American Experiment (446 page)

545
[“
Awoke to find himself famous
”]: Clark, p. 237; see also
ibid.,
pp. 227-33; Pais, pp. 303-12; Tauber, part 3.

[“
Axiomatic basis
”]: “The Fabric of the Universe,” London
Times,
November 7, 1919, p. 3.

[“
Peace that does not conceal
”]: quoted in Clark, p. 219.

[
Einstein and League of Nations
]: Clark, ch. 13
passim:
Nathan and Norden, ch. 3.

[
Einstein and Zionism, interwar
]: Clark, ch. 14
passim.

[“
Guileless child
”]: quoted in Clark, p. 145.

[
Einstein and the Nazis
]: Clark, chs. 15-17
passim:
Nathan and Norden, chs. 6-7.

[
Einstein
’
s letter to FDR
]: Clark, pp. 550-58, quoted at p. 556.

[“
I signed the letter”]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 554.

[
Einstein and the making of the atomic bomb
]:
ibid.,
ch. 20
passim:
Sayen, pp. 117-23, 147-48, 171; Nathan and Norden, ch. 9; see also Richard Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
(Simon and Schuster, 1986).

[“
Entire cities
”]: quoted in Clark, p. 582.

546
[
Szilard appointment
]:
ibid.,
pp. 581-83.

[
Einstein
’
s refusal of Israeli presidency
]: Clark, pp. 617-19; Nathan and Norden, pp. 571-74.

[
Defense of Heidelberg professor
]: Clark, p. 597.

[“
Revolutionary way of non-cooperation
”]:
New York Times,
June 12, 1953, pp. 1, 9, quoted at p. 9; see also Clark, pp. 597-99; Sayen, pp. 267-79; Nathan and Norden, ch. 16.

[Times
criticism of Einstein]: New York Times,
June 13, 1953, p. 14.

[“
Intellectuals of this country
”]:
ibid.,
June 12, 1953, p. 9.

[“
Manifesto to Europeans
”]: Clark, pp. 180-82; Nathan and Norden, pp. 3-8.

[
Einstein and world government movement
]: Clark, pp. 587-91; Nathan and Norden, esp. ch. 13.

[
Russell manifesto
]: Clark, pp. 624-27; Nathan and Norden, ch. 18.

546-7
[
Einstein
’
s search for grand unified theory
]: Clark, pp. 405-9, 612-14; Pais, esp. ch. 17; see also Barry Parker,
Einstein
’
s Dream: The Search For a Unified Theory of the Universe
(Plenum Press, 1986); Tauber, part 7.

547
[
Born on general relativity
]: quoted in Clark, p. 200.

[“
Further this simplification
”]:
ibid.,
p. 407.

[“
Old One
”
did not
“
throw dice
”]:
ibid.,
p. 340.

[
Snow on intellectual fragmentation
]: Snow,
The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution
(Cambridge University Press, 1959); Snow,
The Two Cultures and a Second Look
(Cambridge University Press, 1964), esp. pp. 53-100.

548
[“
Achievements and promises
”]: Morgenthau,
Science: Servant or Master?
(New American Library, 1972), p. 4; see also Farrington Daniels and Thomas M. Smith, eds.,
The Challenge of Our Times: Contemporary Trends in Science and Human Affairs as Seen by Twenty Professors at the University of Wisconsin
(Burgess Publishing, 1953); George H. Daniels,
Science in American Society
(Knopf, 1971); Gerald James Holton,
The Advancement of Science, and Its Burdens: The Jefferson Lectures and Other Essays
(Cambridge University Press, 1986).

[“
When science fails
”]: Morgenthau, pp. 46-47.

[
Collisions between science and politics
]: Daniel S. Greenberg,
The Politics of Pure Science
(New American Library, 1967); Vannevar Bush,
Pieces of the Action
(Morrow, 1970); C. P. Snow,
Science and Government
(Harvard University Press, 1961); Jerome B. Wiesner,
Where Science and Politics Meet
(McGraw-Hill, 1965); Rae Goodell,
The Visible Scientists
(Little, Brown, 1977); Hilary Rose and Steven Rose,
Science and Society
(Penguin, 1969). [
Army destruction of Japanese cyclotrons
]: Greenberg, p. 118.

549
[“
Dominated outside of atomic energy
”]: Kevles,
The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America
(Knopf, 1978), p. 365.

[“
Evangelical zeal
”]: Alice Kimball Smith,
A Peril and a Hope: The Scientists* Movement in America, 1945-47
(University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. 529.

