A Distant Mirror (117 page)

16
RECRUITMENT AND PROPAGANDA
: Oman, 126; Hewitt, op. cit., 30, 159. 84
MILITARY OBLIGATION OF TOWNS
: Contamine, 33, 176.
ROUEN, NARBONNE, NÎMES
: Henneman,
Royal
, 116, 120, 122, 135, 147.

17
KNIGHTS’ RATES OF PAY
: Contamine, 622–23, 626.
THE
montre:
ibid., 537.
ARMOR AND HELMET
: Oakeshott, 15, 43; Cutts, 344–45; Contamine, 656.

18
“TERRIBLE WORM
”: q. Lefranc, 137, from an unnamed contemporary poem, not further identified,
MACE FAVORED BY MARTIAL CLERICS
: Davis, 196.

19
FRENCH DISDAINED MISSILES
: Evans,
Life
, 140.
ARCHER AS “COWARD
”: q. Davis, 190.

20
CROSSBOW BANNED BY CHURCH
: Painter, 21.

21
CRÉCY
: The battle is described in all the chronicles. A useful summary is in Lot, 340–50.

22
ENGLISH ARCHERS PROTECTED BOWSTRINGS:
Chron. Jean de Venette
, 43. The subject of the wet and dry bowstrings and whether, when wet, they shrink or stretch has been a question of intense discussion among the Crécy buffs, and even of physical experiment by one historian who soaked bowstrings in water to determine the answer.

23
“15
DENIERS WORTH THREE”:
Chron. 4 Valois
, 14.
ESTATES’ DISPLEASURE VOICED
: Perroy,
Hundred Years
, 121.

24
ISABELLE’S BETROTHAL TO LOUIS DE MALE:
Chron. Jean le Bel
, II, 135–39;
Chron. normande
, 84–86, 276, n. 7
;
Luce-F, IV, nn. 1–2, 34–37;
Grandes Chrons.
, ed. Viard, IX, 292;
Chron. Jean de Venette
, 47–48, 184–85, n. 27;
Chron. de Jean de Noyal
, ed. Molinier,
Bull. SHF
, 1883, 253. Song about Isabelle is in Jean de Venette, 48. Summary of the sources in Henry Lucas,
The Low Countries and the Hundred Years’ War
, 1929, 55
9–65
.

25
CALAIS REDUCED TO EATING EXCREMENT
(“Toutes ordures par droite famine”)
: q.
CMH
, 349.

26
NUMBERS ENGAGED IN CRÉCY-CALAIS:
Postan,
EHR
.

The chief sources used for this chapter were Campbell; Carpentier; Crawfurd; Coulton,
Black Death;
Gasquet; Hecker; Ziegler; also Barnes; Bowsky; Bridbury; Cazelles,
Peste;
Deaux; Meiss,
Painting … After the Black Death;
Nohl; Renouard: Saltmarsh; Seebohm; Thompson; Thrupp. On the Jews: Abrahams; Salo Baron; Chazan, and
Encyclopedia Judaica
, Jerusalem and New York, 1970–71.

1
“DEATH IS SEEN SEATED
”: Simon de Covino, q. Campbell, 80.

2
“COULD INFECT THE WORLD
”: q. Gasquet, 41.
WELSH LAMENT
: q. Ziegler, 190.

3
“DOGS DRAGGED THEM FORTH
”: Agnolo di Tura, q. Ziegler, 58.

4
“OR IF NO MAN IS PRESENT
”: Bishop of Bath and Wells, q. Ziegler, 125.

5
“NO BELLS TOLLED
”: Agnolo di Tura, q. Schevill,
Siena
, 211. The same observation was made by Gabriel de Muisis, notary of Piacenza, q. Crawfurd, 113.

6
p. 95 GIVRY
PARISH REGISTER
: Renouard, III.
THREE VILLAGES OF
C
AMBRIDGESHIRE:
Saltmarsh.

7
PETRARCH’S BROTHER
: Bishop, 273.
BROTHER JOHN CLYN
: q. Ziegler, 195.

8
APATHY; “AND IN THESE DAYS
”: q. Deaux, 143, citing only “an old northern chronicle.”

9
AGNOLO DI TURA, “FATHER ABANDONED CHILD”:
q. Ziegler, 58.

10
“MAGISTRATES AND NOTARIES
”: q. Deaux, 49. E
NGLISH PRIESTS TURNED AWAY:
Ziegler, 261.

11
PARENTS DESERTING CHILDREN:
Hecker, 30.
GUY DE CHAULIAC, “A FATHER”:

12
q. Gasquet, 50–51.

13
Q NUNS OF THE HÔTEL DIEU:
Chron. Jean de Venette
, 49.

14
Q PICARDS AND SCOTS MOCK MORTALITY OF NEIGHBORS
: Gasquet, 53, and Ziegler, 198.

15
QCATHERINE DE COUCY:
L
’
Art de vérifier
, 237.
AMIENS TANNERS
: Gasquet, 57.
“BY THE JOLLITY THAT IS IN
us”:
Grandes Chrons.
, VI, 486–87.

