American Experiment (424 page)

[
Wheeling
]: Reeves, pp. 222-33, McCarthy quoted at p. 224; Oshinsky, pp. 107-12; Bayley, ch. 1.

245
[
McCarthy
’
s Senate performance
]: Reeves, pp. 236-42, quoted at p. 239; and Oshinsky, pp. 112-14, quoted at p. 112.

[“
Perfectly reckless
”]: quoted in Patterson,
Mr. Republican,
p. 446.

[
Tydings committee
]: Reeves, pp. 249-314, conclusion quoted at p. 304; Rovere, pp. 145-59.

[“
Keep talking
”]: quoted in Patterson, p. 446.

[“
Declaration of Conscience
”]: Oshinsky, pp. 163-65; Fried, p. 83.

[
McCarthy in 1950 campaign
]: Reeves, ch. 14, reporter quoted at p. 346; Fried, ch. 4.

246
[
Buckley on McCarthyism
]: quoted in Rovere, p. 22.

[
McCarthy and the press
]: Bayley, esp. ch. 3, Reedy quoted at p. 68; see also James A. Wechsler,
The Age of Suspicion
(Random House, 1953); Oshinsky, ch. 12.

[
Courting of Eisenhower
]: Herbert S. Parmet,
Eisenhower and the American Crusades
(Macmillan, 1972), chs. 9-10; Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890-1952
(Simon and Schuster, 1983), ch. 25; Dwight D. Eisenhower,
The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956
(Doubleday, 1963), ch. 1.

247
[“
Completely foreign field
”]: quoted in Barton J. Bernstein, “Election of 1952,” in Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 4, p. 3225.

[
GOP nomination battle
]: Ambrose,
Soldier,
ch. 26; Eisenhower, ch. 2; Patterson, part 6; Parmet, chs. 12-14; Bernstein, “Election,” pp. 3224-34.

[
GOP as two parties
]: see James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America
(Prentice-Hall, 1963), esp. ch. 8.

248
[“
Path to defeat
”]: quoted in Bernstein, “Election,” p. 3230.

[“
Why do they hate me so?
”]: quoted in Patterson, p. 547.

[
Morningside Heights statement
]: quoted in Parmet, p. 130; see also
ibid.,
pp. 128-30; Patterson, pp. 572-78; Eisenhower, p. 64.

[“
Surrender at Morningside Heights
”]: quoted in Bernstein, “Election,” p. 3242.

249
[
Courtship of Stevenson
]: Kenneth S. Davis,
A Prophet in His Own Country: The Triumphs and Defeats of Adlai E. Stevenson
(Doubleday, 1957), ch. 24; John Bartlow Martin,
Adlai Stevenson of Illinois
(Doubleday, 1976), pp. 513-78; Walter Johnson,
How We Drafted Adlai Stevenson
(Knopf, 1955); Truman,
Trial and Hope,
pp. 491-96.

[“
Could not,
”
not
“
would not
”]: quoted in Davis, p. 394.

[
Stevenson
’
s convention welcome
] July 21, 1952, in Walter Johnson, ed.,
The Papers of Adlai E. Stevenson
(Little, Brown, 1972-79), vol. 4, pp. 11-14, quoted at p. 12; author’s personal observations, July 21, 1952, Chicago.

[
Democratic, convention
]: Davis, pp. 397-409; Martin, pp. 578-604; Bernstein, “Election,” pp. 3236-40; Johnson,
Papers,
vol. 4, ch. 1.

[
Eisenhower in Indiana
]: Parmet, pp. 127-28, Jenner quoted on Marshall at p. 127; Ambrose,
Soldier,
pp. 552-53.

249-50
[
Eisenhower in Wisconsin
]: Reeves, pp. 436-40, praise of Marshall quoted at p. 437; Ambrose,
Soldier,
pp. 563-67.

250
[
Nixon
’
s second crisis
]: Richard M. Nixon,
Six Crises
(Doubleday, 1962), ch. 2; Parmet, pp. 134-41; Fawn M. Brodie,
Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character
(Norton, 1981), ch. 19; Smith,
Dewey,
pp. 599-603; Garry Wills,
Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man
(Houghton Mifflin, 1970), pp. 91-114; Eisenhower, pp. 65-69.

[“
My boy
”]: quoted in Nixon, p. 123,

[
Stevenson on Taft winning nominee
]: Johnson,
Papers,
vol. 4, p. 90.

[
Stevenson on Eisenhower
’
s backbone
]: Ambrose,
Soldier,
p. 567.

[“
Two Republican” parties
]: see Johnson,
Papers,
vol. 4, pp. 66-68.

