American Experiment (416 page)

[
Slave narratives
]: Mangione, pp. 263-65; and see George P. Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
(Greenwood Press, 1972-79), 19 vols., and supplements, series 1 and 2, 22 vols.; Benjamin A. Bodkin, ed.,
Lay My Burden Down: A Folk History of Slavery
(University of Chicago Press, 1945); Savannah Unit, Georgia Writers’ Program,
Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes
(University of Georgia Press; reprinted by Greenwood Press, 1973).

[
American Guide Series
]: Mangione, pp. 46-49.

[
Kazin on American Guides
]: Kazin, p. 486.

[
Size of Guide Series
]: Mangione, p. 352.

140
[
Aiken on Deerfield
]: Federal Writers’ Project,
Massachusetts: A Guide to Its Places and People
(Houghton Mifflin, 1937), p. 223.

[
Individualism vs. collectivism controversy in Massachusetts
]: Billington, p. 475;
Massachusetts Guide,
pp. 89-109, “profound individualism” quoted at p. 90.

140
[
Controversy over Massachusetts guide
]: Mangione, pp. 216-20,
Traveler
quoted at p. 217; Billington, pp. 477-78.

[
Critics on guide
]: Mangione, pp. 351-66; Robert Cantwell, “America and the Writers’ Project,”
New Republic,
vol. 98, no. 1273 (April 29, 1939), pp. 323-25; Lewis Mumford, “Writers’ Project,”
New Republic,
vol. 92, no. 1194 (October 20, 1937), pp. 306-7; Robert Bendiner, “When Culture Came to Main Street,”
Saturday Review,
vol. 50 (April 1, 1967), pp. 19-2); Daniel M. Fox, “The Achievement of the Federal Writers’ Project,”
American Quarterly,
vol. 13, no. 1 (Spring 1961), pp. 3-19.

[
Cantwell on guides
]: Cantwell, p. 323. [“
I
’
m a hog
”]: quoted in Mangione, p. 273. 140-1 [
Rockefeller at play
]:
ibid.,
p. 362.

141
[“
A vast new literature
”]: Kazin, pp. 485-86.

[“
Jus
’
let me get out to California
”]: John Steinbeck,
The Grapes of Wrath
(Viking, 1939), p. 112.

[
Dust bowl refugees
]: Donald Worster,
Dust Howl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s
(Oxford University Press, 1979); Walter J. Stein,
California and the Dust Bowl Migration
(Greenwood Press, 1973); Thomas W. Pew, Jr., “Route 66: Ghost Road of the Okies,”
American Heritage,
vol. 28, no. 5 (August 1977), pp. 24-33; see also Dorothea Lange and Paul S. Taylor,
An American Exodus: A Record of Human Erosion
(Reynal & Hitchcock, 1939).

[“
Too nice, kinda
”]:
Grapes of Wrath,
p. 122.

[Grapes
controversy
]: see Peter Lisca, “
The Grapes of Wrath
, ” in Robert M. Davis, ed.,
Steinbeck: A Collection of Critical Essays
(Prentice-Hall, 1972), pp. 75-101, esp. pp. 78-82; Martin S. Shockley, “The Reception of
The Grapes of Wrath
in Oklahoma,” in E. W. Tedlock, Jr., and C. V. Wicker, eds.,
Steinbeck and His Critics
(University of New Mexico Press, 1957), pp. 231-40.

142
[“
Quality of owning
”]:
Grapes of Wrath,
p. 206.

[“
Feel like people again
”]:
ibid.,
p. 420.

[“
Use
’
ta be the fambly
”]:
ibid.,
p. 606.

[“
One big soul
”]:
ibid.,
p. 33.

[“
I
’
ll be ever
’
where
”]:
ibid.,
p. 572.

[
Guthrie
’
s growing-up
]: Joe Klein,
Woody Guthrie: A Life
(Knopf, 1980), chs. 1-2; Woody Guthrie,
Bound for Glory
(E. P. Dutton, 1943); Frederick Turner, “Just What in the Hell Has Gone Wrong Here Anyhow?: Woody Guthrie and the American Dream,”
American Heritage,
vol. 28, no. 6 (October 1977), pp. 34-43.

[
Twenty-three-year-old soda jerk
]: see Klein, p. 71.

[“
This dusty old dust
”]: “So Long It’s Been Good to Know Yuh,” in Harold Leventhal and Marjorie Guthrie, eds.,
The Woody Guthrie Songbook
(Grosset & Dunlap, 1976), p. 210.

[
Klein on Guthrie
]: Klein, p. 79.

