American Experiment (451 page)

[
Abstract Expressionism
]: Harry F. Gaugh, “Reappraising the New York School,” in Sam Hunter, ed.,
An American Renaissance: Painting and Sculpture since 1940
(Abbeville Press, 1986), pp. 27-61; Charles Harrison, “Abstract Expressionism,” in Nikos Stangos, ed.,
Concepts of Modern Art,
2nd. ed. (Harper, 1981), pp. 169-211; Maurice Tuchman, ed.,
New York School: The First Generation
(New York Graphic Society, 1972); Irving Sandler,
The Triumph of American Painting: A History of Abstract Expressionism
(Praeger, 1970); Russell, pp. 302-27
passim;
see also Leo Steinberg,
Other Criteria: Confrontations with Twentieth-Century Art
(Oxford University Press, 1972), chs. 10, 11.

[
Russell on Frankenthaler
]: Russell, p. 357.

[“
Drowning Girl
”]: reproduced in
ibid.,
p. 348.

[“
New, Newer, Newest
”]: John Simon, “New, Newer, Newest,”
New York Times,
September 21, 1969, sect. 2, pp. 1, 7; see also Burns,
Awkward Embrace,
ch. 13
passim.

[“
Most difficult, embattled
”]: Suzi Gablik, “Minimalism,” in Stangos, pp. 244-55, quoted at p. 248; see also Hal Foster, “The Crux of Minimalism,” in Howard Singerman, ed.,
Individuals: A Selected History of Contemporary Art, 1945-1986
(Abbeville Press, 1986), pp. 162-83.

622
[
Merging of High and Mass Culture
]: Herbert J. Gans, “American Popular Culture and High Culture in a Changing Glass Structure,” in Judith H. Balfe and Margaret Jane Wyszomirski, eds.,
Art, Ideology, and Politics
(Praeger, 1985), pp. 40-57, quoted at p. 49; Dwight Macdonald, “A Theory of Mass Culture,” in Bernard Rosenberg and David M. White, eds.,
Mass Culture: The Popular Arts in America
(Free Press, 1957), pp. 59-73; Clement Greenberg, “Avant-Garde and Kitsch,” in Greenberg,
The Collected Essays and Criticism,
John O’Brian, ed. (University of Chicago Press, 1986), vol. 1, pp. 5-22; “Culture and the Present Moment: A Round-Table Discussion,”
Commentary,
vol. 58, no. 6 (December 1974), pp. 31-50; Susan Sontag, “Notes on ‘Camp,’ ” in Sontag,
Against lnterpretation and Other Essays
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1966), pp. 275-92.

622
[
Hughes on Kramer
]: Robert Hughes, “Kramer vs. Kramer” (review of Hilton Kramer,
The Revenge of the Philistines: Art and Culture 1972-1984
[Free Press, 1985]:
New Republic,
vol. 194, no. 15 (April 14, 1986), pp. 28-33, quoted at p. 32.

[“
Free-market capitalism
”]:
ibid.,
p. 32; see also Kramer, “Postmodern: Art and Culture in the 1980s,” in Kramer, pp. 1-11.

[
Free market in art
]: John Bernard Myers, “The Art Biz,”
New York Review of Books,
vol. 30, no. 15 (October 13, 1983), pp. 32-34, quoted at p. 32; see also Steven W. Naifeh,
Culture Making: Money, Success, and the New York Art World
(Princeton University Undergraduate Studies in History: 2, 1976); Harold Rosenberg,
Art on the Edge: Creators and Situations
(Macmillan, 1975), ch. 26; Laura de Coppet and Alan Jones,
The Art Dealers
(Clarkson N. Potter, 1984).

[“
Radically wrong
”]: Russell, p. 381. [“
Two Women
”
sale
]
:
Myers, p. 32.

[
Artists and politics
]: Corinne Robins,
The Pluralistic Era: American Art,*1968-1981
(Harper, 1984), ch. 3; Balfe and Wyszomirski: Hilton Kramer, “Turning Back the Clock: Art and Politics in 1984,” in Kramer, pp. 386-94; Paul Von Blum,
The Art of Social Conscience
(Universe Books, 1976), ch. 9.

622-3
[
New York Art Strike
]: Robins, pp. 2-3, 39.

623
[
Kennedy
’
s proposed legislation for the resale of art
]: see “U.S. Bill on Artists’ Rights Is Debated,”
New York Times,
November 19, 1986, p. C33; see also Franklin Feldman, “Reflections on Art and the Law: Old Concepts. New Values,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,
vol. 131, no. 2 (June 1987), pp. 141-47.

[
Sontag on
“
art today
”]: Susan Sontag, “One Culture and the New Sensibility,” in Sontag, pp. 293-304, quoted at p. 290.

