American Experiment (412 page)

Read American Experiment Online

Authors: James MacGregor Burns

BOOK: American Experiment
10.3Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

[
Brandeis and Frankfurter in FDR Administration
]:
ibid.,
pp. 380-87; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 219-25; Bruce A. Murphy,
The Brandeis/Frankfurter Connection
(Oxford University Press, 1982), chs. 4-5; Ellis W. Hawley,
The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly
(Princeton University Press, 1966), part 3; Rexford G. Tugwell, “Roosevelt and Frankfurter: An Essay Review,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 85, no. 1 (March 1970), pp. 99-114; Freedman,
passim.

75
[
FDR

s continued desire for

collectivist

control]:
see Otis L. Graham, Jr.,
Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon
(Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 32.

[
FDR

s imperative
]: Murphy, p. 159; see also FDR memorandum to legislative leaders, June 4, 1935, in
F.D.R.: His Personal Letters,
Elliott Roosevelt, ed. (Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947-50), vol. 3, p. 481; and memorandum for legislative conference of August 18, 1935, in
ibid.,
pp. 502-3.

[
Congressional progressives riding high
]: see Ronald A. Mulder, “The Progressive Insurgents in the United States Senate, 1935-1936: Was There a Second New Deal?,”
Mid-America,
vol. 57, no. 2 (April 1975), pp. 106-25; Freedman, pp. 269-72.

[
NLRA
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
ch. 7; Cletus E. Daniel,
The ACLU and the Wagner Act
(ILR/Cornell, 1980); R. W. Fleming, “The Significance of the Wagner Act,” in Derber and Young, pp. 121-55; Huthmacher,pp. 189-98;
Public Papers,
vol.4, quoted at p. 294.

[
Social Security
]: Roy Lubove,
The Struggle for Social Security, 1900-1935
(Harvard University Press, 1968); Schlesinger,
Coming,
ch. 18; Martin,
Madam Secretary,
ch. 26; Perkins, ch. 23;
Public Papers,
vol. 4, quoted at p. 324.

[
Banking Act
]: Hawley, pp. 309-15; Marriner S. Eccles,
Beckoning Frontiers: Public and Personal Recollections,
Sidney Hyman, cd. (Knopf, 1951), part 4, chs. 1-4, [“
Knock-down and drag-out fight
”]: quoted in Eccles, p. 175.

[“
An eraser instead
”]:
ibid.,
p. 229.

76
[
Public Utility Holding Company Act
]: Ralph F. de Bedts,
The New Deal

s SEC: The Formative Years
(Columbia University Press, 1964), ch. 5; Hawley, pp. 329-37; see also William O. Douglas Papers, esp. container 2, Library of Congress.

[
Revenue Act
]: Hawley, pp. 344-50; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 325-34; James T. Patterson,
Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal
(University of Kentucky Press, 1967), pp. 59-69; Message to the Congress on Tax Revision, June 19, 1935, in
Public Papers,
vol. 4, pp. 270-76, quoted at p. 272.

[
WPA
]: George McJimsey,
Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy
(Harvard University Press, 1987), chs. 5-8; Kenneth S. Davis,
FDR: The New Deal Years, 1933-1937
(Random House, 1986), pp. 463-71, 567-71, 621-23.

77
[
Progressive senators and bureaucracies
]: Mulder, p. 124 and
passim.
[
Holding company bill as model
]: see Murphy, p. 165.

[
Mulder on Wheeler
]: Mulder, p. 124.

[“
Excessive centralization
”]: quoted in
ibid.

[
Regresiveness of Social Security insurance model
]: McElvaine, pp. 256-57; Mark H. Leff, “Taxing the ‘Forgotten Man’: The Politics of Social Security Finance in the New Deal,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 70, no. 2 (September 1983), pp. 359-81.

[
Leff on payroll tax
]: Leff, p. 379.

[
Social security and income redistribution
]: Lubove, ch. 8; James Leiby,
A History of Social Welfare and Social Work in the United States
(Columbia University Press, 1978), ch. 13.

78
[
Long

s opposition to Social Security bill
]: Williams,
Long,
pp. 835-36.

[
Long

s reaction to tax message
]:
ibid.,
pp. 836-37; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 327-28.

[“
Lay over, Huey
”]: quoted in Williams, p. 836.

Appeal to the People

[
1936 State of the Union address
]: January 3, 1936, in
Public Papers,
vol. 5, pp. 8-18, quoted at pp. 13-14, 10, 14, 17, respectively;
New York Times,
January 4, 1936, pp. 1, 8.

79
[
Condition of ideological left, early 1936
]: see Johnpoll, pp. 167-70; Brinkley, pp. 190-92; Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 404-9; Holtzman, p. 171.

[
Democrats against FDR
]: Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
ch. 28; Patterson, pp. 250-57.

