American Experiment (428 page)

[“
Coco-colonization
”]: Mayne, p. 115.

[
Koestler on American ubiquity
]: quoted in Wilson P. Dizard,
The Strategy of Truth: The Story of the U.S. Information Service
(Public Affairs Press, 1961), p. 10.

296
[
USIA
]: Dizard; Thomas C. Sorenson,
The Word War: The Story of American Propaganda
(Harper, 1968); Thomas C. Reeves,
The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy
(Stein & Day, 1982), pp. 476-91
passim;
Robert E. Elder,
The Information Machine: The United States Information Agency and American Foreign Policy
(Syracuse University Press, 1968).

[“
McCarthyism … is a tragedy
”]: Hutchinson, p. 26,

[“
France was a land
”]: quoted in Dizard, p. 20.

[
Ford Foundation international programs
]: Dwight Macdonald,
The Ford Foundation: The Men and the Millions
(Reynal & Co., 1956), p. 60 and
passim;
Edward H. Berman,
The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy: The Ideology of Philanthropy
(State University of New York Press, 1983).

[
Ford support of Congress for Cultural Freedom
]: Berman, pp. 143-45, “combat tyranny” quoted at p. 144.

297
[
Lewis in France
]: Thelma M. Smith and Ward L. Miner,
Transatlantic Migrations: The Contemporary American Novel in France
(Duke University Press, 1955), p. 17.

[“
Greatest lileary development
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
pp. 20-21; see also Henri Peyre, “American Literature Through French Eyes,”
Virginia Quarterly Review,
vol. 23, no. 3 (Summer 1947), pp. 421-38.

298
[
Gide on American literature
]: Smith and Miner, p. 21.

[
French appreciation of Hemingway
]: see
ibid.,
ch. 8 and
passim;
Roger Asselineau, “French Reactions to Hemingway’s Works Between the Two World Wars,” in Asselineau, ed.,
The Literary Reputation of Hemingway in Europe
(New York University Press, 1965), pp. 39-72; Peyre, p. 435.

[
Maurois on Hemingway
’
s subjects
]: Maurois, “Ernest Hemingway,” in Carlos Baker, ed.,
Hemingway and His Critics: An International Anthology
(Hill and Wang, 1961), p. 38.

[
Sales of French-language
Bell Tolls]: Smith and Miner, p. 30.

[
French appreciation of Faulkner
]: see
ibid.,
ch. 9.

[“
Magical, fantastic
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
pp. 129-30.

[
Sartre on Faulkner and de Beauvoir
]:
ibid.,
pp. 62-63.

[
Faulkner as
“
universal writer
”]: see
ibid.,
p. 141.

[
German on cadging American books
]: Hans Magnus Enzenberger, “Mann, Kafka and the Katzenjammer Kids,”
New York Times Book Review,
November 11, 1985, pp. 1, 37-39, quoted at p. 37. 

[“
Thoughtful and barbaric
”]: quoted in Mayne, p. 109.

299
[
Hemingway
’
s politics
]: see Scott Donaldson,
By Force of Will: The Life and Art of Ernest Hemingway
(Viking, 1977), ch. 5; John Killinger,
Hemingway and the Dead Gods: A Study in Existentialism
(University of Kentucky Press, 1960), esp. ch. 5; Carlos Baker,
Hemingway: The Writer as Artist
(Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 197-202, ch. 10 and
passim;
Ray B. West, Jr., “Ernest Hemingway: The Failure of Sensibility,”
Sewanee Review,
vol. 53 (1945), pp. 120-35; Lionel Trilling, “Hemingway and His Critics,” in Baker,
Hemingway and His Critics,
pp. 61-70.

[“
You believe in Life
”]: Hemingway,
For Whom the Bell Tolls
(Scribner, 1940), p. 305. [“
Presentness of the past
”]: Hyatt H. Waggoner, “William Harrison Faulkner,” in John A. Garraty, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Biography
(Harper, 1974), pp. 343-45, quoted at p. 344.

299
[
Faulkner in two American traditions
]:
ibid.,
p. 344.

[
Faulkner and public and private values
]: Faulkner, “Speech of Acceptance upon the Award of the Nobel Prize for Literature,” in
The Faulkner Reader
(Random House, 1954), pp. 3-4; Hyatt H. Waggoner,
William Faulkner: From Jefferson to the World
(University of Kentucky Press, 1959), esp. chs. 11-12; R. W. B. Lewis, “William Faulkner: The Hero in the New World,” in Robert Penn Warren, ed.,
Faulkner: A Collection of Critical Essays
(Prentice-Hall, 1966), pp. 204-18; Edmund Wilson, “William Faulkner’s Reply to the Civil-Rights Program,” in
ibid.,
pp. 219-25; Vincent F. Hopper, “Faulkner’s Paradise Lost,”
Virginia Quarterly Review,
vol. 23, no. 3 (Summer 1947), pp. 405-20; see also Joseph Blotner,
Faulkner,
2 vols. (Random House, 1974).