[
Attacks on tradition, 1960s-1980s
]: Gregory Baltcock and Robert Nickas, eds.,
The Art of Performance
(E. P. Dutton, 1984); Robert Smith, “Conceptual Art,” in Stangos, pp. 256-70; Edward Lucie-Smith, “Pop Art,” in
ibid.,
pp. 225-38: Lucy Lippard et al..
Pop Art
(Oxford University Press, 1966); Carla Gottlieb,
Beyond Modern Art
(E. P. Dutton, 1976); Robins, esp. chs. 2, 4, 8; Robert C. Morgan, “Beyond Formalism: Language Models, Conceptual Art, and Environmental Art,” in Hunter, pp. 147-75;
Machineworks: Vito Accona, Alice Aycock, Dennis Oppenheim,
catalogue (Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania, 1981); Moira Roth, ed.,
The Amazing Decade: Women and Performance Art, 1970-1980
(Astro Artz, 1983); see also Arthur C. Danlo,
The Transfiguration of the Commonplace: A Philosophy of Art
(Harvard University Press, 1981).

[
Influence of Duchamp
]: John Tancock, “The Influence of Marcel Duchamp,” in Anne d’Harnoncourt and Kynaston McShine, eds.,
Marcel Duchamp
(Museum of Modern Art, 1973), pp. 159-78; Rosenberg, ch. 1; Calvin Tomkins,
The World of Marcel Duchamp, 1887
(Time Inc., 1966), chs. 7-8.

[
Neo-Expressiomsm
]:
1985 Whitney Biennial Exhibition,
catalogue (Whitney Museum of Modern Art, 1985); Arthur C. Danto, “Julian Schnabel,” in Danto,
The State of the Art
(Prentice-Hall, 1987), pp. 43-47; Howard N. Fox
, Avant-Garde in the Eighties,
catalogue (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1987); Kim Levin, “Appropriating the Past: Neo-Expressionism, Neo-Primitivism, and the Revival of Abstraction,” in Hunter, pp. 215-53; John Russell, “American Art Gains New Energies,”
New York Times,
August 19, 1984, sect. 2, pp. 1, 18; Kramer, pp. 366-86.

[
Postindustrial technologies and art
]: John G. Hanhardt, ed.,
Video Culture
(Visual Studies Workshop Press, 1986); Cynthia Goodman,
Digital Visions: Computers and Art
(Harry N. Abrams, 1987); see also J. David Bolter,
Turing
’
s Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age
(University of North Carolina Press, 1984).

[“
When anything is allowed
”]: Danto, “Approaching the End of Art,” in Danto,
State of the Art,
pp. 202-18, quoted at p. 204.

624
[
Structuralism and Deconstruction
]: see Jonathan D. Culler,
The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction
(Cornell University Press, 1981); Culler,
On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism After Structuralism
(Cornell University Press, 1982); Vincent B. Leitch,
Deconstructive Criticism: An Advanced Introduction
(Columbia University Press, 1983.)

[
Postmodernism
]: Charles Newman, “The Post-Modern Aura: The Act of Fiction in an Age of Inflation,”
Salmagundi,
nos. 63-64 (Spring-Summer 1984), pp. 3-199; Jean-François Lyotard,
The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge,
Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi, trans. (University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Hal Foster, ed.,
The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture
(Bay Press, 1983); Kramer, “Postmodern”; Heinrich Klotz, ed.,
Postmodern Visions
(Abbeville Press, 1985); Charles Jencks,
The Language of Past-Modern Architecture,
4th ed. (Rizzoli, 1984).

[
Broadway in the 1970s-1980s
]: Barbara Gelb, “O’Neill’s ‘Iceman’ Sprang from the Ashes of His Youth,”
New York Times,
September 29, 1985, sect. 2, pp. 1, 4; Mel Gussow, “Arthur Miller: Stirred by Memory,”
ibid.,
February 1, 1987, sect. 2, pp. 1, 30; D. J. R. Bruckner, “Playwrights Rediscover the Uses of Politics,”
ibid.,
September 22, 1985, sect. 2, p. 3.

[
Advances in the technology of music
]: Irwin Shainman, “Those Golden Sounds of Yesteryear Have Gone High-Tech,”
Berkshire Eagle,
December 27, 1986, p. B4.

The Conservative Mall

[
AEI celebration
]: Sidney Blumenthal,
The Rise of the Counter-Establishment: From Conservative Ideology to Political Power
(Times Books, 1986), pp. 32-34, quoted at pp. 32, 33.

625
[
Dinner at Delmonico
’
s
]: James MacGregor Burns,
The Workshop of Democracy
(Knopf, 1985), pp. 161-62, and sources cited therein.

[
Fifty-year conservative eclipse
]: see Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
The Cycles of American History
(Houghton Mifflin, 1986), ch. 2; Michael W. Miles,
The Odyssey of the American Right
(Oxford University Press, 1980).

626
[“
Hitch-hike along
”]: quoted in Jonathan Martin Kolkey,
The New Right, 1960-1968: With Epilogue, 1969-1980
(University Press of America, 1983), p. 248.

