American Experiment (409 page)

27
[
NIRA
] Schlesinger,
Coming,
ch. 6; Hugh S. Johnson,
The Blue Eagle from Egg to Earth
(Doubleday, Doran, 1935), chs. 17-18; Ellis W. Hawley,
The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly
(Princeton University Press, 1966), part 1; Kim McQuaid, “Corporate Liberalism in the American Business Community, 1920-1940,”
Business History Review,
vol. 52, no. 3 (Autumn 1978), pp. 342-68, esp. pp. 354-56; James MacGregor Burns, “Congress and the Formation of Economic Policies” (doctoral dissertation; Harvard University, 1947), ch. 1; A. Cash Koeniger, “Carter Glass and the National Recovery Administration,”
South Atlantic Quarterly,
vol. 74, no. 3 (Summer 1975), pp. 349-64, esp. pp. 351-53;
Roosevelt Public Papers,
vol. 2, pp. 202-4, quoted at p. 202.

[
FDR on NIRA at signing
]:
Roosevelt Public Papers,
vol. 2, pp. 246-47, quoted at p. 246.

“Discipline and Direction Under Leadership”?

[
FDR at work
]: Burns,
Lion,
pp. 264-65; Freidel,
Launching,
pp. 274-88; see also Milton Katz, “From Hoover to Roosevelt,” in Katie Loucheim,
The Making of the New Deal: The Insiders Speak
(Harvard University Press, 1983), pp. 120-29, esp. pp. 121-22; Davis,
New Deal Years,
ch. 6.

28
[
Perkins on FDR
]: Frances Perkins,
The Roosevelt I Knew
(Viking, 1946), p. 163.

[
Berle on FDR
]: Berle and Jacobs, p. 72.

[“
Combine eating up grain
”]: quoted in Bernard Asbell,
The F.D.R. Memoirs
(Doubleday, 1973), p. 84.

[
Brain trust
]: see sources cited in ch. 1, first section,
supra.

[
Frankfurter and FDR
]: see Max Freedman, annot.,
Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1928-1945
(Little, Brown, 1967), esp. chs. 2-4; Bruce A. Murphy,
The Brandeis/ Frankfurter Connection
(Oxford University Press, 1982), ch. 4.

29
[
Eleanor Roosevelt as First Lady
]: Lash, ch. 35; Eleanor Roosevelt,
This I Remember,
chs. 7-9; see also Burns,
Lion,
p. 173.

[
Beard on Eleanor
]: quoted in Lash, p. 373.

[
Dewson on both Roosevelts
]: Molly Dewson Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.

[
FDR
’
s accessibility
]: see Freidel,
Launching,
pp. 74-79; Schlesinger,
Coming,
ch. 32.

[
FDR as quarterback
]: Burns,
Lion,
p. 171.

30
[
FDR as broker
]: see Otis L. Graham, Jr.,
Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon
(Oxford University Press, 1976), ch. 1; Graham, “The Broker State,”
Wilson Quarterly,
vol. 8, no. 5 (Winter 1984), pp. 86-97.

[“
To cement our society
”]: address at Green Bay, Wise, August 9, 1934, in
Roosevelt Public Papers,
vol. 3, pp. 370-75, quoted at p. 375; see also Moley,
Seven Years,
p. 290. The Nebraska congressman was Edward Burke.

[“
The outward expression
”]: October 24, 1934, in
Public Papers,
vol. 3, pp. 435-40, quoted at p. 436.

[
Congress and the early New Deal
]: James T. Patterson,
Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal
(University of Kentucky Press, 1967), ch. 1, FDR quoted on Byrd at pp. 29-30; Burns,
Lion,
pp. 174-75; Shover, “Populism in the Nineteen-Thirties”; Koeniger; Barbara Sinclair, “Party Realignment and the Transformation of the Political Agenda: House of Representatives, 1925-1938,”
American Political Science Review,
vol. 71, no. 3 (September 1977), pp. 940-53.

[“
Robbing Peter to pay Paul
”]: Green Bay address, in
Public Papers,
vol. 3, p. 374.

30-1
[
Economic conditions, spring-summer 1933
]: Irving Bernstein,
A Caring Society: The New Deal Confronts the Great Depression
(Houghton Mifflin, 1985), pp. 92-93, also pp. 35-36.

31
[“
Burned down the capitol
”]: quoted in Robert Bendiner,
Just Around the Corner
(Harper, 1967), p. 35.

[
Praise from
Tribune
and
American]: see
ibid.,
p. 36.