[“
Moving from a tenor
”]: quoted in Hopper, p. 420.

300
[“
We prate of freedom
”]: quoted in George W. Nitchie,
Human Values in the Poetry of Robert Frost: A Study of a Poet
’
s Convictions
(Duke University Press, 1960), pp. 88-89.

[“
Keep off each other
”]: “Build Soil—A Political Pastoral,” in Robert Frost,
Complete Poems
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), pp. 421-30, quoted at p. 429.

[“
Freedom I’d like to give”]:
quoted in Lawrance R. Thompson,
Fire and Ice: The Art and Thought of Robert Frost
(Henry Holt, 1942), p. 216; see also
ibid.,
pp. 177-232
passim;
Nitchie; Malcolm Cowley, “Frost: A Dissenting Opinion” and “The Case Against Mr. Frost: II,”
New Republic,
vol. 111, no. 11 (September 11, 1944), pp. 312-13, and no. 12 (September 18, 1944), pp. 345-47; William H. Pritchard,
Frost: A Literary Life Reconsidered
(Oxford University Press, 1984).

[
Hicks on Frost
]: Hicks, “The World of Robert Frost,”
New Republic,
vol. 65, no. 835 (December 3, 1930), pp. 77-78, quoted at p. 78.

[“
Wise primitive
”]: Mailer, “The White Negro: Superficial Reflections on the Hipster,” in Mailer,
Advertisements for Myself
(Putnam, 1959), pp. 337-58, quoted at p. 343.

[
Miller
]: Arthur Miller,
Timebends: A Life
(Grove Press, 1987); Leonard Moss,
Arthur Miller
(Twayne, 1967); Robert A. Martin, ed.,
The Theatre Essays of Arthur Miller
(Viking, 1978); Benjamin Nelson,
Arthur Miller: Portrait of a Playwright
(David McKay, 1970); Richard Corrigan, ed.,
Arthur Miller
(Prentice-Hall, 1969). [“
Right dramatic form
”]: Miller, “The Family in Modern Drama,” in Martin, pp. 69-85, quoted at p. 85.

301
[“
I always said
”]: Miller, “Introduction to the
Collected Plays,
” in
ibid.,
pp. 113-70, quoted at p. 141; see also Richard T. Brucher, “Willy Loman and
The Soul of a New Machine:
Technology and the Common Man,”
Journal of American Studies,
vol. 17, no. 3 (December 1983), pp. 325-36.

[
Europeans on America
’
s commitment to freedom
]: see Wagner in Kaiser and Schwarz, pp. 19-32, esp. pp. 24-25; see also Jean-Paul Sartre, “Individualism and Conformism in the United States,” in Sartre,
Literary and Philosophical Essays,
Annette Michelson, trans. (Criterion Books, 1955), pp. 97-106.

[
Shaw on Americans
]: quoted in Wagner, p. 25.

[
Khrushchev
’
s meeting with American labor leaders
]: “Free Labor Meets Khrushchev,” in Reuther,
Papers,
pp. 299-315, quoted at pp. 312, 313;
Khrushchev in America
(Crosscurrents Press, 1960), pp. 124-40; see also Herbert Mitgang,
Freedom to See: The Khrushchev Broadcast and Its Meaning for America
(Fund for the Republic, April 1958); Alexander Rapoport, “The Russian Broadcasts of the Voice of America,”
Russian Review,
vol. 16, no. 3 (July 1957), pp. 3-14; Alexander Anikst, “American Books and Soviet Readers,”
New World Review,
vol. 4, no. 3 (March 1956), pp. 18-20; Melville J. Ruggles, “American Books in Soviet Publishing,”
Slavic Review,
vol. 20 (1961), pp. 419-35.

303
[
Lives of the poor
]: see Robert L. Heilbroner,
The Great Ascent: The Struggle for Economic Development in Our Time
(Harper, 1963), chs. 2-3; see also Aidan W. Southall and Peter C. W. Gutkind,
Townsmen in the Making: Kampala and Its Suburbs
(East African Institute of Social Research, 1957).

[
Untouchable children in lime pits
]: Margaret Bourke-White,
Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India
(Simon and Schuster, 1949), ch. 14.

304
[
Division of world GNP
]: P. N. Rothenstein-Rodan, “International Aid for Underdeveloped Countries,”
Review of Economics and Statistics,
vol. 43, no. 2 (May 1961), p. 118 (Table l-A).

304
[
GNP per capita
]:
ibid.,
p. 118 (Table 1
-B);
see also
ibid.,
p. 126 (Table 2-C); Paul G. Hoffman,
World Without Want
(Harper, 1962), pp. 38-39 (Table 1).

[
Population growth and its causes
]; J. O. Hertzler,
The Crisis in World Population
(University of Nebraska Press, 1956), pp. 20-21 (Table 1), p. 22 (Figure 1), p. 23 (Table 2).

