American Experiment (444 page)

509
[“
As we look to the future
”]: in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971-75), vol. 6, pp. 626-29, quoted at pp. 627, 628.

[“
Has a great heart
”]: in
ibid.,
pp. 630-32, quoted at pp. 630, 631, 632.

510
[
Mind of Watergate
]: see Brodie, chs. 1, 34, and
passim:
Leo Rangell,
The Mind of Watergate: An Exploration of the Compromise of Integrity
(Norton, 1980); Douglas Muzzio,
Watergate Games: Strategies, Choices, Outcomes
(New York University Press, 1982); and sources cited for the introduction of ch. 11
supra.

[“
Covered up a little operation
”]: quoted in Brodie, pp. 18-19.

[“
A little bit of Richard Nixon
”]:
ibid.,
p. 18.

[“
Swelling of the presidency
”]: Cronin, “The Swelling of the Presidency,” in Paul J. Halpern, ed.,
Why Watergate?
(Palisades Publishers, 1975), pp. 92-102, quoted at pp. 92, 93, 94.

[“
Mass of intrigue
”]: George E. Reedy,
The Twilight of the Presidency
(New American Library, 1970), p. xiv.

[“
No one forced me
”]: Magruder, p. 317.

510-11
[
Watergate, public opinion, the press
]: Lang and Lang; David L. Paletz and Robert M. Entman,
Media Power Politics
(Free Press, 1981), pp. 158-66; Mankiewicz, pp. 81-141; John C. Spear,
Presidents and the Press: The Nixon Legacy
(MIT Press, 1984), ch. 7.

511
[“
More morally reprehensible
”]: quoted in “Watergate Trails Kopechne Death in a National Poll,”
New York Times,
August 4, 1973, p. 10.

[
Newspaper endorsements, 1972 campaign
]: Lang and Lang, p. 28.

511
[
Berman on
“
presidential imperialism
”]: Berman,
The New American Presidency
(Little, Brown, 1986), p. 292; see also Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
The Imperial Presidency
(Houghton Mifflin, 1973), ch. 8 and
passim;
Samuel Hendel, “Separation of Powers Revisited in Light of Watergate,’ ”
Western Political Quarterly,
vol. 27, no. 4 (December 1974), pp. 575-88.

512
[“
A certain self-righteousness
”]: Magruder, pp. 229-30.

[“
Capable of looking at us
”]: Elizabeth Drew,
Washington Journal: The Events of 1973-1974
(Random House, 1975), p. 392; see also Robert G. Meadow, “Information and Maturation in Children’s Evaluation of Government Leadership During Watergate,”
Western Political Quarterly,
vol. 35, no. 4 (December 1982), pp. 539-53.

[“
Look, Nixon
’
s no dope
”]: quoted in Brodie, p. 18.

Crime and Punishment

[“
Instinct to overreact
”]: Magruder, p. 317.

512-13
[
Magruder on his teachers
]:
ibid.,
pp. 22, 25-26, 27-30, 306-7, 309, quoted on Schuman at p. 22, on “two wrongs” at p. 306; author’s personal correspondence with Magruder.

513
[
Fates of Watergate participants
]: Donald P. Doane, “How Time Has Treated the Watergate Crew,”
U.S. News & World Report,
vol. 92, no. 23 (June 14, 1982), pp. 51-53; see also John W. Dean III,
Lost Honor
(Stanford Press, 1982), Epilogue.

[
Nixon after resignation
]: Anson; Doane, p. 51;
Newsweek,
vol. 107, no. 20 (May 19, 1986), pp. 26-34;
ibid.,
vol. 106, no. 18 (October 28, 1985), p. 45; see also Rangell, ch. 5-6.

[“
Not going to spend my time
”]: quoted in Anson, p. 264.

514
[
Rise in white-collar crime
]: W. H. Webster, “Examination of FBI Theory and Methodology Regarding White-Collar Crime Investigation and Prevention,”
American Criminal Law Review;
vol. 17, no. 3 (Winter 1980), pp. 275-86.