[
Civil rights and the South in 1952 campaign
]: Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 4, pp. 3280-81; Bernstein, “Election,” pp. 3247, 3251-52; Eisenhower, pp. 55, 69-71; Donald S. Strong, “The Presidential Election in the South, 1952,”
Journal of Politics,
vol. 17, no. 1 (August 1955), pp. 343-89; Johnson,
Papers,
vol. 4, pp. 47-48, 54-60, 89, 151-53, 157; Robert F. Burk,
The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights
(University of Tennessee Press, 1984), ch. 1
passim.

[“
Go to Korea
”]: Parmet, pp. 142-43, Eisenhower quoted at p. 143.

[
1952 election results
]: Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 4, p. 3337; see also Bernstein, “Election,” pp. 3264-65; Strong.

[
Stevenson on his loss
]: Johnson,
Papers,
vol. 4, p. 188.

The Price of Suspicion

[
Army-McCarthy hearings
]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Government Operations, Special Subcommittee on Investigations,
Charges and Countercharges Involving: Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens … ,
83rd Congress, 2nd Session (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954); Oshinsky, chs. 27-31; Reeves, chs. 21-22; Michael W. Straight,
Trial by Television
(Beacon Press, 1954); Fred I. Greenstein,
The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Lender
(Basic Books, 1982), pp. 198-212. [
Oshinsky on hearings
]: Oshinsky, p. 416.

252
[“
Largest single group
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 319.

[“
Got his Ph.D.
”]: quoted in Brodie, p. 290.

[“T
he dark days of the Hiss case
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 284.

[
Nixon on Stevenson and Hiss
]: quoted in Johnson,
Papers,
vol. 4, p. 392. [
McCarthy on Stevenson
]: quoted in Reeves, p. 445.

[“
Get into the gutter
”]: quoted in Oshinsky, p. 260.

[“
Trouble-maker
”]: see entry of April 1, 1953, in Robert H. Ferrell, ed.,
The Eisenhower Diaries
(Norton, 1981), pp. 233-34.

[
McCarthy
’
s depredations, early Eisenhower Administration
]: see Reeves, ch. 18; Parmet, ch. 26; see also Griffith,
Politics of Fear,
ch. 6.

[
McCarthy and Dirksen on Bohlen
]: quoted in Parmet, p. 246; see also Athan G. Theoharis,
The Yalta Myths: An Issue in U.S. Politics, 1945-1955
(University of Missouri Press, 1970), ch. 9 and
passim.
853.

[“
No More Bohlens
”]: quoted in Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower: The President
(Simon and Schuster, 1984), p. 60.

[
Stalin
’
s death and the succession
]: Svetlana Alliluyeva,
Twenty letters to a Friend,
Priscilla Johnson McMillan, trans. (Harper, 1967), pp. 5-14;
Khrushchev Remembers,
vol. 1, pp. 306-41; Dallin, pp. 117-34; Daniels, pp. 246-50; Eisenhower,
Mandate,
pp. 43-45.

[
Dulles
]: Townsend Hoopes,
The Devil and John Foster Dulles
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1973); Ronald W. Pruessen,
John Foster Dulles: The Road to Power
(Free Press, 1982); John R. Beal
, John Foster Dulles, 1888-1959
(Harper, 1959); Herbert S. Parmet, “Power and Reality: John Foster Dulles and Political Diplomacy,” in Merli and Wilson, pp. 589-619; Ambrose,
President,
pp. 20-22; Gaddis,
Strategies,
pp. 136-45;
Khrushchev Remembers,
vol. 2, pp. 362-64.

253-4
[
Smith on Dulles
]: Gaddis Smith, “The Shadow of John Foster Dulles” (review of Hoopes),
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 52, no. 2 (January 1974), pp. 403-8, quoted at p. 406.

254
[
Eisenhower
’
s inaugural address
]: January 20, 1953, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight. D. Eisenhower
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1958-61), vol. 1, pp. 1-8, quoted at pp. 1, 2.

[
Dulles on communism
]: January 15, 1953, in LaFeber, pp. 464-68, quoted at p. 466.

[
Dulles
’
s hard line vs. Eisenhower
’
s soft
]: see Seyom Brown,
The Faces of Power: Constancy and Change in United States Foreign Policy from Truman to Reagan
(Columbia University Press, 1983), chs. 7-8; Robert A. Divine,
Eisenhower and the Cold War
(Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 19-23 and
passim:
Ambrose,
President, passim:
Hoopes,
passim;
Charles C. Alexander,
Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1961
(Indiana University Press, 1975), pp. 64-66; Gaddis,
Strategies,
ch. 5
passim;
Richard M. Saunders, “Military Force in the Foreign Policy of the Eisenhower Administration,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 100, no. 1 (Spring 1985), pp. 97-116.

[“
United States of Europe
”]: see Ambrose,
President,
pp. 49-50, 120. [
Eisenhower, Dulles and “book burning
”]:
see ibid.,
pp. 81-83; Reeves, pp. 477-96
passim.