80
[
Long

s plans for 1936 and 1940
]: Williams,
Long,
pp. 843-47; Kane, pp. 124-25.

[
Long in 1931 poll]:
Farley,
Ballots,
pp. 249-50, quoted at p. 250; Brinkley, pp. 207-8.

[
Long’s assassination
]: Williams, pp. 859-76; see also Robert Penn Warren,
All the King

s Men
(Harcourt, 1946), pp. 418-25.

[
Smith and Long

s legacy
]: see Bennett, ch. 9; see also Glen Jeansonne,
Gerald L. K. Smith, Minister of Hate
(Yale University Press, 1988).

[
FDR

s roll call
]: Annual Message, in
Public Papers,
vol. 5, pp. 15-16.

[
FDR

s instructions to Farley and political aides
]: see James A. Farley,
Jim Farley

s Story
(McGraw-Hill, 1948), p. 59; Lester G. Seligman and Elmer K. Cornwell, Jr., eds.,
New Deal Mosaic: Roosevelt Confers with His National Emergency Council, 1933-1936
(University of Oregon Books, 1965), pp. 481-501 (meeting of December 17, 1935).

81
[
FDR in polls and public esteem
]: see the results of a January 1936
Fortune
poll, as given in Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds.,
Public Opinion, 1931-1946
(Princeton University Press, 1951), pp. 754-55 (Item 1).

[
Economic conditions, 1936
]:
Historical Statistics,
part 1, p. 126 (Series D 1-10) and p. 235 (Series F 163-85).

[
Poor people on the land and the New Deal
]: Mitchell, chs. 7-8; Raper, part 5; Saloutos,
American Farmer,
ch. 7; Paul E. Mertz,
New Deal Policy and Southern Rural Poverty
(Louisiana State University Press, 1978).

[
Southern blacks and the New Deal
]: Raymond Wolters,
Negroes and the Great Depression: The Problem of Economic Recovery
(Greenwood Publishing, 1970), part 1; Harvard Sitkoff,
A New Deal for Blacks
(Oxford University Press, 1978), esp. ch. 2.

[
Women and the New Deal
]: Susan Ware,
Holding Their Own: American Women in the 1930s
(Twayne, 1982), esp. ch. 2; Ware,
Beyond Suffrage: Women in the New Deal
(Harvard University Press, 1981); Philip S. Foner,
Women and the American Labor Movement: From World War I to the Present
(Free Press, 1980), chs. 14-17; Bernstein,
Caring Society,
pp. 290-92.

[“
What I won

t stand for
”]: O’Connor, pp. 282-84, quoted at p. 283; William E. Leuchtenburg, “Election of 1936,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 3, p. 2826.

82
[
Hearst

s opposition to FDR
]: see John K. Winkler,
William Randolph Hearst: A New Appraisal
(Hastings House, 1955), pp. 259-68.

[“
You and your fellow Communists
”]: quoted in Graham J. White,
FDR and the Press
(University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 95.

[“
A Red New Deal
”]: quoted in Wolfskill and Hudson, p. 193.

[
AAA decision
]:
United States
v.
Butler,
297 U.S. 1 (1936), Stone’s dissent quoted at 87; Alpheus T. Mason,
Harlan Fiske Stone: Pillar of the Law
(Viking, 1956), pp. 405-18.

[
Minimum-wage law decision
]:
Morehead
v.
New York,
298 U.S. 587 (1936), Stone

s dissent quoted at 632; Mason, pp. 421-26.

[
Roosevelt

s coalition building
]: Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
ch. 32; Lash, pp. 439-42; Farley,
Ballots,
pp. 301-2; Dubofsky and Van Tine, pp. 248-52; FDR memorandum to Farley, July 6, 1935, in
Personal Letters,
vol. 3, p. 492; Eleanor Roosevelt memorandum to FDR and others, July 16, 1936, in
ibid.,
pp. 598-600; Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 449-50.

83
[“
One issue
”]: quoted in Raymond Moley,
After Seven Years
(Harper, 1939), p. 342.

[
Landon

s nomination
]: Donald R. McCoy,
Landon of Kansas
(University of Nebraska Press, 1966), chs. 9-10; Leuchtenburg, pp. 2812-16.

83
[
Hoover

s hopes for nomination
]: Gary Dean Best,
Herbert Hoover: The Postpresidential Years, 1933-1964
(Hoover Institution Press, 1983), vol. 1, pp. 39-65; McCoy, p. 255.

[
Landon
]: McCoy; Burns,
Lion,
p. 270.

[
1936 Democratic convention
]: Farley,
Ballots,
pp. 306-8; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 579-85.

[
Democratic platform
]: reprinted in Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 3, pp. 2851-56; see also Samuel I. Rosenman,
Working with Roosevelt
(Harper, 1952), pp. 101-3.

