American Experiment (418 page)

[
Wheeler on Lend-Lease and FDR
’
s reply
]: quoted in Burns,
Soldier,
p. 44; and press conference 710, January 14, 1941, in
Public Papers,
vol. 9, pp. 710-12, quoted at pp. 711-12.

[Tribune
on Lend-Lease
]: quoted in Burns,
Soldier,
p. 45.

[
Coughlin on Lend-Lease
]: see Charles J. Tull,
Father Coughlin and the New Deal
(Syracuse University Press, 1965), p. 228.

[
Lindbergh
’
s testimony
]: Cole,
Roosevelt,
pp. 416-17; Kimball,
Unsordid Act,
p. 190.

[
Smith
’
s threat
]: Kimball,
Unsordid Act,
pp. 162-63; see also Gerald L. K. Smith,
Besieged Patriot
(Christian Nationalist Crusade, 1978).

[
Beard on Lend-Lease
]: Kimball,
Roosevelt and the World Crisis,
p. 10.

[
Pressure on FDR to convoy ships
]: Dallek, pp. 260-62; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 80-92.

[
FDR
’
s
“
undeclared naval war
”]: Bailey and Ryan; Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
pp. 878-83; H. L. Trefousse,
Germany and American Neutrality, 1939-1941
(Bookman Associates, 1951).

170
[
German invasion of the Soviet Union
]: G. Deborin,
The Second World War
(Progress Publishers, Moscow, n.d.), chs. 7-8.

[
U.S.-Japanese relations in 1930s
]: John Toland,
The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945
(Random House, 1970), chs. 1-2; Armin Rappaport,
Henry L. Stimson and Japan, 1931-1933
(University of Chicago Press, 1963); Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto, eds.,
Pearl Harbor as History: Japanese-American Relations, 1931-1941
(Columbia University Press, 1973); Howard Jaslon, “Cordell Hull, His ‘Associates,’ and Relations with Japan, 1933-1936,”
Mid-America,
vol. 56, no. 3 (July 1974), pp. 160-74; Frederick C. Adams, “The Road to Pearl Harbor: A Reexamination of American Far Eastern Policy, July 1937-December 1938,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 63, no. 1 (June 1971), pp. 73-92.

171
[
Atlantic-Pacific links
]: see Burns,
Soldier,
p. 106.

[“Knock-outfight”]:
letter of July 1, 1941, in
Personal Letters,
vol. 2, pp. 1173-74, quoted at p. 1174.

[FDR-Churchill summit]:
Theodore A. Wilson,
The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay, 1941
(Houghton Mifflin, 1969); Langer and Gleason,
Undeclared War,
ch. 21.

[“
Final destruction of the Nazi tyranny
”]: quoted in Wilson, p. 206.

171-2
[Greer
and
Kearny
incidents
]: Bailey and Ryan, chs. 12-14; Langer and Gleason,
Undeclared War,
pp. 742-60.

172
[“
Very simply and very bluntly
”]: Navy and Total Defense Day Address, October 27, 1941, in
Public Papers,
vol. 10, pp. 438-44, quoted at p. 441.

[“
United States has attacked
”]: quoted in Bailey and Ryan, p. 202.

[
Approach of war in the Pacific
]: Dallek, ch. 11
passim;
Toland,
Rising Sun,
chs. 4-5; Burns,
Soldier,
ch.4; Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
ch. 25; Herbert Feis,
The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of the War Between the United States and Japan
(Princeton University Press, 1950); Kimball,
Roosevelt and the World Crisis,
pp. 90-103; Winston S. Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
(Houghton Mifflin, 1950), ch. 11; Christopher Thorne,
The Issue of War: States, Societies, and the Far Eastern Conflict of 1941-1945
(Oxford University Press, 1985), part 1; Thorne,
Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941-1945
(Oxford University Press, 1978), ch. 2; Jonathan G. Utley,
Going to War with Japan, 1937-1941
(University of Tennessee Press, 1985); Akira Iriye,
Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War
(Harvard University Press, 1981), ch. 1; Iriye,
Across the Pacific: An Inner History of American-East Asian Relations
(Harcourt, 1967), ch. 8; Kimilada Miwa, “Japanese Images of War with the United States,” in Akira Iriye, ed.,
Mutual Images: Essays in American-Japanese Relations
(Harvard University Press, 1975), ch.6.

[
U.S. gasoline and scrap iron embargo
]: see Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 21, 107, 109-10.

[“
Within the hour
”]: note from Churchill to Eden, December 2, 1941, in Churchill,
Grand Alliance,
pp. 600-1, quoted at p. 601.

[“
Strongest fortress
”]: quoted in Gordon W. Prange,
At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor
(McGraw-Hill, 1981), p. 122.

