American Experiment (421 page)

[
Battle of the Bulge
]: John Toland,
Battle: The Story of the Bulge
(Random House, 1959); John S. D. Eisenhower,
The Bitter Woods
(Putnam, 1969); Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
pp. 1089-96; Weigley,
Lieutenants,
chs. 25-29.

[
FDR on Polish-Americans
]: quoted in Burns,
Soldier,
p. 569.

[
Stalin on Poland
]: quoted in Harriman and Abel, p. 407.

[“
Pre-eminent interests
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 399.

[
Leahy-FDR exchange
]: quoted in Burns,
Soldier,
p. 572.

208-9
[
FDR
’
s health
]:
ibid.,
pp. 448-51, 573-74, 594-95, and sources cited therein.

210
[
FDR
’
s address on Yalta
]: in
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
Samuel I. Rosenman, comp. (Random House, 1938-50), vol. 13, pp. 570-86, quoted at pp. 570, 586; see also James MacGregor Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom
(Harcourt, 1970), pp. 581-82.

210-11
[
Deterioration of Allied relations
]: Robert Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945
(Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 521-27; Winston S. Churchill,
Triumph and Tragedy
(Houghton Mifflin, 1953), book 2, chs. 6-8; W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel,
Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941-1946
(Random House, 1975), ch. 18; Francis L. Loewenheim et al., eds.,
Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence
(Saturday Review Press/E. P. Dutton, 1975), pp. 660-709; Robert Lovett Diary and Daily Log Sheet, July 1, 1947-Jan. 27, 1949, New-York Historical Society, New York, N.Y.

211
[
Stalin-FDR exchange over surrender talks
]: quoted in Dallek, pp. 526-27; see also Allen Dulles,
The Secret Surrender
(Harper, 1966).

[
Jefferson Day draft
]: in
Public Papers,
vol. 13, pp. 613-16, quoted at pp. 615, 616.

The Death and Life of Franklin D. Roosevelt

212
[
FDR
’
s death and return to Hyde Park
]: Burns,
Soldier,
Epilogue; Bernard Asbell,
When FDR Died
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961); Turnley Walker,
Roosevelt and the Warm Springs Story
(A. A. Wyn, 1953), ch. 7.

[“
A lonesome train
”]: Millard Lampell, “The Lonesome Train,” quoted in Burns,
Soldier,
p. 604.

212-13
[
FDR
’
s lasting influence
]: see William E. Leuchtenburg,
In the Shadow of FDR
(Cornell University Press, 1983), Preface and ch. 1.

213
[
Berlin on FDR
]: Isaiah Berlin,
Personal Impressions,
Henry Hardy, ed. (Viking, 1981), p.3.

[“
Great men have two lives
”]: quoted in Leuchtenburg, pp. viii-ix.

214
[
Hawley on New Deal policies
]: Ellis Hawley,
The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly
(Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 15, 270.

[“
Fiscal drift
”]: Stein,
The Fiscal Revolution in America
(University of Chicago Press, 1969), ch. 4.

[“
Helterskelter
”
planning
]: entry of April 11, 1938, in Morgenthau Presidential Diaries, book 1, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.

[“
Read it a little bit
”]: entry of April 25, 1939, in
ibid.

[
Third New Deal
]: Barry D. Karl,
The Uneasy State
(University of Chicago Press, 1983), esp. chs. 7-8.

216
[
Dualism in FDR as war leader
]: see Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 607-9; Daniel Yergin,
Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State
(Houghton Mifflin, 1977), ch. 2; Isaiah Berlin,
The Hedgehog and the Fox
(Simon and Schuster, 1970).

[
FDR
’
s articulation of freedom
]: see Burns, “Battle of Symbols.”

[
FDR and the military
]: Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 490-96, Stimson quoted at p. 493; see also Kent Roberts Greenfield,
American Strategy in World War II: A Reconsideration
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1963), ch. 3; William Emerson, “Franklin Roosevelt as Commander-in-Chief in World War II,”
Military Affairs,
vol. 22 (1958), pp. 181-207.

216-17
[
FDR
’
s insistence upon unconditional surrender
]: Raymond G. O’Connor,
Diplomacy for Victory: FDR and Unconditional Surrender
(Norton, 1971), esp. ch. 3; Russell F. Weigley,
The American Way of War
(Macmillan, 1973), pp. 281, 325; Gaddis Smith,
American Diplomacy During the Second World War, 1941-1945
(Wiley, 1967), ch. 3; Anne Armstrong,
Unconditional Surrender: The Impact of the Casablanca Policy upon World War II
(Rutgers University Press, 1961).

217
[
Dallek on FDR as
“
principal architect
”]: Dallek, p. 532.

