America Aflame (97 page)

11.
First quote in Faust, “Altars of Sacrifice,” 1227; second quote in Drew Gilpin Faust,
This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War
(New York: Knopf, 2008), 139.

12.
Phoebe Yates Pember,
A Southern Woman's Story
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), quote in Introduction by George C. Rable, xv.

13.
Both quotes in Faust, “Altars of Sacrifice,” 1225, 1222.

14.
Quoted in Roy Morris Jr.,
The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 154.

15.
Quoted in Emerson David Fite,
Social and Industrial Conditions in the North During the Civil War
(New York: Macmillan, 1910), 151.

16.
Quoted in ibid., 213.

17.
CW
4:394. The definitive account of the expansion of the federal government and its partnering with private enterprise during the Civil War is Mark R. Wilson,
The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).

18.
For an excellent discussion of Civil War legislation and its impact, see Heather Cox Richardson,
The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997). See also Peter A. Coclanis, “The American Civil War in Economic Perspective: Basic Questions and Some Answers,”
Southern Cultures
2 (Winter 1996): 165–68.

19.
Quoted in Richardson,
Greatest Nation
, 146.

20.
For a fuller discussion of Lincoln's invention, see “President Lincoln as an Inventor,”
Scientific American
, May 27, 1865, 340.

21.
Quoted in John Fiske,
Edward Livingston Youmans: Interpreter of Science for the People
(New York: D. Appleton, 1894), 179, available on Google Books.

22.
Quoted in Richardson,
Greatest Nation
, 157.

23.
Quoted in ibid., 151.

24.
Both quotes in ibid., 179, 180.

25.
“A Few Figures,”
Harper's
, May 11, 1861, 290.

26.
See Richardson,
Greatest Nation
, chapter 3.

27.
Quoted in Allen C. Guelzo,
Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President
(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1999), 382.

28.
See Claudia Dale Goldin, “The Economics of Emancipation,”
Journal of Economic History
33 (March 1973): 66–85.

29.
Both quotes in Ron Chernow,
Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
(New York: Random House, 1998), 78, 99.

30.
Executive Documents
, 39th Congress, 1st Session, “Diplomatic Correspondence,” 64.

31.
Quoted in Wilson,
Business of Civil War
, 179–80. “Song of the Shoddy” made its first appearance in
Vanity Fair
, September 21, 1861.

32.
Mary Pratt quoted in Mark R. Wilson, “The Business of Civil War: Military Enterprise, the State, and Political Economy in the United States, 1850–1880” (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2002), 707; “The Fortunes of War. How They Are Made and Spent,”
Harper's New Monthly Magazine
29 (July 1864): 227.

33.
Quoted in Wilson,
Business of Civil War
, 182.

34.
Mark Wahlgren Summers,
The Era of Good Stealings
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 20.

35.
See John Bowers,
Chickamauga and Chattanooga: The Battles That Doomed the Confederacy
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2001); Steven E. Woodworth, ed.,
The Chickamauga Campaign
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010).

36.
Corydon Edward Foote,
With Sherman to the Sea: A Drummer's Story of the Civil War
(New York: John Day, 1960), 121; see also U. S. Grant,
Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant
(New York: Charles L. Webster, 1972; first published in 1886), 350–94.

37.
Grant,
Memoirs
, 362.

38.
Foote,
Sherman to the Sea
, 145.

39.
Quoted in Sarah E. Gardner,
Blood and Irony: Southern White Women's Narratives of the Civil War, 1861–1937
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 261.

40.
Foote,
Sherman to the Sea
, 179. Foote also comments on the relatively comfortable winter quarters for Sherman's army, 161–78.

41.
Sam R. Watkins,
“Co. Aytch”: A Confederate Memoir of the Civil War
(New York: Touchstone, 2003), 115.

42.
Ibid., 98, 99, 112.

43.
See Donald,
Lincoln
, 468.

CHAPTER 14: WAR IS CRUELTY

1.
Jeffrey C. Lowe and Sam Hodges, eds.,
Letters to Amanda: The Civil War Letters of Marion Hill Fitzpatrick, Army of Northern Virginia
(Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1998), February 24, 1864, 120.

2.
Earl J. Hess,
The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 113.

3.
“Merry Christmas,”
Harper's
, December 1863, 818, drawing on 824; Abbott's sad departure from home is related by the editor of his letters, Robert Garth Scott, in
Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott
(Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991), 26.

4.
Quoted in Chandra Manning,
What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War
(New York: Knopf, 2007), 188.

5.
Quoted in Daniel W. Stowell,
Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 37.

6.
James Daniel Richardson, ed.,
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy
(Nashville: U.S. Publishing, 1905), 1:564.

7.
Richard Barksdale Harwell, ed.,
Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), April 10, 1864, 198; Sam R. Watkins,
“Co. Aytch”: A Confederate Memoir of the Civil War
(New York: Touchstone, 2003), 88; both quotes in Gerald F. Linderman,
Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War
(New York: Free Press, 1987), 255.

8.
Both quotes in Linderman,
Embattled Courage
, 254.

9.
First quote in William Tecumseh Sherman,
Memoirs of General William T. Sherman
(New York: Penguin, 1990), 601; second quote in Linderman,
Embattled Courage
, 209.