142-3
[
Guthrie on his songs
]:
Bound for Glory,
p. 232.

143
[“
Living songs and dying songs
”]: quoted in
Guthrie Songbook,
p. 30.

[“
We got out to the West Coast broke
”]: “Talking Dust Bowl,” in
ibid.,
p. 220.

[“
Real stuff
”]: James T. Farrell,
The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan
in Farrell,
Studs Lonigan: A Trilogy
(Modern Library, 1938), p. 107.

[
Studs in the park with Lucy
]:
Young Lonigan
in
ibid.,
pp. 110, 111, 113, 114, 115.

144
[
Farrell
]: Farrell, “My Beginnings as a Writer,” in Farrell,
Reflections at Fifty and Other Essays
(Vanguard, 1954), pp. 156-63; Farrell, “How
Studs Lonigan
Was Written,” in Farrell,
The League of Frightened Philistines and Other Papers
(Vanguard, 1945), pp. 82-89; Edgar M. Branch,
James T. Farrell
(University of Minnesota Press, 1963); Ann Douglas,
“Studs Lonigan
and the Failure of History in Mass Society: A Study in Claustrophobia,”
American Quarterly,
vol. 29, no. 4 (Winter 1977), pp. 487-505; Alan M. Wald,
James T. Farrell: The Revolutionary Socialist Years
(New York University Press, 1978); Kazin, pp. 380-85; Farrell,
A Note on Literary Criticism
(Vanguard, 1936).

[
1919 Chicago race riot
]: Finis Farr,
Chicago: A Personal History of America
’
s Most American City
(Arlington House, 1973), pp. 337-38; Chicago Commission on Race Relations,
The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot
(University of Chicago Press, 1922), ch. 1 and
passim.

[“
Avenues of the dead
”]:
Young Manhood,
p. 74.

[“
Bigger took a
s
hoe
”]: Richard Wright,
Native Son
(Harper, 1979), p. 10.

[“
He had murdered
”]:
ibid.,
p. 101.

[“
Never had he had the chance
”]:
ibid.,
p. 225.

[“
We must deal here
”]:
ibid.,
p. 357.

[“
Like a blind man
”]:
ibid.,
p. 392. [“
What I killed for, I am!
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 391-92.

[
Wright
]: Wright,
Black Boy
(Harper, 1945); Wright, in Richard Crossman, ed.,
The God That Failed
(Harper Colophon, 1963), pp. 115-62; Constance Webb,
Richard Wright
(Putnam, 1968); David Ray and Robert M. Farnsworth, eds.,
Richard Wright: Impressions and Perspectives
(University of Michigan Press, 1973); Keneth Kinnamon,
The Emergence of Richard Wright: A Study in Literature and Society
(University of Illinois Press, 1972).

[“
Ringed by walls
”]:
Black Boy,
p. 220. [“
Tension would set in
”]:
ibid.,
p. 65.

[“
What was this?
”]:
ibid.,
p. 218.

[
Wright
’
s double intellectual life
]: Aaron, “Richard Wright and the Communist Party,” in Ray and Farnsworth, p. 44.

[“
Scattered but kindred peoples
”]: Wright in Crossman, p. 118.

[
The Group
]: Foster Hirsch,
A Method to Their Madness: The History of the Actors Studio
(Norton, 1984), chs. 4-5; Williams, chs. 4, 10, 12, and
passim;
Harold Clurman,
The Fervent Years: The Story of the Group Theatre and the Thirties
(Knopf, 1945).

145-6
[“
Blood and bones
”]: quoted in Williams, p. 63.

146
[
Odets
]: Gerald Weales,
Clifford Odets, Playwright
(Pegasus, 1971); Robert Shuman,
Clifford Odets
(Twayne, 1962); Harold Cantor,
Clifford Odets, Playwright-Poet
(Scarecrow Press, 1978).

[
Waiting for Lefty
]: in Odets,
Six Plays
(Random House, 1939); see also Weales, ch. 3; Hirsch, pp. 79-82; Williams, pp. 144-46.

[
FDR
’
s message to Hitler
]: in
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
Samuel I. Rosenman, comp. (Random House, 1938-50), vol. 8, pp. 201-5, quoted at pp. 201, 202, 203, 204; see also Cordell Hull,
Memoirs
(Macmillan, 1948), vol. 1, p. 620.

[
Göring and Mussolini on FDR
]: William L. Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
(Simon and Schuster, 1960), p. 470.

[“
Contemptible a creature
”]: quoted in Robert Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945
(Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 186.

[
Pressure on Latvia
]: Shirer, pp. 470-71.