[
Nationalism, war, and decolonization
]: Peter Worsley,
The Third World,
2nd ed. (University of Chicago Press, 1970), chs. 2-3; T. O. Lloyd,
The British Empire, 1558-1981
(Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 276-92, 312-20; Milton Osborne,
Region of Revolt: Focus on Southeast Asia
(Penguin, 1970), ch. 5; Tony Smith, “Introduction,” in Tony Smith, ed.,
The End of the European Empire: Decolonization After World War II
(D. C. Heath, 1975), pp. vii-xxiii; Rudolf von Albertini, “The Impact of the Two World Wars on the Decline of Colonialism,” in
ibid.,
pp. 3-19; William R. Louis,
Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941-1945
(Oxford University Press, 1978). [
Worsley on sense of common fate
]: Worsley, p. 84.

[“
O masters, lords
”]: “The Man with the Hoe,” in Markham,
The Man with the Hoe and Other Poems
(Doubleday, Page, 1913), pp. 15-18, quoted at pp. 17, 18.

305
[
Imperviousness of Indian villages
]: see Kusum Nair,
Blossoms in the Dust: The Human Element in Indian Development
(Gerald Duckworth, 1961).

[
Forms of nationalist revolt and postcolonial government
]: see Worsley, chs. 3-5.

The Boston Irish

306
[
Numbers of Irish immigrants into Boston, late 1840s-1850s
]: Oscar Handlin,
Boston
’
s Immigrants, 1790-1865: A Study in Acculturation
(Harvard University Press, 1941), p. 229 (Table 5).

[
Irish famine
]: Thomas Gallagher,
Paddy
’
s Lament, Ireland 1846-1847: Prelude to Hatred
(Harcourt, 1982), ch. 1 and
passim;
Cecil Woodham-Smith,
The Great Hunger: Ireland, 1845-9
(Hamish Hamilton, 1962); R. Dudley Edwards and T. Desmond Williams, eds.,
The Great Famine: Studies in Irish History, 1845-52
(Browne and Nolan, 1956).

[
Famine deaths and emigration
]: see William P. MacArthur, “Medical History of the Famine,” in Edwards and Williams, pp. 308-12; William V. Shannon,
The American Irish
(Macmillan, 1966), p. 1; Oliver MacDonagh, “Irish Emigration to the United States of America and the British Colonies during the Famine,” in Edwards and Williams, pp. 317-88, esp. p. 388 (Appendix 1).

[
Ireland under British rule
]: J. C. Beckett,
The Making of Modem Ireland, 1603-1923
(Knopf, 1966); T. W. Freeman,
Pre-Famine Ireland: A Study in Historical Geography
(Manchester University Press, 1957); Thomas A. Emmet,
Ireland Under English Rule, or A Plea for the Plaintiff,
2 vols. (Knickerbocker Press, 1903); Lawrence J. McCaffrey,
The Irish Question, 1800-1922
(University of Kentucky Press, 1968); Edward M. Levine,
The Irish and Irish Politicians: A Study of Cultural and Social Alienation
(University of Notre Dame Press, 1966), ch. 2; Kevin B. Nowlan, “The Political Background,” in Edwards and Williams, ch. 3; Shannon, ch. 1.

[“
Always went forth
”]: quoted in Shannon, p. 9.

307
[
Irish in Boston
]: Handlin; Levine, ch. 3; Donald B. Cole,
Immigrant City: Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1845-1921
(University of North Carolina Press, 1963), esp. ch. 3; Shannon, ch. 11, also ch. 2; see also Gallagher, ch. 23; Woodham-Smith, ch. 12.

[
Irish in sports
]: Carl Wittke,
The Irish in America
(Louisiana State University Press, 1956), ch. 24; Shannon, pp. 95-102.

[
Irish in politics
]: Levine, esp. chs. 4-5; Arthur Mann,
Yankee Reformers in the Urban Age
(Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1954), ch. 2; Handlin, ch. 5; Shannon, chs. 4-5; Edgar Lin,
Beyond Pluralism: Ethnic Politics in America
(Scott, Foresman, 1970), ch. 8; see also Wittke, ch. 10; Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City
(MIT Press, 1963), pp. 217-87.

308
[
Irish economic progress
]: Stephan Thernstrom,
The Other Bostonians: Poverty and Progress in an American Metropolis, 1880-1970
(Harvard University Press, 1973), esp. pp. 130-44, 160-75; Handlin, esp. ch. 3; Cole, chs. 3-4, 7, and
passim;
Wittke, chs. 3-5, 7, 21; Marjorie R. Fallows,
Insh Americans: Identity and Assimilation
(Prentice-Hall, 1979), chs. 4-5; H. M. Gitelman, “The Waltham System and the Coming of the Irish,”
Labor History,
vol. 8, no. 3 (Fall 1967), pp. 227-53; Stephen Birmingham,
Real Lace: America
’
s Irish Rich
(Harper, 1973); Shannon, ch. 6.