American Experiment (443 page)

[
Summit II
]: Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
pp. 286-301; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 876-87; Garthoff, pp. 330-44.

[“
Act in such a manner
”]: quoted in Garthoff, p. 334; see also
ibid.,
pp. 334-44; Kissinger,
Year of Upheaval,
pp. 274-86.

486
[
Nixon
’
s suspicions of Brezhnev
’
s motives
]: Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 880-81. [“
Landmark
”
step
]: quoted in Gartoff, p. 335.

[“
Bland set of principles
”]: Kissinger,
While House Years,
p. 1152.

[
Summit conflict over Middle East
]: Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
pp. 297-99; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 884-86; Garthoff, pp. 364-65.

487
[
Middle East crisis
]: Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
chs. 11-12; Garthoff, ch. 12; Alan Dowty,
Middle East Crisis: U.S. Decision-Making in 1958, 1970, and 1973
(University of California Press, 1984), part 3; John G. Stoessinger,
Henry Kissinger: The Anguish of Power
(Norton, 1976), pp. 175-95.

[“
Appropriate steps unilaterally
”]: quoted in Garthoff, p. 377.

487
[“
Strangelove Day
”]:
ibid.,
p. 378. [“
In no event
”]:
ibid.,
p. 380.

[
Garthoff on Kissinger
’
s motives
]:
ibid.,
p. 384.

[“
Soviets subsided
”]: Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
p. 980.

488
[
NATO and détente
]: see
ibid.,
chs. 5, 16
passim;
Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 1273-75.

[
Doubts concerning detente
]: Garthoff, ch. 12
passim;
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
ch. 22
passim.

[
Vladivostok summit
]: Gerald R. Ford,
A Time To Heal
(Harper, 1979), pp. 213-19; Garthoff, pp. 443-50; Thomas W. Wolfe,
The SALT Experience
(Ballinger, 1979), ch. 9. 488-9 [
Helsinki agreements
]: Garthoff, pp. 473-79; Ford, pp. 298-306
passim.

489
[
Schlesinger firing
]: Ford, pp. 320-24; Reichley, pp. 348-51; Garthoff, pp. 441-42.

[
Fall of South Vietnam
]: Isaacs, ch. 13; Karnow, pp. 659-70; Herring, pp. 252-63; Alan Dawson, 55
Days: The Fall of South Vietnam
(Prentice-Hall, 1977); see also Frances FitzGerald,
Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1972), esp. ch. 17.

[
Farmer and bullock
]: story related to author.

Foreign Policy: The Faltering Experiments

491
[“
A new leadership
”]: press conference of A. A. Gromyko,
Pravda,
April 1, 1977, as quoted in Garthoff, p. 809.

[“
Ruling circles
”]: “On the Present Policy of the U.S. Government,”
Pravda,
June 17, 1978, as quoted in
ibid.,
p. 604.

[“
Explicit value, and means calculations
”]: Gabriel A. Almond,
The American People and Foreign Policy
(Harcourt, 1950), pp. 66-85, quoted at p. 69; see also Frank L. Klingberg, “The Historical Alternation of Moods in American Foreign Policy,”
World Politics,
vol. 4, no. 4 (January 1952), pp. 239-73.

492
[“
Fortress America
”]: Henry A. Kissinger,
The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy
(Harper, 1961), p. 1.

[“
In a revolutionary period
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 355-56.

493
[
Kissinger on
“
middle way
”]:
ibid.,
ch. 8.

493-4
[
Alternative strategies
]: James MacGregor Burns, “A Way Out in Vietnam,”
Harper
’
s,
vol. 233, no. 1394 (August 1966), pp. 34-35; see also Anthony Eden, “Toward Peace in Indochina, Twelve Steps to a Long-range Settlement,”
ibid.,
pp. 36-43; see, generally, Joseph W. and Stewart Alsop Papers, General Correspondence, esp. containers 69-77, Library of Congress.

494
[“
No true Nixon
”]: Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
pp. 73-74.

[
Stevenson on Adlai
]: John Bartlow Martin,
Adlai Stevenson and the World
(Doubleday, 1977), p. 547.

495
[“
Early presidents deliberately selected
”]: Schlesinger,
The Cycles of American History
(Houghton Mifflin, 1986), pp. 296-97; see also Abraham D. Sofaer,
War, Foreign Affairs and Constitutional Power: The Origins
(Ballinger, 1976).

