America Aflame (100 page)

19.
Quoted in Stowell,
Rebuilding Zion
, 113.

20.
Quoted in Paul Harvey, “‘Yankee Faith' and Southern Redemption: White Southern Baptist Ministers, 1850–1890,” in
Religion and the American Civil War
, ed. Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 178.

21.
First quote in Edward J. Blum,
Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 33; second quote in Charles Reagan Wilson,
Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980), 72.

22.
First quote in Robert Lewis Dabney, “The Duty of the Hour,”
The Land We Love
6 (December 1868): 117; remaining quotes in Charles Reagan Wilson, “Robert Lewis Dabney: Religion and the Southern Holocaust,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
89 (January 1981): 82.

23.
Ellen Glasgow,
The Deliverance: A Romance of the Tobacco Fields
(BiblioBazaar, 2007; first published in 1904), 57, http://www.bibliobazaar.com.

24.
Wilson,
Baptized in Blood
, 26.

25.
“Exodus,”
De Bow's Review
6 (July 1868): 579.

26.
First quote in Goldfield,
Still Fighting
, 25; second quote in David Goldfield,
Southern Histories: Public, Personal, and Sacred
(Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 8; third quote in Robert Penn Warren,
The Legacy of the Civil War
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998; first published in 1961), 15.

27.
Quoted in Wilson,
Baptized in Blood
, 59.

28.
Margaret Mitchell,
Gone with the Wind
(New York: Macmillan, 1936), 529; last quote in Wilson,
Baptized in Blood
, 25.

29.
First quote in Catherine Clinton,
Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom
(New York: Little, Brown, 2004), 189; second quote in Mitchell,
Gone with the Wind
, 608.

30.
First quote in James C. Cobb,
Away Down South: A History of Southern Identity
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 66; second quote in “The Lost Cause,”
Hours at Home
3 (September 1866): 477. The journal may be accessed through the American Periodicals Series, an electronic resource.

31.
Quoted in William S. McFeely,
Frederick Douglass
(New York: Touchstone, 1992), 242.

32.
Frederick Douglass, “Reconstruction,”
Atlantic Monthly
18 (December 1866): 761.

33.
Carl Schurz, “Report on the Condition of the South,”
CG,
39th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (December 19, 1865): 76.

34.
Both quotes in Blum,
Reforging the White Republic
, 49.

35.
Both quotes in Dorothy Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century
(New York: Norton, 1997; first published in 1984), 311, 313.

36.
Quotes in Wilbert L. Jenkins,
Climbing Up to Glory: A Short History of African Americans During the Civil War and Reconstruction
(Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2002), 144.

37.
Quoted in Hannah Rosen,
Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 271n.

38.
Quoted in Foner,
Reconstruction
, 155.

39.
First quote in Trowbridge,
Desolate South
, 114; second quote in Reid,
After the War
, 150.

40.
Reid,
After the War
, 59.

41.
First quote in Patricia Click,
Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony, 1862–1867
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 164; second quote in Reid,
After the War
, 565.

42.
See Irvin Kitrell III, “40 Acres and a Mule,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
41 (May 2002): 54.

43.
Fortune tells his story in Dorothy Sterling, ed.,
The Trouble They Seen: Black People Tell the Story of Reconstruction
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1976), 22–24.

44.
Both quotes in Blum,
Reforging the White Republic
, 77. Blum has a good discussion of black education during Reconstruction.

45.
Both quotes in ibid., 78, 79.

46.
Quotes in ibid., 79.

47.
First quote in ibid., 80; second quote in Booker T. Washington,
Up from Slavery: An Autobiography
(New York: Doubleday, Page, 1902), 62; third quote, W. E. B. DuBois,
The Souls of Black Folk
(Forgotten Books, 2008; first published in 1903), 64, http://www.forgottenbooks.org.

48.
Both quotes in Reid,
After the War
, 255, 59.

49.
Trowbridge,
Desolate South
, 131.

50.
First quote in Peter J. Rachleff,
Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865–1890
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), 38; second quote in “Educating the Freedmen,”
Harper's
, May 25, 1867, 321–22.

51.
See Paul M. Gaston,
The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking
(New York: Knopf, 1970).

CHAPTER 18: A GOLDEN MOMENT

1.
Biographical details are from Hans L. Trefousse,
Andrew Johnson: A Biography
(New York: Norton, 1989).

2.
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (December 8, 1863): 3.

3.
CW
8:403.

4.
Quoted in Allen C. Guelzo,
Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President
(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1999), 392.

5.
Abraham Lincoln,
Speeches and Writings, 1859–1865
(New York: Penguin, 1989), 699, 697. This useful compilation of Lincoln's major speeches and writings derives from the primary source of Lincoln's work, Roy P. Basler's
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, published in 1953.

6.
Quoted in David Herbert Donald,
Lincoln
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 591.

7.
First two quotes in William C. Harris,
With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), 262; Johnson's quotes in
CG
, 40th Congress, 2nd Session, Appendix (December 3, 1867): 2–3.