16
JOHN OF FORDUN
: q. Ziegler, 199.
SIMON DE COVINO ON THE POOR
: Gasquet, 42.
ON YOUTH
: Cazelles,
Peste
.

17
KNIGHTON ON SHEEP
: q. Ziegler, 175.
WOLVES OF
A
USTRIA AND DALMATIA:
ibid., 84, III.
DOGS AND CATS
: Muisis, q. Gasquet, 44, 61.

18
BAVARIAN CHRONICLER OF NEUBERG:
q. Ziegler, 84.
WALSINGHAM, “THE WORLD COULD NEVER
”: Denifle, 273.
“OH HAPPY POSTERITY
”: q. Ziegler, 45. G
IOVANNI VILLANI
,
“e dure questo”:
q. Snell, 334.

19
PHYSICIANS OF VENICE
: Campbell, 98.
SIMON DE COVINO
: ibid., 31.
GUY DE CHAULIAC, “I WAS IN FEAR
”: q. Thompson,
Ec. and Soc.
, 379.
THUCYDIDES
: q. Crawfurd, 30–31.

20
CHINESE ORIGIN
: Although the idea of Chinese origin is still being repeated (e.g., by William H. McNeill,
Plagues and People
, New York, 1976, 161–63), it is disputed by L. Carrington Goodrich of the Association for Asian Studies, Columbia Univ., in letters to the author of 18 and 26 October 1973. Citing contemporary Chinese and other sources, he also quotes Dr. George A. Perera of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, an authority on communicable diseases, who “agrees with me that the spaces between epidemics in China (1334), Semirechyé (1338–9) and the Mediterranean basin (1347–9) seem too long for the first to be responsible for the last.”

21
REPORTS FROM THE EAST
: Barnes, 432; Coulton,
Black Death
, 9–11.

22
ANONYMOUS FLEMISH CLERIC, “MOST TERRIBLE
”: His correspondence was edited in the form of a chronicle by De Smet, in
Recueil des chroniques de Flandres
, III, q. Ziegler, 22.
GENTILE DA
F
OLIGNO, “COMMUNICATED BY AIR
”: Campbell, 38.

23
REPORT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS
: Hecker, 51–53; Campbell, 15.

24
M. VILLANI, “EXTERMINATION OF MANKIND
”: q. Meiss,
Painting … After the Black Death
, 66.
ROUEN PROHIBITS GAMBLING
: Nohl, 74.

25
AT
M
ESSINA, DEMONS LIKE DOGS
: Coulton,
Black Death
, 22–27.
PEST MAIDEN
: Ziegler, 85.

26
CANTACUZENE
: Barnes, 435.
PIERS PLOWMAN, “PURE SIN
”: B text, V, 13.

27
CLEMENT VI, “SENSUAL VICES
”: Gregorovius, VI, 334.

28
DOCTORS’ SKILLS
: Thorndike, III, 249–51.
CATARACTS
: Gilles li Muisis,
Chron.
, q. in Intro, χ.
SKIN GRAFTS
: M. Rowling,
Life in Medieval Times
, New York, 1973, 192. See also Arturo Castiglione,
A History of Medicine
, New York, 1946, 398–99.

29
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
: Thrupp; Coulton,
Panorama
, 456; Sabine.

30
VISCONTI MEASURES
: Hecker, 58. L
EICESTERSHIRE AUTOCRAT RAZED NOSELEY:
letter to author, 25 June 1974, from Lord Hazelrigg, direct descendant of the autocrat, and present proprietor of Noseley Hall.

31
LEGEND OF ST. ROCH;
“IN
THESE SAD TIMES”:
q. Mâle,
190. “GOD IS DEAF”:

32
Passus X, line 79.

33
“HOSTILITY OF GOD
”: q. Campbell, 132.

34
JEWS’ INTENT TO
“
KILL AND DESTROY”:
Chron. Jean le Bel
, I, 225, and Gilles li Muisis, 222.

35
WELL-POISONING:
Chron. Jean de Venette
, 50; S. W. Baron, XI, 160.
“RIVERS AND FOUNTAINS
”: from
Jugement du Roi de Navarre
, 70.

36
RABBI
M
OSES OF COUCY:
Encyc. Jud.
, VI, 167; VII, 19.
JEWS’ BADGE AND POINTED HAT
: Abrahams, 287; Enlart, 435. W
ILLIAM OF NEWBURGH:
q. Coulton,
Panorama
, 359.

