American Experiment (453 page)

652
[
Eisenhower on his Warren appointment
]: Bernard Schwartz,
Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court
(New York University Press, 1983), p. 173.

[
Burger Court
]: Vincent Blasi, ed.,
The Burger
’
s Court: The Counter-Revolution That Wasn
’
t
(Yale University Press, 1983); Herman Schwartz, ed..
The Burger Years: Rights and Wrongs in the Supreme Court, 1969-1986
(Viking, 1987); Richard Y. Funston,
Constitutional Counter-Revolution
: (Schenkman Publishing, 1977), ch. 9
and passim.

653
[
Court and Denver schools
]:
Keyes
v.
School District No, 1, Denver, Colorado,
413 U.S. 189 (1973).

[
Detroit integration plan
]:
Milliken
v.
Bradley,
418 U.S. 717 (1974); see also Alfred H. Kelly, Winfred A. Harbison, and Herman Belz,
The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development,
6th ed. (Norton, 1983), pp. 710-11.

[
Pasadena desegregation plan
]:
Pasadena City Board of Education
v.
Spangler,
427 U.S. 424 (1976).

[Bakke]: 438 U.S. 265 (1978), quoted at 319, 307, respectively; see also Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 711-15; Paul Brest, “Race Discrimination,” in Blasi, pp. 124-31; Timothy J. O’Neill, Bakke &
The Politics of Equality
(Wesleyan University Press, 1985); Laurence H. Tribe,
Constitutional Choices
(Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 14. [
Women
’
s discrimination and the Burger Court
]: Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 715-18; Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “The Burger Court’s Grappling with Sex Discrimination,” in Blasi, pp. 132-57.

[
Burger Court and the Fourth Amendment
]: Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 645-48, 718-21; Funston, ch. 4; Yale Kamisar, “The Warren Court (Was It Really So Defense-Minded?), the Burger Court (Is It Really So Prosecution-Oriented?), and Police Investigatory Practices,” in Blasi, pp. 62-91; Schwartz,
Burger Years,
part 4. [“
Justices gave state police
”]: Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, p. 719.

654
[“J
urisprudence of Original lntention
”]: Mecse address before the American Bar Association, July 9, 1985, Washington, D.C. (Department of Justice, 1985); “Excerpts of Brennan’s Speech on Constitution,”
New York Times,
October 13, 1985, p. 36; “Excerpts from Stevens
’
s Rebuttal of Meese,”
ibid.,
October 26, 1985, p. 11; see also
ibid.,
October 17, 1985, p. B10.

[
Bork
]: Ronald Dworkin, “The Bork Nomination,”
New York Review of Books,
vol. 34, no. 13 (August 13, 1987), pp. 3-10; Dworkin, “From Bork to Kennedy,”
ibid.,
vol. 34, no. 20 (December 17, 1987), pp. 36-42.

Realignment?: Waiting for Lefty

655
[
Realignment and realigning eras
]: V. O. Key, Jr., “A Theory of Critical Elections,”
Journal of Politics,
vol. 17, no. 1 (February 1955), pp. 3-18; Walter Dean Burnham,
Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics
(Norton, 1970); James L. Sundquist,
Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States
(Brookings Institution, 1973); Bruce A. Campbell and Richard J. Trilling, eds.,
Realignment in American Politics: Toward a Theory
(University of Texas Press, 1980); Kristi Andersen,
The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928-1936
(University of Chicago Press, 1979); Stanley Kelley, Jr., “Democracy and the New Deal Party System,”
Working Paper 10: Democratic Values
(Project on the Federal Social Role of National Conference on Social Welfare, 1986); Dale Baum,
The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848-1876
(University of North Carolina Press, 1984).

655
[
A 1980s realignment?
]: Nelson W. Polsby, “Did the 1984 Election Signal Major Party Realignment?,”
Key Reporter,
vol. 50, no. 3 (Spring 1985), pp. 1-4; Walter Dean Burnham, “The 1984 Elections and the Future of American Politics,” in Sandoz and Crabb, pp. 204-60; Kevin P. Phillips, “A G.O.P. Majority?,”
New York Times,
April 19, 1984, p. A19; Jerome M. Clubb, William U. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale,
Partisan Realignment: Voters, Parties, and Government in American History
(Sage Publications,1980), pp. 273-98; Paul R. Abramson, John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde,
Change and Continuity in the 1984 Elections
(Congressional Quarterly Press, 1986), ch. 11; Martin P. Wallenberg, “The Hollow Realignment: Partisan Change in a Candidate-Centered Era,”
Public Opinion Quarterly,
vol. 51, no. 1 (Spring 1987), pp. 58-74; Robert S. McElvaine,
The End of the Conservative Era: Liberalism After Reagan
(uncorrected proofs: Arbor House, 1987), ch. 1;
Public Opinion,
vol. 8, no. 9 (October-November 1985). pp. 8-17, 21-40.