10.
Quoted in James M. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 742.

11.
For a comprehensive view and statistics of Civil War prisons, especially the notorious Andersonville, see Benjamin G. Cloyd,
Haunted by Atrocity: Civil War Prisons in American Memory
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010).

12.
Quoted in McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, 799–800.

13.
Both quotes in Cloyd,
Haunted by Atrocity
, 24, 22 (page numbers refer to manuscript in author's possession).

14.
Both quotes in ibid., 26.

15.
Jay Parini has a forthcoming novel,
Anderson Depot
, based on extensive research on the facility; see also “Letter from a Soldier,”
Harper's
, February 11, 1865, 93–94.

16.
Quote in Cloyd,
Haunted by Atrocity
, 27.

17.
Both quotes in Linderman,
Embattled Courage
, 258.

18.
Harwell,
Kate
, August 19, 1864, 228.

19.
Gari Carter, ed.,
Troubled State: Civil War Journals of Franklin Archibald Dick
(Kirksville, Mo.: Truman State University Press, 2008), November 20, 1862, 91–92.

20.
Quoted in Charles P. Roland,
An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004; first published in 1991), 108.

21.
First quote in Cloyd,
Haunted by Atrocity
, 29; second quote in Manning,
Cruel War
, 156.

22.
“Further Proofs of Rebel Inhumanity,”
Harper's
, June 18, 1864, 386.

23.
First quote in Steven Hahn, “The Politics of the Dead,”
New Republic
, April 23, 2008, 50; second quote in Linderman,
Embattled Courage
, 260.

24.
U. S. Grant,
Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant
(New York: Charles L. Webster, 1972; first published in 1886), 781.

25.
Quoted in Roy Morris Jr.,
The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 173.

26.
Quoted in David Coffey,
Sheridan's Lieutenants: Phil Sheridan, His Generals, and the Final Year of the Civil War
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), 18.

27.
First quote in E. B. Long,
The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971), 492; second quote in Morris Schaff, “The Battle of the Wilderness,”
Atlantic Monthly
104 (November 1909): 638; third quote in Morris,
Better Angel
, 176.

28.
Quoted in Jean Edward Smith,
Grant
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 284.

29.
First quote in “The Intellectual Character of President Grant,”
Atlantic Monthly
23 (May 1869): 631; second quote in Grant,
Memoirs
, 569.

30.
First quote in John Gardner Perry,
Letters from a Surgeon of the Civil War
, ed. Martha Derby Perry (Boston: Little, Brown, 1906), 174, available on Google Books; second quote in Louis Menand,
The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 55.

31.
See Noah Andre Trudeau,
Bloody Roads South: The Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May–June 1864
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000).

32.
Quoted in Herman Hattaway, “The Evolution of Tactics in the Civil War,” in Hattaway,
Reflections of a Civil War Historian: Essays on Leadership, Society, and the Art of War
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003), 219.

33.
CW
7:444.

34.
Frank Wilkeson,
Reflections of a Private Soldier in the Army of the Potomac
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1887), 173.

35.
First quote in Drew Gilpin Faust,
This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War
(New York: Knopf, 2008), 66; second quote in David Herbert Donald,
Lincoln
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 513.

36.
First three quotes in Donald,
Lincoln
, 513; remainder in James M. McPherson, “No Peace Without Victory, 1861–1865,”
American Historical Review
109 (February 2004): 5, 6.

37.
Quoted in Linderman,
Embattled Courage
, 167.

38.
C. Vann Woodward, ed.,
Mary Chesnut's Civil War
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), 733.

39.
See Noah Andrew Trudeau,
Southern Storm: Sherman's March to the Sea
(New York: Harper, 2008).

40.
Quoted in Emory M. Thomas,
Robert E. Lee: A Biography
(New York: Norton, 1995), 343.

41.
Quoted in McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, 757.

42.
Valley Spirit
, August 31, 1864, http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/news/vs1864/pa.fr.vs.1864.08.31.xml.

43.
Quoted in
Southern Historical Society Papers
9 (July/August 1881): 380, available on Google Books.

44.
Quotes in Donald,
Lincoln
, 528, 513.

45.
First quote in ibid., 522; second quote in James M. McPherson,
Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief
(New York: Penguin, 2008), 236.

46.
First quote in McPherson,
Tried by War
, 236; second quote in Robert F. Durden,
The Self-Inflicted Wound: Southern Politics in the Nineteenth Century
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985), 99–100.

47.
“The Testimony of Jeff. Davis,”
New York Times
, August 20, 1864.

48.
Quoted in McPherson, “No Peace Without Victory,” 11.

49.
Both quotes in ibid., 11, 12.

50.
All quotes in Donald,
Lincoln
, 528, 529, 532.

51.
Quoted in “Lincoln's Triumph in 1864,”
Atlantic Monthly
41 (April 1878): 457.

52.
Quoted in Donald,
Lincoln
, 537.

53.
First quote in McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, 776; second quote in “The Negro in His Native [text is unclear],”
Campaign Age
, September 1, 1864; third quote in McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, 768; final quote in “Horrible Crimes of the Negro Soldiers,”
Campaign Age
, August 18, 1864.
Campaign Age
and other Civil War newspapers and magazines are available online from Alexander Street Press, http://alexanderstreet.com/products/cwdb.htm.