
Chevaux-de-frise:
a piece of timber or an iron barrel traversed with iron-pointed spikes or spears or pointed poles, five or six feet long, hidden under water, and used to defend a passage.
a piece of timber or an iron barrel traversed with iron-pointed spikes or spears or pointed poles, five or six feet long, hidden under water, and used to defend a passage.
Clew:
a lower corner of a square sail or after lower corner of a fore-and-aft sail.
a lower corner of a square sail or after lower corner of a fore-and-aft sail.
Clew garnets:
one of the ropes by which the clews of the courses of a square-rigged ship are hauled up to the lower yards.
one of the ropes by which the clews of the courses of a square-rigged ship are hauled up to the lower yards.
Clew lines:
a rope by which the clew of an upper square sail is hauled up to its yard.
a rope by which the clew of an upper square sail is hauled up to its yard.
Clew up:
to haul a sail by means of the clew garnets, clew lines, etc., up to a yard or mast.
to haul a sail by means of the clew garnets, clew lines, etc., up to a yard or mast.
Close-hauled:
sails pulled tight to allow a ship to sail close to the wind.
sails pulled tight to allow a ship to sail close to the wind.
Collier:
ship carrying coal.
ship carrying coal.
Columbiad:
a large, muzzle-loading gun for shooting at a high angle of elevation.
a large, muzzle-loading gun for shooting at a high angle of elevation.
Con:
steer.
steer.
Consolato del mare:
the right to take enemy goods from neutral ships.
the right to take enemy goods from neutral ships.
Coppering a warship:
sheathing with rolled copper.
sheathing with rolled copper.
Corvette:
warship with flush deck, slightly smaller than a frigate.
warship with flush deck, slightly smaller than a frigate.
Courses:
the lowest sails on any square-rigged mast.
the lowest sails on any square-rigged mast.
Cutter:
a broad, square-sterned boat for carrying stores and passengers and either rowed or sailed.
a broad, square-sterned boat for carrying stores and passengers and either rowed or sailed.
Fall off:
to steer to leeward, or away from the direction of the wind.
to steer to leeward, or away from the direction of the wind.
Fascines:
a long bundle of wooden sticks bound together.
a long bundle of wooden sticks bound together.
Fire Ship:
a vessel carrying combustibles sent among enemy ships to set them on fire.
Fleches:
a salient outwork of two faces with an open gorge.
a vessel carrying combustibles sent among enemy ships to set them on fire.
Fleches:
a salient outwork of two faces with an open gorge.
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