[
Hitler
’
s response
]: April 28, 1939, in Louis L. Snyder,
Hitler
’
s Third Reich: A Documentary History
(Nelson-Hall, 1981), pp. 311-26, quoted at pp. 317, 313, 318, 324-25, 326, respectively; Shirer, pp. 471-75, quoted on Hitler’s speech at p. 471; see also Shirer,
The Nightmare Years
(Little, Brown, 1984), pp. 397-404.

151
[“
Hitler had all the better
”]: quoted in Dallek, p. 187; see also C. A. MacDonald,
The United States, Britain and Appeasement, 1936-1939
(St. Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 153.

[“
Sympathy with President Roosevelt
”]: quoted in James MacGregor Burns,
Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox
(Harcourt, 1956), p. 184.

The Zigzag Road to War

152
[
FDR
’
s pre-presidential foreign policy background
]: see Dallek, Prologue; Geoffrey C. Ward,
Before the Trumpet
(Harper, 1985).

[
FDR
’
s criticism of Coolidge
]: quoted in Dallek, p. 17.

153
[
Isolationism
]: Wayne S. Cole,
Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1932-45
(University of Nebraska Press, 1983), p.9 and
passim;
Dallek; Wayne S. Cole,
Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II
(Harcourt, 1974); Cole,
America First: The Battle Against Intervention, 1940-1941
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1953); Manfred Jonas,
Isolationism in America, 1935-1941
(Cornell University Press, 1966); Sheldon Marcus,
Father Coughlin: The Tumultuous Life of the Priest of the Little Flower
(Little, Brown, 1973), chs. 7-8
passim;
Michele Flynn Stenehjem,
An American First: John T. Flynn and the America First Committee
(Arlington House, 1976).

153
[
Opinion polls, 1937
]: Harvey Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds.,
Public Opinion, 1935-1946
(Princeton University Press, 1951), pp. 966 (item 2), 967 (item 20); see also Jerome S. Bruner,
Mandate from the People
(Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944), pp. 18-20.

[
Elements in equation of world power
]: see Burns,
Lion,
p. 248.

54
[“
Groping for a door
”]: quoted in
ibid.

[
FDR
’
s prewar foreign policy leadership
]:
ibid.,
pp. 262-63; James MacGregor Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom
(Harcourt, 1970), pp. 65-66, 119-20; Gloria J. Barron,
Leadership in Crisis: FDR and the Path to Intervention
(Kennikat Press, 1973); Mark M. Lowenthal, “Roosevelt and the Coming of War: The Search for United States Policy, 1937-1942,”
Journal of Contemporary History,
vol. 16 (1981), pp. 413-40; Bruce M. Russett,
No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the U.S. Entry into World War II
(Harper, 1972); Robert A. Divine,
Roosevelt and World War II
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1969), chs. 1-2; Divine,
The Reluctant Belligerent: American Entry into World War II
(Wiley, 1965); Richard W. Steele, “Franklin D. Roosevelt and His Foreign Policy Critics,”
Political Science (Quarterly,
vol. 94, no. 1 (Spring 1979), pp. 15-32; Steele, “The Great Debate: Roosevelt, the Media, and the Coming of the War, 1940-1941
,”Journal of American History,
vol. 71, no. 1 (June 1984), pp. 69-92; Warren F. Kimball, ed.,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the World Crisis, 1937-1945
(D. C. Heath, 1973), part 1; Charles C. Tansill,
Back Door to War
(Henry Regnery, 1952); Arnold A. Offner,
American Appeasement: United States Foreign Policy and Germany, 1933-1938
(Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969).

[
Divisions within isolationist camp
]: Cole,
Roosevelt,
pp. 6-7, quoted at p. 7.

155
[“
The blame for the danger
”]: December 28, 1933, in
Public Papers,
vol. 2, pp. 544-49, quoted at p. 546.

[
Nye committee
]: Wayne S. Cole,
Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations
(University of Minnesota Press, 1962), esp. chs. 5-6; Cole,
Roosevelt,
ch, 11; John E. Wiltz,
In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934-1936
(Louisiana State University Press, 1963); Burns,
Lion,
pp. 253-54.

[
Hull on Administration marking time
]: Cole,
Roosevelt,
p. 147.

156
[Curtiss-Wright]:
U.S.
v.
Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.,
299 U.S. 304 (1936), quoted at 320; Erik M. Erikson,
The Supreme Court and the New Deal
(Rosemead Review Press, 1940), pp. 197-200; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
The Imperial Presidency
(Houghton Mifflin, 1973), pp. 100-4.