[
Media and foreign policy
]: see Montague Kern, Patricia W. Levering, and Ralph B. Levering,
The Kennedy Crises: The Press, the Presidency, and Foreign Policy
(University of North Carolina Press, 1983); David L. Paletz and Robert M. Entman,
Media Power Politics
(Free Press, 1981), ch. 13.

[“
Caused severe damage
”]: in
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D Roosevelt,
Samuel I. Rosenman, comp. (Random House, 1938-50), vol. 10, pp. 514-16, quoted at p. 514.

[“
Hell of a beating
”]: quoted in Tuchman, p. 300.

496
[“
Appearances contributed to reality
”]: John Kennedy, quoted in Robert Dallek,
The American Style of Foreign Policy
(Knopf, 1983), p. 230.

[
Johnson
’
s fear of appearing
“
soft
”]: see Doris Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
(Harper, 1976), pp. 258-59, 269.

[“
Pitiful, helpless giant
”]: Address to the Nation on the Situation in Southeast Asia, April 30, 1970, in
Nixon Public Papers,
vol. 2, pp. 405-10, quoted at p. 409. [
Caddis on the perception of power
]: John Lewis Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
(Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 277; see also James Chace and Caleb Carr,
America Invulnerable: The Quest for Absolute Security from 1812 to Star Wars
(Summit, 1988).

497
[“
Guerrilla war to end
”]: Max Frankei, “A Divided Nation Lost Its Way,”
New York Times,
January 28, 1973, sect. 4, p. 2.

[“
Full, free, and absolute
”]: Proclamation 4311, Granting Pardon to Richard Nixon, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Gerald R. Ford
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975-79), vol. 1, pp. 103-4, quoted at p. 104; see also Gerald R. Ford,
A Time to Heal
(Harper, 1979), pp. 157-71, 196-99; Robert Sam Anson,
Exile: The Unquiet Oblivion of Richard M. Nixon
(Simon and Schuster, 1984), chs. 3-4.

[“
Our people would again
”]: in
Ford Public Papers,
vol. 1, pp. 101-3, quoted at p. 102.

[
Suspicions of Ford-Nixon deal
]: Hersh, “The Pardon,”
Atlantic,
vol. 252, no. 2 (August 1983), pp. 55-78; J. Anthony Lukas,
Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years
(Viking, 1976), p. 545.

[
Nixon
’
s alleged call to Ford]:
Hersh, p. 76.

[“
No deal, period
”]: October 17, 1974, in
Ford Public Papers,
vol. 1, pp. 338-71, quoted at p. 363; see also Ford,
Time to Heal,
pp. 196-99.

[“
The greatest good
”]: in
Ford Public Papers,
vol. 1, p. 102.

499
[
Enemies list
]: Lukas, pp. 12-13.

[
Huston Plan
]: memoranda reprinted in Steve Weissman, ed.,
Big Brother and the Holding Company
(Ramparts Press, 1974), pp. 321-32; Frank J. Donner,
The Age of Surveillance
(Knopf, 1980), pp. 261-68; Lukas, pp. 32-37; Steve Weissman, “Tom Huston’s Plan,” in Weissman, pp. 45-60; Richard Gid Powers,
Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover
(Free Press, 1987), pp. 448-58.

[“
Flag-waving
”]: quoted in Lukas, p. 11.

500
[“
Going to change now
”]: Gerald Gold, ed.,
The White House Transcripts
(Bantam, 1974), p. 63.

Watergate: A Morality Tale

[
At the Beverly Hills Hotel
]: Jeb Stuart Magruder,
An American Life: One Man
’
s Road to Watergate
(Atheneum, 1974), pp. 211-15; see also Lukas, ch. 7.

[
Magruder-Liddy exchange
]: quoted in Magruder, p. 211.

[“We
were the government
”]:
ibid.,
p. 214.

[
Magruder
]:
ibid.,
chs. 1-8; Lukas, pp. 7-8.

501
[“
State of permanent crisis
”]: Magruder, p. 72.

[
Cover-up
]: Lukas, chs. 8-9; Magruder, chs. 11-12; John W. Dean III,
Blind Ambition
(Simon and Schuster, 1976), chs. 4-6; Thomas Powers,
The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms & the CIA
(Knopf, 1979), pp. 258-67.

[“
This dirty work
”]: Dean, p. 123.

[
Kalmbach
’
s fund-raising
]:
ibid.,
pp. 123-24, 139-40; Lukas, pp. 250-55.

[Post
investigations
]: Bernstein and Woodward,
All the President
’
s Men
(Simon and Schuster, 1974), quoted at p. 142; see also Barry Sussman,
The Great Cover-Up: Nixon
a
nd the Scandal of Watergate
(Crowell, 1974), part 4.