[“
This means war
”]:
ibid.,
p. 475.

[
Pearl Harbor
]:
ibid.,
chs. 61-67; Ronald H. Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan
(Free Press, 1985), pp. 1-7; Toland,
Rising Sun,
pp. 211-20; Klingaman, ch. 27.

[
Mitsuo on concentration of U.S. ships
]: Spector, p. 4.

175
[
Controversy as to foreknowledge of Pearl Harbor attack
]: see Spector, pp. 95-100; Prange,
At Dawn,
esp. ch. 81 and Appendix (“Revisionists Revisited”), pp. 839-50; Prange et al.,
Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History
(McGraw-Hill, 1986); John Toland,
Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath
(Doubleday, 1982); Charles A. Beard,
President Roosevelt and the Coming War, 1941: A Study in Appearances and Realities
(Yale University Press, 1948); Robert A. Theobald,
The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor: The. Washington Contribution to the Japanese Attack
(Devin-Adair, 1954); Roberta Wohlstetter,
Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision
(Stanford University Press, 1962); Telford Taylor, “Day of Infamy, Decades of Doubt,”
New York Times Magazine,
April 29, 1984, pp. 107, 113, 120.

[
Washington reaction to attack
]: Toland,
Rising Sun,
pp. 216, 223-24, Knox quoted at p. 223.

[
Tokyo reaction to attack
]:
ibid.,
pp. 227-28, song quoted at p. 228.

[
Churchill
’
s reaction to attack
]: Churchill,
Grand Alliance,
pp. 604-8.

175-6
[
Hitler
’
s reaction to attack
]: Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
pp. 875-76, 883-902; Fest, pp. 655-56.

176
[
FDR on Germany and Italy at war with U.S.
]:
Public Papers,
vol. 10, pp. 522-30, quoted at p. 530.

[
Hitler
’
s declaration of war upon U.S.
]: Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
pp. 897-900; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 67-68, 173-74; Bailey and Ryan, ch. 17; John Toland,
Adolf Hitler
(Doubleday, 1976), pp. 692-97; Robert G. L. Waite,
The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler
(New American Library, 1978), pp. 489-99; James V. Compton,
The Swastika and the Eagle: Hitler, the United States, and the Origins of World War II
(Houghton Mifflin, 1967), chs. 1-2, 15; Gerhard L. Weinberg, “Hitler’s Image of the United States,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 69, no. 4 (July 1964), pp. 1006-21.

[
Japanese attack at Philippines
]: William Manchester,
American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880-1964
(Little, Brown, 1978), ch. 5; Toland,
Rising Sun,
pp. 232-35; Spector, pp. 106-8; Louis Morton,
The Fall of the Philippines
(U.S. Department of the Army, 1953); Daniel F. Harrington, “A Careless Hope: American Air Power and Japan, 1941,”
Pacific Historical Review,
vol. 48 (1979), pp. 217-38.

177
[
FDR-Churchill conference
]: Robert Beitzell,
The Uneasy Alliance: America, Britain, and Russia, 1941-1943
(Knopf, 1972), ch. 1; Richard W. Steele,
The First Offensive: Roosevelt, Marshall and the Making of American Strategy
(Indiana University Press, 1973), ch. 3; W. G. F. Jackson,
“Overlord”: Normandy 1944
(Davis-Poynter, 1978), pp. 41-53; Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Ordeal of Hope, 1939-1942
(Viking, 1966), ch. 12; Churchill,
Grand Alliance,
chs. 14-15; see also Russell F. Weigley,
The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy
(Macmillan, 1973), ch. 7.

[
Religious freedom in Declaration
]: Sherwood, pp. 448-49.

[“
To defend life, liberty
”]: quoted in Churchill,
Grand Alliance,
p. 684.

179
[
Battle of the Coral Sea
]: Spector, pp. 158-63; Ronald Lewin,
The American Magic: Codes, Ciphers and the Defeat of Japan
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1982), pp. 90-96.

179
[
Guadalcanal
]: Spector, chs. 9-10
passim;
Toland,
Rising Sun,
part 4; Samuel B. Griffith II,
The Battle for Guadalcanal
(Lippincott, 1963); John Hersey,
Into the Valley: A Skirmish of the Marines
(Knopf, 1944); S. E. Morison,
The Struggle for Guadalcanal
(Little, Brown, 1949).

[“
Green hell
”]: Toland,
Rising Sun,
ch. 15.

[“
Loathsome crawling things
”]: Weigley, p. 276.