657
[“
In a bind
”]: Alexander P. Lamis, “Mississippi,” in Robert P. Steed, Laurence W. Moreland, and Tod A. Baker, eds.,
The 1984 Presidential Election in the South: Patients of Southern Party Politics
(Praeger, 1986), pp. 45-73, Lott quoted at p. 50. [
Realignment in the South
]: Alexander P. Lamis,
The Two-Party South
(Oxford University Press, 1984); Harold W. Stanley, “The 1984 Presidential Election in the South: Race and Realignment,” in Steed, Moreland and Baker,
1984 Presidential Election,
pp. 303- 35; Robert P. Steed, Laurence W. Moreland and Tod A. Baker, eds.,
Party Politics in the South
(Praeger, 1980), part 2.

[
White southern Republican identification
]: Everett Carll Ladd, “Alignment and Realignment: Where Are All the Voters Going?,”
The Ladd Report #3
(Norton, 1986), p. 8.

658
[
Democrats and liberals, late 1980s]:
Randall Rothenberg,
The Neo-liberals: Creating the New American Politics
(Simon and Schuster, 1984); Robert Kultner,
The Life of the Party: Democratic Prospects in 1988 and Beyond
(Viking, 1987), chs. 1, 5, and
passim;
Robert Lekachman,
Visions and Nightmares: America After Reagan
(Macmillan, 1987), ch. 6; McElvaine, esp. ch. 2; William Schneider. “The Democrats in ’88,”
Atlantic,
vol. 259, no. 4 (April 1987), pp. 37-59; see also Henry Fairlie, “Jackson’s Moment: What Jesse Can Teach the Democrats,”
New Republic,
vol. 190, no. 8 (February 27, 1984), pp. 11-14; Lucius J. Barker, “Black Americans and the Politics of Inclusion: The Significance of Jesse Jackson’s Presidential Campaigns,” paper prepared for presentation at the American Politics Workshop, Nankai University, China, November 19, 1988.

[“
If American voters
”]: Arthur M. Schlesinger. Jr., “For Democrats, Me-Too Reaganism Will Spell Disaster,”
New York Times,
July 6, 1986, sect. 4, p. 13. [“
Pragmatic in all things
”]: Schneider, p. 38.

[“
Democratic Code word
”]:
ibid.,
p. 37.

659
[
Democratic midterm conferences
]: Leon D. Epstein,
Political Parties in the American Mold
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), pp. 213-14;
New York Times,
June 26, 1985, p. B8.

[
Democratic Leadership Council
]: see Schneider, pp. 44, 46; Kuttner, pp. 28-29, 203-4.

660
[
The young in the 1980s
]: McElvaine, ch. 8: Crocker Coulson, “Lost Generation: The Politics of Youth,”
New Republic,
vol. 195, no. 22 (December 1, 1986), pp. 21-22.

[
McElvaine on babyboomers
]: McElvaine, p. 210.

[“
Springsteen Coalition
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 215-16, 228-31, quoted at p. 216.

661
[“
Black Monday
”]:
Newsweek,
vol. 110, no. 18 (November 2, 1987), pp. 14-53. [
Voter alienation
]: Walter Dean Burnham, “The Turnout Problem,” in A. James Reich- ley, ed.,
Elections American Style
(Brookings Institution, 1987), pp. 97-133; Abramson, Aldrich, and Rohde, ch. 4
passim;
Martin P. Wattenberg,
The Decline of American Political Parties, 1952-1980
(Harvard University Press, 1984); Curtis B. Cans, “The Empty Ballot Box: Reflections on Nonvoters in America,”
Public Opinion,
vol. 1, no. 4 (September-October 1978), pp. 54-57; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward,
Why Americans Don
’
t Vote
(Pantheon, 1988), esp. chs. 4, 7, Appendix A.

661
[
1984 voting percentage
]: Thomas E. Cronin, “The Presidential Election of 1984,” in Sandoz and Crabb, pp. 30-31.

661-2
[
Movements, nonvoters, and their transforming potential
]: Richard A. Cloward and Frances Fox Piven. “Toward a Class-Based Realignment of American Politics: A Movement Strategy,”
Social Policy,
vol. 13, no. 3 (Winter 1983), pp. 3-14; press report; Human Service Employees Registration & Voter Education Campaign, New York, N.Y., June 15, 1987.