[
FDR
’
s refusal to share atomic secrets with Soviets
]: see
ibid.,
pp. 416-18, 470-72, 534; Barton J. Bernstein, “Roosevelt, Truman, and the Atomic Bomb: A Reinterpretation,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 90, no. 1 (Spring 1975), pp. 24-32.

[
De Gaulle on FDR
]: De Gaulle,
War Memoirs: Unity, 1942-1944
(Simon and Schuster, 1959), p. 270.

[“
Once-born
”
and
“
divided selves
”]: William James,
The Varieties of Religious Experience
(Longmans, Green, 1935), p. 199, as cited and interpreted in Erik H. Erikson,
Young Man Luther
(Norton, 1962), pp. 41, 117.

218
[
FDR and the Holocaust
]: David S. Wyman,
The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945
(Pantheon, 1984); Henry L. Feingold,
The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust, 1938-1945
(Rutgers University Press, 1970); Martin Gilbert,
Auschwitz and the Allies
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981); Richard Breitman and Allan M. Kraut,
American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, 1933-1945
(Indiana University Press, 1987); Martin Gilbert,
The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy
(Collins, 1986); Deborah E. Lipstadt,
Beyond Belief The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933-1945
(Free Press, 1986); Michael R. Marcus,
The Holocaust in History
(University Press of New England, 1987), ch. 8.

218
[“
Final solution
”]: Hermann Goring to Reinhard Heydrich, July 31, 1941, quoted in Gilbert,
Holocaust,
p. 176.

219
[
Berlin on Eleanor Roosevelt
]:
Personal impressions,
p. 31.

The Long Telegram

220
[
Origins of the cold war
]: D. F. Fleming,
The Cold War and Its Origins, 1917-1960,
2 vols. (Doubleday, 1961), esp. vol. 1, ch. 11, and vol. 2, ch. 24; Charles S. Maier, “Revisionism and the Interpretation of Cold War Origins,”
Perspectives in American History,
vol. 4 (1970), pp. 313-47; John Lewis Caddis,
The Long Peace
(Oxford University Press, 1987), esp. chs. 1-3, 8; Caddis, “The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War,”
Diplomatic History,
vol. 7, no. 3 (Summer 1983), pp. 171-90; Thomas G. Paterson,
On Every Front: The Making of the Cold War
(Norton, 1979); Alexander Werth,
Russia: The Post-War Years
(Taplinger, 1971), ch. 3; Barton J. Bernstein, “American Foreign Policy and the Origins of the Cold War,” in Bernstein and Allen J. Malusow, eds.,
Twentieth-Century America: Recent Interpretations,
2nd ed. (Harcourt, 1972), pp. 344-94; Lloyd C. Gardiner,
Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949
(Quadrangle, 1970), ch. 11; Gardiner, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.. and Hans J. Morgenthau,
The Origins of the Cold War
(Ginn and Co., 1970); Thomas T. Hammond, ed.,
Witnesses to the Origins of the Cold War
(University of Washington Press, 1982); Eduard Mark, “American Policy toward Eastern Europe and the Origins of the Cold
War,” Journal of American History,
vol. 68, no. 2 (September 1981), pp. 313-36; Robert J. Maddox,
The New Left and the Origins of the Cold War
(Princeton University Press, 1973); Vojtech Mastny,
Russia
’
s Road to the Cold War, 1941-1945
(Columbia University Press, 1979); Thomas G. Paterson,
Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973); Lovett Diary and Log Sheet, 1947-1949; Hugh Thomas,
Armed Truce: The Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-46
(Atheneum, 1987), esp. pp. 541-50; Frederick L. Schuman,
The Cold War: Retrospect and Prospect
(Louisiana State University Press, 1962); John P. Diggins,
The Proud Decades: America in War and in Peaces 1941-1960
(Norton, 1988), ch. 2
passim.

[“
Deep, mournful
”]: quoted in Edward Crankshaw,
Russia and the Russians
(Viking, 1948), p. 21.

[
Crankshaw on Russian temperament
]:
ibid.,
p. 23.

221
[
Truman on German-Russian fight
]: quoted in
New York Times,
June 24, 1941, p. 7. Copy of newspaper page now displayed in Museum of the Red Army, Moscow.

[
Polk on Soviet postwar cooperation
]: Gary J. Buckley, “American Public Opinion and the Origins of the Cold War: A Speculative Reassessment,”
Mid-America,
vol. 60, no. 1 (January 1978), pp. 35-42, esp. pp. 37-38 (Table 1).