8.
On Johnson's reconstruction plan, see Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
(New York: Harper & Row, 1988), chapter 5.

9.
Quotes in Whitelaw Reid,
After the War: A Tour of the Southern States, 1865–1866
(New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 291.

10.
Ibid., 163–64.

11.
First quote in ibid., 264; second quote in Foner,
Reconstruction
, 134.

12.
Quoted in Foner,
Reconstruction
, 199–200.

13.
Carl Schurz, “Report on the Condition of the South,”
CG,
39th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix, (December 19, 1865): 38, 13, 23.

14.
U. S. Grant, “Letter of General Grant Concerning Affairs at the South,”
CG,
39th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (December 19, 1865): 107.

15.
Both quotes in Reid,
After the War
, 360, 361.

16.
Quotes in ibid., 404.

17.
Quoted in W. Scott Poole, “Uncertain Legacy,” H-Civil War, August 8, 2003, http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-CivWar&month=0308&week=b&msg=UgqV3iN9Z7bL/jDXaCWsng&user=&pw=.

18.
Quoted in Christopher Waldrep,
Roots of Disorder: Race and Criminal Justice in the American South, 1817–80
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 106.

19.
Ira Berlin, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds.,
Freedom's Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 173.

20.
Executive Documents of the House of Representatives
(Washington: GPO, 1866), 39th Congress, 1st Session, “Inspector's Report of Affairs in Kentucky,” March 5, 1866, 8:201. A comprehensive account of such violence is Stephen Budiansky,
The Bloody Shirt: Terror After the Civil War
(New York: Plume, 2009).

21.
The Reports of the Committees of the House of Representatives
(Washington: GPO, 1866), 39th Congress, 1st Session, “Memphis Riots and Massacres,” July 25, 1866, 3:51, 324.

22.
Reid,
After the War
, 411.

23.
Eric Foner,
A Short History of Reconstruction
(New York: Harper & Row, 1990), 54.

24.
Quotes in Avery Craven,
Reconstruction: The Ending of the Civil War
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969), 93.

25.
Quoted in Melanie S. Gustafson,
Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 35.

26.
Carl Schurz, “The True Problem,”
Atlantic Monthly
19 (March 1867): 371.

27.
Quoted in Martha Hodes,
White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the 19th-Century South
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 169.

28.
Albion W. Tourgée,
A Fool's Errand: A Novel of the South During Reconstruction
(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1961; first published in 1897), 167.

29.
CG
, 39th Congress, 2nd Session (February 19, 1867): 1564.

30.
W. E. B. DuBois, “Reconstruction and its Benefits,” in
W. E. B. DuBois: A Reader
, ed. David Levering Lewis (New York: Holt, 1995), 187.

31.
Quoted in Foner,
Short History of Reconstruction
, 136.

32.
Jonathan Worth, “Inaugural Address,” March 1868, http://www.atgpress.com/inform/gov065.htm.

33.
Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson,
West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 91.

34.
Quoted in Steven Hahn,
A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 275.

35.
See Lee W. Formwalt, “The Camilla Massacre of 1868: Racial Violence as Political Propaganda,”
Georgia Historical Quarterly
71 (Fall 1987): 399–426. For a discussion of Grant's presidential campaign, see Brooks D. Simpson,
Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).

36.
J. M. H. Frederick, comp.,
National Party Platforms of the United States
(Akron, Ohio: J. M. H. Frederick, 1896), 36.

37.
Quoted in Foner,
Reconstruction
, 291.

38.
Quoted in ibid., 344.

39.
Tourgée,
Fool's Errand
, 169.

40.
Quotes in Heather Cox Richardson,
The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 74, 76.

41.
Quoted in “The Stars and Bars at the Democratic Peak,”
Harper's
, September 5, 1868, 562.

42.
Quoted in Louise Michele Newman,
White Women's Rights: The Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 64.

43.
Both quotes in Richardson,
West from Appomattox
, 101.

44.
Quoted in Richardson,
Death of Reconstruction
, 80.

45.
See Randolph B. Campbell,
Grass-Roots Reconstruction in Texas, 1865–1880
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998).

46.
Quoted in Foner,
Reconstruction
, 369.

47.
Quoted in Richardson,
Death of Reconstruction
, 76.

48.
Quoted in Hahn,
Nation Under Our Feet
, 248.

CHAPTER 19: THE GOLDEN SPIKE

1.
For a full discussion of these events, see Michael Johnson, “Rendezvous at Promontory: A New Look at the Golden Spike Ceremony,”
Utah Historical Quarterly
72 (Winter 2004): 47–68.

2.
Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson,
The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 179.

3.
See James N. Gregory,
The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).

4.
“The Pacific Railroad,”
Harper's
, May 29, 1869, 342.

5.
First quote in ibid., 341; second quote in “East and West,”
New York Times
, May 11, 1869.

6.
“Pacific Railroad,” May 29, 1869, 342.

7.
“Passage to India,”
Leaves of Grass
, ed. Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley (New York: New York University Press, 1965), 411, 412, 413, 414.