A Rebirth of Leadership?

662
[
Cuomo
’
s decision
]:
New York Times,
February 20, 1987, pp. 1, B5;
ibid.,
February 21, 1981, pp. 1, 6-7.

663
[“
Extensive program of political education
”]: Bibby, p. 110.

[
Transactional and transforming leadership
]: see James MacGregor Burns,
Leadership
(Harper, 1978).

[
Demands for education reform
]: National Commission on Excellence in Education,
A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983); Allan Bloom,
The Closing of the American Mind
(Simon and Schuster, 1987); William J. Johnston, ed.,
Education on Trial: Strategies for the Future
(ICS Press, 1985); Beatrice Gross and Ronald Gross, eds.,
The Great School Debate: Which Way for American Education?
(Touchstone, 1985); and sources cited in ch. 14,
supra,
in section titled “Habits of Individualism.”

664
[
Phi Beta Kappa and Rhodes scholar survey
]: Bowen and Schuster, “The Changing Career Interests of the Nation’s Intellectual Elite,”
The Key Reporter,
vol. 51, no. 1 (Autumn 1985), pp. 1-4; see also Bowen and Schuster,
American Professors: A National Resource Imperiled
(Oxford University Press, 1986); Russell Jacoby,
The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe
(Basic Books, 1987).

[“
Less and less attractive
”]: Bowen and Schuster, “Changing Career Interests,” p. 3. [“
Working conditions for faculty
”]:
ibid.,
p. 4.

665
[“
Heap or jumble
”]: Bloom, p. 371.

[“
Straight and short road
”]: Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
(Knopf, 1945), vol. 2, pp. 41, 42.

[“
What lies between
”]:
ibid.,
vol. 2, p. 77.

[“
Men are born
”]: quoted in James MacGregor Burns,
Uncommon Sense
(Harper, 1972), p. 98. In this section I have borrowed concepts and phraseology from
ibid.,
ch. 6.

[“
Battle cry of freedom
”]: Irwin Silber, ed.,
Songs of the Civil War
(Columbia University Press, 1960), pp. 17-20, 26.

666
[“
Basic choices available
”]: Frankel, “The Relation of Theory to Practice: Some Standard Views,” in Herman D. Stein, ed.,
Social Theory and Social Invention
(Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1968), pp. 3-21, quoted at p. 20.

[
Lincoln on liberty
]: quoted in
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
Samuel I. Rosenman, comp. (Random House, 1938-50), vol. 9, p. 484. [“
Second Bill of Rights
”]: Message to the Congress on the State of the Union, January 11, 1944, in
ibid.,
vol. 13, pp. 32-44, quoted at p. 41.

667
[
Judiciary and civil liberties
]: M. Glenn Abernathy,
Civil Liberties Under the Constitution,
2nd ed. (Dodd, Mead, 1972); Zechariah Chaffee. Jr.,
Free Speech in the United States
(Harvard University Press, 1941); Schwartz,
Burger Years,
part 2; Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 722-27.

[
Court and Louisiana creationism statute
]:
Edwards, Governor of Louisiana
v.
Auillard,
482 U.S. (1987).

668
[“
Pastoral Letter
”]: excerpts in
New York Times,
November 12, 1984, p. B10; see also Victor Ferkiss, “The Bishops’ Letter and the Future,” in R. Bruce Douglass, ed.,
The Deeper Meaning of Economic Life
(Georgetown University Press, 1986), pp. 139-55; John Langan, The American Context of the U.S. Bishops’ Pastoral Letter on the Economy,” in
ibid.,
pp. 1-19.

669
[
American distribution of wealth
]: Jim Hightower, “Where Greed, Unofficially Blessed by Reagan, Has Led,”
New York Times,
June 21, 1987, sect. 4, p. 25; see also Frank Levy,
Dollars and Dreams: The Changing American Income Distribution
(Russell Sage Foundation/Basic Books, 1987).

670
[
Early fall 1988 poll on sense of economic well-being
]: Everett C. Ladd,
The Ladd 1988 Election Update,
vol. 9 (October 1988), p. 5.

[
August 1988 poll on Reagan Administration
’
s conservatism
]:
ibid.

[
Voter turnout, 1988 election
]:
New York Times,
November 10, 1988, p. B7 (table).

671
[
Maccoby on James
]: “A Symposium: Some Issues of Technology,”
Daedalus,
vol. 19, no. 1 (Winter 1980), pp. 3-24, quoted at p. 21.

[“
Politics in the United States
”]: Brinkley, “What Hart’s Fall Says About America,”
New York Times,
May 21, 1987, p. A31.