222
[
NSC-68
]: Yergin, pp. 401-4, quoted at p. 401; Gaddis,
Long Peace,
pp. 114-15; Richard A. Melanson, “The Foundations of Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy: Continuity, Community, and Consensus,” in Melanson and David Mayers, eds.,
Reevaluating Eisenhower: American Foreign Policy in the 1950s
(University of Illinois Press, 1987), pp. 31-64, esp. pp. 36-40.

[“
The President is dead
”]: quoted in Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs: Year of Decisions
(Doubleday, 1955), p. 5.

[“
Riding a tiger
”]: Truman,
Memoirs: Years of Trial and Hope
(Doubleday, 1956), p. 1.

222-3
[
Truman
’
s background and character
]: Alfred Steinberg,
The Man from Missouri
(Putnam, 1962); Cabell Phillips,
The Truman Presidency
(Macmillan, 1966); Robert L. Miller,
Truman: The Rise to Power
(McGraw-Hill, 1986); Robert H. Ferrell,
Harry S. Truman and the Modern American Presidency
(Little, Brown, 1983); Bert Cochran,
Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency
(Funk & Wagnalls, 1973); Deborah Welch Larson,
Origins of Containment: A Psychological Explanation
(Princeton University Press, 1985), ch. 3; John Lewis Caddis, “Harry S. Truman and the Origins of Containment,” in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds.,
Makers of American Diplomacy: From Benjamin Franklin to Henry Kissinger
(Scribner, 1974), pp. 493-522; Paterson,
On Every Front,
ch. 5; Arnold A. Offnner, “The Truman Myth Revealed: From Parochial Nationalist to Cold Warrior,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians, Reno, Nev., March 1988.

223
[
FDR
’
s divided legacy
]: see Gardner,
Architects,
pp. 307-8; see also Warren F. Kimball, ed.,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the World Crisis, 1937-1945
(D. C. Heath, 1973), part 2; Thomas, ch. 10.

[
UN organizational meeting
]: Robert A. Divine,
Second Chance: The Triumph of Internationalism in America During World War II
(Atheneum, 1967), ch. 11.

[
Truman
’
s address to UN
]: April 25, 1945, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961-66), vol. 1, pp. 20-23, quoted at pp. 20, 21.

[
Hopkins in Moscow
]: Robert E. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
(Harper, 1948), ch. 35; Herbert Feis,
Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference
(Princeton University Press, 1960), chs. 15-18.

[
End of European war
]: John Toland,
The Last 100 Days
(Random House, 1965); Cornelius Ryan,
The Last Battle
(Simon and Schuster, 1966); William L. Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
(Simon and Schuster, 1960), chs. 30-31.

[
Truman and FDR
’
s cabinet
]: see Truman to Jonathan Daniels (unsent), February 26, 1950, in Robert H. Ferrell, ed.,
Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman
(Harper, 1980), p. 174.

224
[
Okinawa
]: Roy E. Appleman, James M. Burns, Russell A. Gugeler, and John Stevens,
Okinawa: The Last Battle
(U.S. Department of the Army, 1948); John Toland,
The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945,
(Random House, 1970), ch. 30.

[
Potsdam
]: Feis, part 4; Robert J. Donovan,
Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948
(Norton, 1977), chs. 8-9; Mastny, pp. 292-304; Truman,
Decisions,
chs. 21-25; Charles E. Bohlen,
Witness to History, 1929-1969
(Norton, 1973), ch. 13; Charles L. Mee*, Jr.,
Meeting at Potsdam
(M. Evans & Co., 1975); Churchill,
Triumph,
book 2, chs. 19-20.

[“
Open the gates
”]: quoted in Thomas, p. 252.

[
Debate over political role of atomic bomb and its use against Japan
]: Toland,
Rising Sun,
chs. 31-32; Truman,
Decisions,
pp. 4, 14-20; Donovan, chs. 5, 7, 10; Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy,
On Active Service in Peace and War
(Harper, 1948), chs. 22-23; Gregg Herken,
The Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War, 1945-1950
(Knopf, 1980), ch. 1 and
passim;
Gardiner,
Architects,
ch. 7; Fleming, vol. 1, pp. 296-308; Martin J. Sherwin,
A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance
(Knopf, 1975), esp. part 3; Herbert Feis,
Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific
(Princeton University Press, 1961), parts 1, 4, and
passim;
Barton J. Bernstein, “Roosevelt, Truman, and the Atomic Bomb, 1941-1945: A Reinterpretation,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 90, no. 1 (Spring 1975), pp. 23-69; Maddox, ch. 3; Gar Alperovitz,
Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam
(Simon and Schuster, 1965); Yergin, pp. 1 15-16, 120-22, and 433-34 n. 19; Stephen Harper,
Miracle of Deliverance: The Case for the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
(Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985).