[“
Seduction and rape
”]: Greenberg, p. 125.

[
Oppenheimer
]: Kevles, pp. 380-82, 391, Oppenheimer quoted at p. 391; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
in the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954); Philip M. Stern and Harold P. Green,
The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial
(Harper, 1969).

550
[
Einstein as patent clerk
]: Clark, pp. 45-51, “eight hours of idleness” quoted at p. 51; Pais, pp. 46-47.

[
Maccoby on growth of technological systems
]: “Some Issues of Technology: A Symposium,”
Daedalus,
vol. 109, no. 1 (Winter 1980), pp. 3-24, esp. p. 15.

[
Bell Laboratories
]: N. Bruce Hannay and Robert E. McGinn, “The Anatomy of Modern Technology,”
ibid.,
p. 40; see also Braun and Macdonald, ch. 4
passim:
Jeremy Bernstein,
Three Degrees Above Zero: Bell Labs in the Information Age
(Scribner, 1984).

[
Information revolution
]: see James R. Beniger,
The Control Revolution
(Harvard University Press, 1986).

551
[“
Seriously hampered
”]: James Fallows, “Terminal Paranoia” (review of Theodore Roszak,
The Cult of Information: The Folklore of Computers and the True Art of Thinking
(Pantheon, 1986),
New Republic,
vol. 195, nos. 2-3 (July 14-21, 1986), pp. 30-32, Roszak quoted at p. 30.

[“
A general redefinition
”]: Bolter,
Turing
’
s Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age
(University of North Carolina Press, 1984), p. 9.

[“
Internalize and even consciously adopt
”]: Noble,
Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation
(Knopf, 1984), p. 43; see also
ibid., passim:
Larry Hirschhorn,
Beyond Mechanization: Work and Technology in a Postindustrial Age
(MIT Press, 1984), ch. 7 and
passim.

[
Ignored history of women
’
s technologies
]: Cowan, “From Virginia Dare to Virginia Slims: Women and Technology in American Life,”
Technology and Culture
(University of Chicago Press), vol. 20, no. 1 (January 1979), pp. 51-63, quoted at p. 51. [
Antitechnology attitudes among women in the 1970s
]:
ibid.,
pp. 61-63.

552
[
Moses
’
s parkway bridges
]: Langdon Winner, “Do Artifacts have Politics?,”
Daedalus,
vol. 109, no. 1 (Winter 1980), pp. 121-36, esp. pp. 123-24; Robert A. Caro,
The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York
(Knopf, 1974), pp. 318-19, 546, 951-58.

[“
A weak value system
”]: Joseph Weizenbaum, quoted in “Some Issues of Technology,” p. 3; see also
ibid.,
p. 14, [“
No way to run a railroad
”]: Winner, p. 133.

[
Post-Sputnik rush
]: Philip W. Jackson, “The Reform of Science Education: A Cautionary Tale,”
Daedalus,
vol. 112, no. 2 (Spring 1983), pp. 143-66, esp. pp. 147-48. [
Graubard on science education
]: Graubard, “Nothing to Fear, Much to Do,”
ibid.,
pp. 231-48, quoted at p. 233.

[
Commercial textbooks
]: Jackson, p. 150.

[
Graduate enrollment
]: Theodore P. Perros, “U.S. Heads Down the Road to Scientific Dotage,”
New York Times,
December 8, 1986, p. A26.

[“
Content to be served
”]: Kenneth Prewitt, “Scientific Illiteracy and Democratic Theory,”
Daedalus,
vol. 112, no. 2 (Spring 1983), pp. 49-64, Clifton R. Wharton quoted at p. 53; see also Manfred Stanley,
The Technological Conscience: Survival and Dignity in an Age of Expertise
(Free Press, 1978).

The Rich and the Poor

554
[
Camp David conference
]: Herbert Stein,
Presidential Economics: The Making of Economic Policy from Roosevelt to Reagan and Beyond
(Simon and Schuster, 1984), pp. 176-80; Leonard Silk,
Economics in the Real World
(Simon and Schuster, 1984), pp. 37-41; Richard Nixon,
Memoirs
(Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), pp. 518-20. [“
Comprehensive new economic policy
”]: Address to the Nation Outlining a New Economic Policy; “The Challenge of Peace,” August 15, 1971, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971-75), vol. 3, pp. 886-90, quoted at p. 890.

[
Stein on Camp David conference
]: Stein, pp. 176-77.