[
FDR

s acceptance address
]: June 27, 1936, in
Public Papers,
vol. 5, pp. 230-36, quoted at pp. 234, 235, 236.

84
[
Coughlin-Townsend-Smith coalition
]: Bennett, Prologue and ch. 14.

[
Lemke
]:
ibid.,
part 2; Edward C. Blackorby,
Prairie Rebel: The Public Life of William Lemke
(University of Nebraska Press, 1963).

[
Lemke on FDR and Landon
]: quoted in Wolfskill and Hudson, p. 252.

[
Union party boast
]: see Bennett, p. 191.

[
Socialist convention and fractures
]: Swanberg, ch. 10; see, generally, Laslett and Lipsett, ch. 8.

84-5
[
Communist popular front strategy
]: Klehr, chs. 9-10; Howe and Coser, pp. 327-32; Kenneth Waltzer, “The Party and the Polling Place: American Communism and an American Labor Party in the 1930s,”
Radical History Review,
no. 23 (Spring 1980), pp. 104-29; Max Gordon, “The Communist Party of the Nineteen-Thirties and the New Left,”
Socialist Revolution,
vol. 6, no. 1 (January-March 1976), pp. 11-48; James Weinstein, “Response to Gordon,”
ibid.,
pp. 48-59; Gordon, “Reply,”
ibid.,
pp. 59-65.

85
[
Klehr on Socialist and Communist shifts
]: Klehr, p. 194.

[“
TWENTIETH-CENTURY AMERICANISM
”]: Howe and Coser, p. 333. [
Landon

s campaign
]: McCoy, chs. 11-13; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
ch. 33 and pp. 635-38; Leuchtenburg, pp. 2816-21;Oswald Garrison Villard, “Issues and Men,”
Nation,
vol. 123, no. 10 (September 5, 1936), pp. 266-67.

[
Hoover in 1936 campaign
]: Best, vol. 1, pp. 65-73; Herbert Hoover,
Addresses upon the American Road, 1933-1938
(Scribner, 1938), pp. 159-227; McCoy, pp. 279-81, 309.

[Literary Digest
polls
]: see
Literary Digest,
vol. 122,no. 18 (October 31, 1936), pp. 4-5, and no. 20 (November 14, 1936), pp. 7-8.

[
Union party campaign
]: Blackorby, pp. 222-31; Bennett, part 6; Tull, ch. 5.

[“
Anti-God
”]: quoted in Bennett, p. 230.

[“
Broken down Colossus
”]:
ibid.

[
Church hierarchy rebuke of Coughlin
]:
ibid.,
pp. 254-57; see also George Q. Flynn,
American Catholics & the Roosevelt Presidency, 1932-1936
(Universitv of Kentucky Press, 1968), ch. 9.

[“
As I was instrumental
”]: quoted in Bennett, p. 228.

[“
If I don

t deliver
”]: quoted in Tull, p. 141.

[
Coolness among Union party leaders
]: see Bennett, ch. 19; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 626-28.

86
[
FDR

s campaign
]: Farley,
Ballots,
pp. 308-27; Rosenman, pp. 107-39; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
ch. 32 and pp. 630-35.

[
Madison Square Garden address
]: October 31, 1936, in
Public Papers,
vol. 5, pp. 566-73, quoted at pp. 568-69, 571-72, as modified by comparison with a recording of the address;
New York Times,
November 1, 1936, pp. 1, 36.

3. The Crisis of Majority Rule

87
[
Press on FDR

s victory
]: see James MacGregor Burns,
Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox
(Harcourt, 1956), p. 284.

[
Presidential election results, 1936
]: Robert A. Diamond, ed.,
Congressional (Quarterly

s Guide to U.S. Elections
(Congressional Quarterly, 1975), pp. 251, 290; see also Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
The Politics of Upheaval
(Houghton Mifflin, 1960), p. 642.

[
Congressional results
]: Congressional Quarterly,
Guide to U.S. Elections,
2nd ed. (Congressional Quarterly, 1985), p. 1116.

88
[
Framers and majority rule
]: see Edwin Mims, Jr.,
The Majority of the People
(Modern Age Books, 1941), esp. ch. 2; Henry Steele Commager,
Majority Rule and Minority Rights
(Oxford University Press, 1958); James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America
(Prentice-Hall, 1963), ch. 1; Burns,
The Vineyard of Liberty
(Knopf, 1982), chs. 1-2.

Other books

Incriminating Evidence by Rachel Grant
Wild Sky 2 by Suzanne Brockmann, Melanie Brockmann
Peer Pressure by Chris Watt
The Log from the Sea of Cortez by Steinbeck, John, Astro, Richard
Embraced by the Bear by Vicki Savage
Dead Poets Society by N.H. Kleinbaum