37
TRIALS IN SAVOY:
C
OX
, 60–70; “Black Death” in
Encyc. Jud
. C
LEMENT’S BULL
: Luce-F, IV, 101.

38
FLAGELLANTS
: Cohn, 125–37;
CMH
, chap. 10; Lea, II, 882; Hecker, 34–39; Schnyder, 279–89.

39
MASSACRES AT WORMS, FRANKFURT, COLOGNE, MAINZ, ERFURT:
Cohn, 138–39;

40
Heinrich Graetz,
History of the Jews
, Philadelphia, 1894, IV, 109.

41
DUKE ALBERT H OF
A
USTRIA
: S. W. Baron, XI, 163.
“LIKE NIGHT PHANTOMS
”: q. Cohn, 139.

42
JEWS RETURN TO
E
RFURT
: S. W. Baron, IX, 224.

43
DICE INTO PRAYER BEADS
: Gasquet, 60.
PIERS PLOWMAN
: Passus IX, ed. Wells, 110.

44
M. VILLANI, “BETTER MEN
”: q. Coulton,
Black Death
, 66–68.

45
ORVIETO
: Carpentier,
Ville
, 190.
PENALTY FOR INTERCOURSE BETWEEN CHRISTIAN AND JEW
: ibid., 196.

46
EMPEROR CHARLES IV, “PRECIOUS KNOWLEDGE”:
Campbell, 1
50. CORPUS
C
HRISTI
: ibid., 150.

47
PETRARCH ON BOLOGNA
: ibid., 159–60.

48
DECLINE IN POPULATION
: J. C. Russell, “Med. pop.”; Carpentier,
AESC;
Bowsky; Heers, 101–5; Hay, 76.

49
EFFECTS ON LABOR
: Perroy in
EHR;
Seebohm, 269, 273; Helen Robbins, 473–76; Heers, 108–11.

50
JUBILEE YEAR
: Gregorovius, 323–25.
“A PONTIFF SHOULD MAKE HIS SUBJECTS HAPPY
”: q. G. Mollat,
Papes
, 86.

51
TREASURY OF MERIT
: Jusserand, 170.

52
A MILLION VISITORS
: Meiss, 80.

53
BEQUESTS, ST. GERMAIN
: Ziegler, 78.
SIENA
: Bowsky, 26. F
LORENCE:
Meiss, 78.

54
CARDINAL-LEGATE ATTACKED IN ROME:
Gregorovlus, 325.

55
“Bene quidem”:
Coulton,
Black Death
, 59.

56
“WICKEDER THAN BEFORE”:
Chron. Jean de Venette
, 51.
CLEMENT, “WHAT CAN YOU PREACH
”: ibid., 55–56.
LOTHAR OF SAXONY
: q. Campbell, 144. 124
TRAINI’S FRESCO
: Meiss, “Traini”; Supino, 73–80.

1
EXECUTION OF COMTE D’EU
: This affair, generating a mass of gossip and speculation, is treated at length by all the chroniclers—Jean le Bel,
Chron. J. &
C.,
4 Valois
, Gilles li Muisis,
Normande
, and Froissart, with extensive notes in Luce-F, IV, and KL Biog. Index, and discussion in Cazelles,
Société pol.
, 249–52.

2
“Ung bien hastif homs”: Chron. 4 Valois
, 16–17.

3
“A VERY CRUEL LADY
”: KL, IV, 202.

4
GIRARD D’ORLÉANS, COURT PAINTER
: Dupont & Gnudi, 134.
ORDINANCE OF 1
351: Lot; Tourneur,
Poitiers
.

5
GILLES LI MUISIS ON MONEY
: q. Lewis, 58.

6
GARTER’S HISTORIAN
: Elias Ashmole,
The History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter
, London, 1715.

7
ORDER OF THE STAR
: Michelet, III, 294–95; Goville, 92; Contamine, 186–87; Huizinga,
Men and Ideas
, 204; Anquetil, 402. For the Battle of Mauron, in which the members were slaughtered, see
Chron. normande
, 106, and Luce-F, IV, notes.

8
COMBAT OF THIRTY
: KL, V, 514.

9
MURDER OF CHARLES D’ESPAGNE
: all the chronicles, especially
Chron. 4 Valois
, 25–28.

10
RIOT AT OXFORD
: Trevelyan,
English Social History
, London, 1949, I, 49. F
RANCESCO
ORDELAFFI: Emerton, 170.

11
ENGLAND, CORONERS’ ROLLS
: Coulton,
Panorama
, 371.

12
VILLAGE GAMES
: Origo, 42.
CITIZENS OF MONS
: Huizinga,
Waning
, 22–23.

13
CHARLES OF NAVARRE, LETTERS TO POPE AND EDWARD III:
Denifle, 99.

14
EDWARD
I
II
, “
ON THE WORD OF A KING”:
“In verbo regiae veritatis dicimus et contestamur fideliter coram Deo,”
q. Denifle, 103–4, from text in Secousse and Rymer.