[
McCord
’
s admission
]: Lukas, pp. 302-6; John J. Sirica,
To Set the Record Straight
(Norton, 1979) ch5.

502
[“
Come a long road
”]:
White House Transcripts,
p. 91.

[“
Certain domino situation
”]:
ibid.,
p. 119.

[“
Get a million dollars
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 146-47.

[“
No doubt about the seriousness
”]:
ibid.,
p. 134.

[“
Fall on his sword
”]: Dean, pp. 194, 195.

503
[
Ervin committee
]: Sam J. Ervin, Jr.,
The Whole Truth: The Watergate Conspiracy
(Random House, 1980); Sam Dash,
Chief Counsel
(Random House, 1976); Dean, ch. 10; Magruder, pp. 304-7; Gerald Gold, ed.,
The Watergate Hearings: Break-in and Cover-Up
(Viking, 1973); Gladys Engel Lang and Kurt Lang,
The Battle for Public Opinion: The President, the Press, and the Polls During Watergate
(Columbia University Press, 1983), ch. 5; Mary McCarthy,
The Mask of State: Watergate Portraits
(Harcourt, 1974).

503
[“
Public posture
”]: quoted in Lukas, p. 278.

[
Dean
’
s testimony
]:
Watergate Hearings,
pp. 266-363, quoted at pp. 266, 302, 307-8, 353-54.

504
[“
Make it fourteen
”]: quoted in McCarthy, p. 37.

[
Other charges against Nixon
]: see Lukas, ch. 10; Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein,
The Final Days
(Simon and Schuster, 1976), pp. 23-24.

504-5
[
Agnew
]: Richard M. Cohen and Jules Witcover,
A Heartbeat Away: The Investigation and Resignation of Spiro T. Agnew
(Viking, 1974); Lukas, ch. 12.

505
[
Struggle over tapes
]: Sirica, chs. 7-14; Lukas, chs. 11, 13-14
passim
; Leon Jaworski,
The Right and the Power
(Reader’s Digest Press/Gulf Publishing, 1976); James Doyle,
Not Above the Law
(Morrow, 1977); Richard Ben-Veniste and George Frampton, Jr.,
Stonewall
(Simon and Schuster, 1977).

[“
Immediate settlement
”]: quoted in Lukas, p. 495.

[U.S.
v.
Nixon]: 4 8 U.S. 683 (1974), quoted at pp. 71 2, 713; see also Leon Friedman, ed.,
United States v. Nixon: The President before the Supreme Court
(Chelsea House, 1974).

506
[“‘
The President exploded
’ ”]: Lukas, p. 518; see also John Osborne, “Judgment Days,”
New Republic,
vol. 171, nos. 6 & 7 (August 10 & 17, 1974), pp. 9-11.

[
Judiciary Committee
]: Lukas, ch. 15, pp. 522-35; Frank Mankiewicz,
U.S. v. Richard Nixon: The Final Crisis
(Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1975), pp. 183-237; Lang and Lang, ch. 7; Jimmy Breslin,
How the Good Guys Finally Won
(Viking, 1975).

[“
Make no mistake
”]: quoted in Lukas, p. 522.

[
Committee polarization
]:
ibid.,
pp. 496-97.

507
[“
Fair and impartial
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 508.

[“
Right in the gut
”]:
ibid.,
p. 509.

[“
Earlier today we heard
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 530-31.

[“
For years we Republicans
”]:
ibid.,
p. 531.

[
Committee votes on impeachment
]: articles of impeachment reprinted in Mankiewicz, pp. 257-63, quoted at p. 257; roll calls given in
ibid.,
pp. 259, 261-62.

508
[
June 21, 1972, tapes
]:
Time,
vol. 104, no. 8 (August 19, 1974), pp. 18-19. [“
He had
lied
to me
”]: quoted in Lukas, p. 549.

[“
The painful conclusion
”]: quoted in Woodward and Bernstein,
Final Days,
p. 379.

[
Final days
]:
ibid.,
pp. 403-56;
Time,
vol. 104, no. 8 (August 19, 1974), pp. 13B-22; Lukas, pp. 558-69; Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(Little, Brown, 1982), pp. 1198-1214; see also Fawn M. Brodie,
Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character
(Norton, 1981), chs. 1, 34.

[“
We
’
ve asked Barry
”]: Woodward and Bernstein,
Final Days,
pp. 413-17, quoted at pp. 415-16.