[
Liberal establishment
]: quoted in Blumenthal, p. 4.

[
Rossiter on conservatism
]: Rossiter,
Conservatism in America
(Knopf, 1955), pp. 224-35 and
passim.

[
Hartz on conservatism
]: Hartz,
The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution
(Harcourt, 1955).

[
Hofstadter on conservatism
]: Richard Hofstadter,
The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays
(Knopf 1965), chs. 3, 4.

[
Crawford
’
s exposé of the New Right
]: Crawford,
Thunder on the Right
(Pantheon, 1980), Viereck quoted on “rabble-rousing populism” on jacket.

[
Explanations for rise of consevative movement
]: George H. Nash,
The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945
(Basic Books, 1976), chs. 9-11; Blumenthal, ch 12 and
passim:
Crawford, pp. 30-41; Kolkey, esp. chs. 13-15; Peter Steinfels,
The Neo Conservatives
(Simon and Schuster, 1979), ch. 2 and
passim.

627
[
Ideas as weapons
]: Max Lerner,
Ideas Are Weapons: The History and Uses of Ideas
(Viking, 1939); Richard M. Weaver,
Ideas Have Consequences
(Universitv of Chicago Press, 1948).

[“
Massive public education
”]: quoted in Kolkey, p. 250.

[
Conservative journals
]: Crawford, pp. 30-32, 181-207; Steinfels, pp. 4-12. [
Conservative factions
]: see Blumenthal, ch. 13
passim;
Miles, esp. part 3; Steinfels; Kolkey, ch. 1 and pp. 334-39; Crawford; Richard Striner, “Can Conservatism Survive Laissez Faire?,”
American Politics
(December 1986), pp. 19-21; George F. Will, “The Soul of Conservatism,”
Newsweek,
vol. 106, no. 20 (November 11, 1985), p. 92; Will,
Statecraft As Soulcraft: What Government Does
(Simon and Schuster, 1983).

627-8
[
New Christian right
]: Robert C. Liebman and Robert Wuthnow, eds.,
The New Christian Right: Mobilization and Legitimation
(Aldine, 1983); George Marsden, ed.,
Evangelicalism and Modern America
(William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1984); James D. Hunter,
Evangelicalism: The Coming Generation
(University of Chicago Press, 1987); A. James Reichley,
Religion in American Public Life
(Brookings Institution, 1985), pp. 311-31.

628
[
Buckley and Eastman
]: John Patrick Diggins,
Up from Communism: Conservative Odysseys in American Intellectual History
(Harper, 1975), p. 346.

[
Reagan and the conservative movement
]: Blumenthal, ch. 9; Robert Dallek,
Ronald Reagan: The Politics of Symbolism
(Harvard University Press, 1984), ch. 2.

629
[
Blumenthal on Reaganism
]: Blumenthal, p. 241.

[
Liberalism
’
s successes
]: see John E. Schwarz,
America
’
s Hidden Success: A Reassessment of Twenty Years of Public Policy
(Norton, 1983); see also Walter R. Mead,
Mortal Splendor: The American Empire in Transition
(Houghton Mifflin, 1987).

[
Trilling on liberalism
]: quoted in
Wall Street Journal,
April 15, 1986, p. 64.

[“
New Public Philosophy
”]: Robert B. Reich, “Toward a New Public Philosophy,”
Atlantic,
vol. 255, no. 5 (May 1985), pp. 68-79; see also Reich, “An Industrial Policy of the Right,”
The Public Interest,
vol. 73 (Fall 1983), pp. 3-17; Reich,
Tales of a New America
(Times Books, 1987); commencement address of Senator Gary Hart at Talladega College, Talladega, Ala., May 19, 1985.

[“
Seriously underestimated
”]: quoted in Walter Goodman, “Dr. Kenneth B. Clark: Bewilderment Replaces ‘Wishful Thinking’ on Race,”
New York Times,
December 27, 1984, p. A14.

[“
Not God-ordained
”]:
ibid.

[“
Greatest wave of social reform
”]: Irving Howe,
Socialism and America
(Harcourt, 1985), p. 84.

632
[
Possibilities of socialist-liberal coalition
]: see
ibid.,
pp. 147-75; see also Samuel P. Huntington, “The Visions of the Democratic Party,”
The Public Interest,
vol. 79 (Spring 1985), pp. 63-78.

633
[
Gorbachev
’
s leadership
]: Robert C. Tucker,
Political Culture and Leadership in Soviet Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev
(Norton, 1988); Michael Mandelbaum and Strobe Talbott,
Reagan and Gorbachev
(Vintage, 1987); Jerry Hough,
Russia and the West: Gorbachev and the Politics of Reform
(Simon and Schuster, 1988); Mikhail Gorbachev,
Perestroïka: New Thinking for Our Country and the World
(Harper, 1987).