[
Johnson
’
s economic policies
]:
ibid.,
ch. 4; Hobart Rowen,
The Free Enterprisers: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Business Establishment
(Putnam, 1964), chs. 3, 13; James L. Sundquist,
Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years
(Brookings Institution, 1968), chs. 2-4, 11
passim.

555
[
Stein on Nixon
’
s ambivalence
]: see Stein, p. 135.

[
Nixon
’s
economic policies
]: A. James Reichley,
Conservatives in an Age of Change: The Nixon and Ford Administrations
(Brookings Institution, 1981), chs. 3-5, 7-8, 10-11
passim;
Leonard Silk,
Nixonomics: How the Dismal Science of Free Enterprise Became the Black Art of Controls
(Praeger, 1972); Stein, ch. 5; Rowland Evans, Jr., and Robert D. Novak,
Nixon in the White House
(Random House, 1971), ch. 7.

[
Penn Central collapse
]: Silk,
Economics,
p. 36; Robert Sobel,
The Fallen Colossus
(Weybright and Talley, 1977); Stephen Salsbury,
No Way to Run a Railroad
(McGraw-Hill, 1982).

555-6
[
Economic storms from abroad and Nixon
’
s reaction]:
Silk,
Nixonomics,
chs. 9-12; Silk,
Economics,
ch. 4
passim;
Stein, pp. 163-68.

556
[“
New Economic Policy
”
and reactions
]:
Nixon Public Papers,
vol. 3, pp. 886-90, quoted at p. 886; see also Silk,
Nixonomics,
chs. 6-7; Stein, pp. 179-87;
Time,
vol. 98, no. 9 (August 30, 1971), pp. 4-18;
New York Times,
August 16, 1971, pp. 1, 14-15;
ibid.,
August 17, 1971, p. 1.

[“
Total disaster
”]: Stein, p. 186.

557
[
Stein on Nixon
’
s economic policies
]:
ibid.,
p. 207.

[“
That
’
s devaluation?
”]: quoted in Silk,
Economics,
pp. 45-46.

557-8
[
Ford
’
s economic policies
]: Reichley, chs. 14-15, 17-18
passim;
Stein, pp. 209-16; Silk,
Economics,
ch. 6; John Osborne,
White House Watch: The Ford Years
(New Republic Books, 1977), pp. 67-76, 204-9, 229-35.

[
Carter on his
“
exact procedure
”]: quoted in Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., and David DeF. Whitman,
The President as Policymaker: Jimmy Carter and Welfare Reform
(Temple University Press, 1981), p. 262.

[
Carter
’
s drift to the right in economic policies
]: Betty Glad
, Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House
(Norton, 1980), pp. 426-27; Stein, pp. 216-33; Silk,
Nixonomics,
chs. 10-11; William Greider,
Secrets of the Temple: How the Federal Reserve Runs the Country
(Simon and Schuster, 1988), part 1
passim.

559
[
Economy in December 1980
]:
Time.
vol. 117, no. 3 (January 19, 1981), pp. 62, 63.

[
Democratic congressional opposition to Carter
]: quoted in Glad, p. 427.

[“
Clings to what
”]: quoted in
Time,
vol. 98, no. 9 (August 30, 1971), p. 5.

[
Hayek
]: Friedrich August von Hayek,
Road to Serfdom
(University of Chicago Press, 1944); see also Silk,
Economics,
ch. 8.

[
New Deal Keynesian economics
] : Alvin Harvey Hansen,
Full Recovery or Stagnation
? (Norton, 1938); Stein, ch. 2.

[
Truman, Eisenhower, JFK, LBJ as Keynesians
]: see Stein, chs. 3, 4.

[“
Now I am a Keynesian
”]: quoted in
ibid,,
p. 135.

[
Hansen on Keynesiamsm
]: Hansen, pp. 327-28.

[
Lekachman on Keynesianism
]: Lekachman, “A Keynes for All Seasons,”
New Republic,
vol. 188, no. 24 (June 20, 1983), pp. 21-25, quoted at p. 24.

561-2
[
Attacks on Keynesian assumptions
]: Stein, pp. 46-53; see also Henry Hazlitt,
The Critics of Keynesian Economics
(Van Nostrand, 1960).

562
[
Monetarism
]: Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz,
A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960
(Princeton University Press, 1963); Milton Friedman,
The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays
(Aldine, 1969); Lester C. Thurow,
Dangerous Currents: The State of Economics
(Random House, 1983), ch. 3
passim:
William Breit and Roger L. Ransom,
The Academic Scribblers: American Economists in Collision
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), chs. 13-14.