[
Doolittle
’
s feat
]: Spector, pp. 153-55; Toland,
Rising Sun,
pp. 304-10; Quentin Reynolds,
The Amazing Mr. Doolittle
(Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1953), chs. 8-9. [
Midway
]: Spector, pp. 166-78; Toland,
Rising Sun,
pp. 325-42; Gordon Prange,
Miracle at Midway
(McGraw-Hill, 1982); Lewin, pp. 96-111; Mitsuo Fuchida and Masatake Okumiya,
Midway, the Battle That Doomed Japan: The Japanese Navy
’
s Story
(U.S. Naval Institute, 1955).

180
[
Public pressure for shift to Pacific first
]: Steele, pp. 81-92; Manchester, pp. 307-12; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 210-11.

[
Debate over European strategy
]: see Jackson, chs. 3-4; Steele, chs. 4-8; John Grigg,
1943: The Victory That Never Was
(Hill and Wang, 1980), part 1
passim;
Herbert Feis,
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought
(Princeton University Press, 1957), chs. 5-10; Joseph L. Strange, “The British Rejection of Operation
SLEDGEHAMMER,
An Alternative Motive,”
Military Affairs,
vol. 46, no. 1 (February 1982), pp. 6-14; Pogue, chs. 12, 14-15; Beitzell, chs. 2-3. For a Soviet view of the strategic background, see Genrikh Trofimenko,
The U.S. Military Doctrine
(Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1986), pp. 1-56.

[
Eisenhower on cross-Channel attack
]: quoted in Steele, p. 79.

181
[
North Africa
]: Arthur Layton Funk,
The Politics of TORCH: The Allied Landings and the Algiers Putsch
(University Press of Kansas, 1974); William L. Linger,
Our Vichy Gamble
(Knopf, 1947); Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower
(Doubleday, 1970), book 1, chs. 7-10; Burns,
Soldier,
ch. 9; Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
pp. 919-25; Pogue, ch. 18,

[“
Walk with the Devil
”]: quoted in Burns,
Soldier,
p. 297.

[“
The freedom of your lives
”]:
ibid.,
p. 292.

[“
I salute again
”]: November 7, 1942, in
Public Papers,
vol. 11, pp. 451-52, quoted at p. 451.

The Production of War

182
[“
Proper application of overwhelming force
”]: Churchill,
Grand Alliance,
p. 607.

[
Soldiers as production workers
]: Burns,
Soldier,
p. 470; William Manchester,
The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932-1972
(Little, Brown, 1974), pp. 267-68, 280-83; Bill Mauldin,
Up Front
(Henry Holt, 1944), pp. 143-44 and
passim.

[
Press on soldiers
]: Burns,
Soldier,
p. 470; John Morton Blum,
V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II
(Harcourt, 1976), pp. 53-64.

[
Slow conversion to war production
]: see Richard Polenberg,
War and Society: The United States, 1941-1945
(Lippincott, 1972), pp. 10-11; see generally David Brinkley,
Washington Goes to War
(Knopf, 1988), esp. chs. 3-5.

[
FDR
’
s production goals for 1942
]: address on the State of the Union, January 6, 1942, in
Public Papers,
vol. 11, p. 37.

[
Sample conversions
]: Manchester,
Glory and Dream,
p. 293; John R. Graf,
A Survey of the American Economy, 1940-1946
(North River Press, 1946), p. 33.

183
[
American military output
]: A. Russell Buchanan,
The United States and World War II
(Harper, 1964), vol. 1, p. 140; Manchester,
Glory and Dream,
p. 296; Alan S. Milward,
War, Economy and Society, 1939-1945
(University of California Press, 1977), pp. 69 (Table 15), 70.

[
Technology as pacing production
]: Milward, pp. 188-91; Graf, p. 41; Allan Nevins and Frank K. Hill,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933-1962
(Scribner, 1962), p. 191.

[
Wartime shipping tonnage
]: Donald M. Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of American War Production
(Harcourt, 1946), p. 243.

[
Rate of ship production
]: Manchester,
Glory and Dream,
p. 295.

[
Hull 440
]: Bernard Taper, “Life with Kaiser,”
Nation,
vol. 155, no. 24 (December 12, 1942), pp. 644-46; Russell Bookhout, “We Build Ships,”
Atlantic,
vol. 171, no. 4 (April 1943), pp. 37-42; Richard R. Lingemann,
Don
’
t You Know There
’
s a War On?: The American Home Front, 1941-1945
(Putnam, 1970), pp. 130-31; A. A. Hochling,
Home Front, U.S.A.
(Crowell, 1966), pp. 51-52; Augusta Clawson, “Shipyard Diary of a Woman Welder,”
Radical America,
vol. 9, nos. 4-5 (July-August 1975), pp. 134-38.