[
Lord Roosevelt and King George
]: James E. Sargent,
Roosevelt and the Hundred Days: Struggle for the Early New Deal
(Garland Publishing, 1981), p. 214;
Personal Letters,
vol. 3, pp. 369-71; Freidel,
Launching,
pp. 278-79.

[
Families on relief
]: Bernstein,
Caring Society,
pp. 32, 34.

[“
I want to talk”
]
:
March 12, 1933, in
Public Papers,
vol. 2, pp. 61-65, quoted at p. 61.

[
Perkins on FDR
’
s radio delivery
]: Perkins, p. 72.

[
FDR
’
s press conferences
]: see Graham J. White,
FDR and the Press
(University of Chicago Press, 1979), ch. 1; see also
Public Papers,
vols. 2 and 3
passim.

[
Hugh Johnson and the Blue Eagle in action
]: Johnson, chs. 19-28; Matthew Josephson, “The General,”
New Yorker,
vol. 10 (August 18-September 1, 1934); Leverett S. Lyon et al.,
The National Recovery Administration: An Analysis and Appraisal
(Brookings Institution, 1935), part 2; Donald R. Richberg,
The Rainbow
(Doubleday, Doran, 1936), chs. 10-11; Schlesinger,
Coming,
ch. 7;
New York Times,
September 14, 1933, pp. 1-3.

[
Ford and NRA Code
]: Nevins and Hill, pp. 15-27.

[
Nye on NRA
]: Schlesinger,
Coming,
p. 131.

[
Tugwell on Consumers
’
Advisory Board
]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 130.

[
Section 7(a)
]: Irving Bernstein,
The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941
(Houghton Mifflin, 1969), chs. 1-3, text of 7(a) quoted at p. 34; Schlesinger,
Coming,
ch. 9; Twentieth Century Fund,
Labor and the Government
(McGraw-Hill, 1935).

33
[
Lewis on 7(a)
]: Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine,
John L. Lewis
(Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1977), p. 184.

[“
PRESIDENT WANTS
YOU”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 216.

[“
Forget about injunctions
”]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Coming,
p. 139.

[“
National Run Around
”]: Burns,
Lion,
p. 193.

[
Failure and significance of NRA
]: Theda Skocpol and Kenneth Finegold, “State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal,”
Political Science Qarterly,
vol. 97, no. 2 (Summer 1982), pp. 255-78; Schlesinger,
Coming,
ch. 10; Hawley, chs. 6-7; Berle and Jacobs, p. 102; McQuaid, pp. 355-56; Johnson, chs. 29-30; Bernard Bellush,
The Failure of the NRA
(Norton, 1975), esp. chs. 7-8,

[
FDR
’
s private judgment on NRA
]: see Robert S. McElvaine,
The Great Depression: America 1929-1941
(Times Books, 1984), p. 162.

34
[
PWA
]: Schlesinger,
Coming,
ch. 17; Harold L. Ickes,
The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes
(Simon and Schuster, 1953-54), vol. 1,
passim.

[
FERA and CWA
]: Bernstein,
Caring Society,
pp. 25-42; George McJimsey,
Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy
(Harvard University Press, 1987), ch. 4; Schlesinger,
Coming,
ch. 16; Burns,
Lion,
p. 196; Robert E. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History
(Harper, 1948), ch. 3; William M. Bremer, “Along the ‘American Way’: The New Deal’s Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 62, no. 3 (December 1975), pp. 636-52; Paul E. Mertz,
New Deal Policy and Southern Rural Poverty
(Louisiana State University Press, 1978), chs. 3-4; Davis,
New Deal Years,
pp. 305-14.

35
[
Sargent on FDR
]: Sargent, pp. 21-22.

[“
Get somewhere
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 197.

[
London Conference
]: Robert Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945
(Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 39-58; Feis, chs. 12-20; Burns,
Lion,
pp. 177-78; Schlesinger,
Coming,
chs. 12-13; James R. Moore, “Sources of New Deal Economic Policy: The International Dimension,
” Journal of American History,
vol. 61, no. 3 (December 1974), pp. 728-44; Freidel,
Launching,
chs. 27-28; Betty Glad,
Key Pittman: The Tragedy of a Senate Insider
(Columbia University Press, 1986), ch. 17; Davis,
New Deal Years,
ch. 5.

36
[
Tariff bill
]: Schlesinger,
Coming,
pp. 253-55.