255
[
Iran
]: Ambrose,
President,
pp. 109-12; Kermit Roosevelt,
Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran
(McGraw-Hill, 1979); Sepehr Zabih,
The Mossadegh Era: Roots of the Iranian Revolution
(Lake View Press, 1982); Dallin, pp. 203-17; Anthony Eden,
Full Circle
(Houghton Mifflin, 1960), ch. 9; Stephen E. Ambrose,
Ike
’
s Spies: Eisenhower and the Defense Establishment
(Doubleday, 1981), chs. 14-15.

[
Eden on Eisenhower
’
s
“
obsession
”]: quoted in Eden, p. 235.

[
Lebanon
]: Ambrose,
President,
pp. 462-75
passim;
Fahim I. Qubain,
Crisis in Lebanon
(Middle East Institute, 1961); Leila M. T. Meo,
Lebanon, Improbable Nation: A Study in Political Development
(Indiana University Press, 1965); Hoopes, ch. 27.

[“
Five times he said no
”]: Ambrose,
President,
p. 229; see also Gaddis,
Long Peace,
ch. 6.

[“
Bland leading the bland
”]: quoted in Melanson in Melanson and Mayers, p. 47.

[
Eisenhower revisionism
]: see Murray Kempton, “The Underestimation of Dwight D. Eisenhower,”
Esquire,
vol. 68, no. 3 (September 1967), pp. 108-9, 156; Vincent P. De Santis, “Eisenhower Revisionism,”
Review of Politics,
vol. 38, no. 2 (April 1976), pp. 190-207; Richard H. Rovere, “Eisenhower Revisited—A Political Genius? A Brilliant Man?,” in Bernstein and Matusow, pp. 436-54; Greenstein; Ambrose,
President,
chs. 1, 27; Mary S. McAuliffe, “Eisenhower, The President,
” Journal of American History,
vol. 68, no. 3 (December 1981), pp. 625-32; Divine,
Eisenhower,
pp. 6-7; Wills, pp. 115-38; Melanson and Mayers,
passim.

[
New Look
]: Ambrose,
President,
pp. 171-73, 224-26; Melanson in Melanson and Mayers, pp. 49-54; Gaddis,
Long Peace,
pp. 123-24, 140-45; Ambrose,
Ike
’
s Spies,
pp. 275-76.

256
[
Operation Alert
]: Ambrose,
President,
pp. 256-57; Peter Lyon,
Eisenhower: Portrait of the Hero
(Little, Brown, 1974), p. 655.

[
Eisenhower
’
s address to editor
]: “The Chance for Peace,” April 16, 1953, in
Eisenhower Public Papers,
vol. 1, pp. 179-88, quoted at pp. 185, 186, 182, respectively; see also Ambrose,
President,
pp. 94-96.

[“
Atoms for peace
”]: December 8, 1953, in
Eisenhower Public Papers,
vol. 1, pp. 813-22; Ambrose,
President,
pp. 147-51. 256-7 [
Bikini atoll test
]: Robert A. Divine,
Blowing in the Wind: The Nuclear Test Ban Debate, 1954-1960
(Oxford University Press, 1978), ch. 1.

257
[
Geneva summit
]: Ambrose,
President,
ch. 11; Hoopes, ch. 18; Dallin, pp. 279-83; Eisenhower,
Mandate,
ch. 21;
Khrushchev Remembers,
vol. 1, ch. 13.

[“
Complete blueprint
”]: “Statement on Disarmament,” July 21, 1955, in
Eisenhower Public Papers,
vol. 3, pp. 713-16, quoted at p. 715.

[
Stevenson
’
s proposal of test suspension
]: Divine,
Blowing on the Wind,
pp. 86-87, Nixon quoted at p. 87.

[
Dulles and Aswan
]: Hoopes, chs. 20-21.

[
Suez
]: Hoopes, chs. 22-24; Ambrose,
President,
chs. 14-15
passim;
Dwight D. Eisenhower,
The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1956-1961
(Doubleday, 1965), ch. 3
passim;
Herman Finer,
Dulles Over Suez: The Theory and Practice of His Diplomacy
(Quadrangle, 1964); Eden, book 3.

258
[
Gomulka
’
s warning
]: quoted in Ambrose,
President,
p. 354; see also Dallin, pp. 358-64; Konrad Syrop,
Spring in October: The Story of the Polish Revolution, 1956
(Praeger, 1957).

[
Hungary
]: Paul E. Zinner,
Revolution in Hungary
(Columbia University Press, 1962); Melvin J. Lasky, ed.,
The Hungarian Revolution: A White Book
(Praeger, 1957); Ambrose,
President,
ch. 15.

[“
Liberation was a sham
”]: Ambrose,
President,
p. 355.