[
Gold purchases
]:
ibid.,
ch. 14; Elmus Wicker, “Roosevelt’s 1933 Monetary Experiment,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 57, no. 4 (March 1971), pp. 864-79; John Morton Blum,
From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928-1938
(Houghton Mifflin, 1959), pp. 6l-75.

[“
A lucky number
”]: quoted in Blum, p. 70.

[
Recognition of the Soviet Union
]: Dallek, pp. 78-81; Robert P. Browder,
The Origins of Soviet-American Diplomacy
(Princeton University Press, 1953), esp. chs. 4-6; George F. Kennan,
Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1961), pp. 297-300; Loy W. Henderson,
A Question of Trust: The Origins of U.S.-Soviet Diplomatic Relations,
George W. Baer, ed. (Hoover Institution Press, 1986).

36-7
[“
Whited out
”
map
]: Lash, p. 589.

37
[
Berle on public works and NRA
]: Berle and Jacobs, p. 102.

[
Ickes and the oil industry
]: Linda J. Lear, “Harold L. Ickes and the Oil Crisis of the First Hundred Days,”
Mid-America,
vol. 63, no. 1 (January 1981), pp. 3-13;
Ickes Diary,
vol. 1, pp. 10-16, 36-47
passim.

[
FSRC
]: C. Roger Lambert, “Want and Plenty: The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation and the AAA,”
Agricultural History,
vol. 46, no. 3 (July 1972), pp. 390-400; Irvin May, Jr., “Cotton and Cattle: The FSRC and Emergency Work Relief,”
ibid.,
pp. 401-13.

[
Air mail
]: Schlesinger,
Coming,
pp. 448-55; Thomas T. Spencer, “The Air Mail Controversy of 1934,”
Mid-America,
vol. 62, no. 3 (October 1980), pp. 161-72.

[
1934 election
]: Schlesinger,
Coming,
pp. 503-7; Burns,
Lion,
pp. 198-203.

[“
Are you better off?
”]: June 28, 1934, in
Public Papers,
vol. 3, pp. 312-18, quoted at p. 314.

[
Garner on congressional majority
]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 202.

37-8
[
Churchill on FDR
]: Churchill, “While theWorld Watches,”
Collier
’
s,
December 29, 1934, as quoted in Schlesinger,
Coming,
p. 23.

39
[“
We sold everything we could
”]: Jimmy Douglas, quoted in Federal Writers’ Project,
These Are Our Lives
(University of North Carolina Press, 1939; reprinted by Arno Press, 1969), p. 241.

[
NRA in Macon County
]: Arthur F. Raper,
Preface to Peasantry: A Tale of Two Black Belt Counties
(University of North Carolina Press, 1936), p. 237.

[“
Your best tie
”]: Personal reminiscence of the author.

[
Writer on currant pickers
]: John Macnamara, “Berry Picker,”
Nation,
vol. 139, no. 3610 (September 12, 1934), pp. 302-4, quoted at p. 303.

[
Du Pont vice president on cook
]: Robert Carpenter, quoted in Gerard Colby Zilg,
Du Pont: Behind the Nylon Curtain
(Prentice-Hall, 1974), p. 289.

[
Indiana housewife on relief
]: quoted in Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd,
Middle-town in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts
(Harcourt, 1937), pp. 111-12.

40
[“
God damn all Roosevelts.
”]: quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
The Coming of the New Deal
(Houghton Mifflin, 1958), p. 567.

[
Garden City dust storm
]: quoted in Donald Worster,
Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s
(Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 17.

[“
Eleven Cent cotton
”]: quoted in Ann M. Campbell, “Reports from Weedpatch, California: The Records of the Farm Security Administration,”
Agricultural History,
vol. 48, no. 3 (July 1974), p. 402.

[
Economic conditions, 1929-35
]: U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), part 1, p. 135 (Series D 85-86) (unemployment); part 1, p. 170 (Series D 802-10) (weekly earnings); part 2, p. 610 (Series N 1-29) (construction).

Class War in America

41
[“
A nice old gentleman
”]: address delivered at Syracuse, N.Y., September 29, 1936, in
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
Samuel I. Rosenman, comp. (Random House, 1938-50), vol. 5, pp. 383-90, quoted at p. 385.

[
FDR
’
s conservatism in early New Deal
]: see Frank Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Launching of the New Deal
(Little, Brown, 1973), chs. 12-14
passim.

42
[
Values of American right
]: see Clinton Rossiter,
Conservatism in America
(Knopf, 1955), esp. ch. 4.