[
Difficulties in defining white-collar crime
]: see Gilbert Geis, ed.,
White-Collar Criminal: The Offender in Business and the Professions
(Atherton, 1968), esp. parts 1, 6. [“
Intuitively satisfying
”]: Gilbert Geis and Ezra Stotland, eds.,
White-Collar Crime: Theory and Research
(Sage Publications, 1980), quoted at p. 11.

[“
Illegal acts committed
”]: Donn B. Parker, “Computer-Related White-Collar Crime,” in
ibid.,
pp. 199-220, quoted at p. 199.

514-15
[
Corporate crime
]: John C. Coffee, Jr., “ ‘No Soul to Damn: No Body to Kick’: An Unscandalized Inquiry into the Problem of Corporate Punishment,”
Michigan Law Review,
vol. 79 (January 1981), pp. 386-459; W. Allen Spurgeon and Terence P. Pagan, “Criminal Liability for Life-Endangering Corporate Conduct,
” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,
vol. 72, no. 2 (1981), pp. 400-33; Geis, part 2; Geis and Stotland, esp. chs. 3-7; Harold C. Barnett, “Corporate Capitalism, Corporate Crime,”
Crime & Delinquency,
vol. 27, no. 1 (January 1981), pp. 4-23.

515
[
Computer-related crime
]: Parker, quoted at p. 219; see also M. E. Baldigo, “Computer Abuse—Past Is Prologue,”
Internal Auditor,
vol. 37, no. 2 (April 1980), pp. 90-95.

[“
Did you ever expect
”]: Edward, First Baron Thurlow, quoted in Coffee, p. 386 and 386 n. 1.

[
Pinto trial
]: Spurgeon and Fagan, pp. 417-18, 426;
New York Times,
March 14, 1980, pp. 1, D12.

[
Firestone recall
]: Spurgeon and Fagan, pp. 403 n. 11, 416 n. 76.

516
[
Concern with street over white-collar crime
]: Laura Shill Schrager and James F. Short, Jr., “How Serious a Crime? Perceptions of Organizational and Common Crimes,” in Geis and Stotland, pp. 14-31.

[
Rise in offenses, 1960-83
]: Edmund F. McGarrell and Timothy J. Flanagan, eds.,
Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics
—
1984
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985), p. 380 (Table 3. 81).

[
Polls on crime
]:
ibid.,
pp. 170-79 (Tables 2.3-2.9); see also John E. Conklin,
The Impact
o
f Crime
(Macmillan, 1975), ch. 2.

[“
Liberals first denied
”]: Wilson,
Thinking About Crime,
rev. ed. (Vintage, 1985), p. 14.

517
[
Baby boom and crime rise
]: Samuel Walker,
Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice
(Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 205, 228.

517
[
Capitalist structures and crime
]: Barnett; see also Jeffrey H. Reiman and Sue Headlee, “Marxism and Criminal Justice Policy,”
Crime & Delinquency,
vol. 27, no. 1 (January 1981), pp. 24-47.

[
Criminal cases filed and criminal trials completed in federal courts
]: Richard A. Posner,
The Federal Courts: Crisis and Reform
(Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 61 (Table 3.1), 64 (Table 3.2), 68 (Table 3. 3); see also
Sourcebook 1984,
sects. 4-5.

[
Federal civil filings
]: Posner, pp. 61 (Table 3.1), 64 (Table 3.2).

518
[“
Isolable, incidental features
”]: Lloyd L. Weinreb,
Denial of Justice: Criminal Process in the United States
(Free Press, 1977), p. ix.

[“
Revolution in criminal procedure
”]:
ibid.,
p. viii.

[
Criminal justice analyses
]: see Wilson, ch. 3, quoted on “reasonable cost” at p. 49, [“
Assumptions about human nature
”]:
ibid.,
p. 145.

519
[
Critical legal studies
]: Roberto M. Unger,
The Critical Legal Studies Movement
(Harvard University Press, 1986); Unger,
Law in Modern Society: Toward a Criticism of Social Theory
(Free Press, 1976); Mark Kelman,
A Guide to Critical Legal Studies
(Harvard University Press, 1987).

[
Weinreb on plea bargaining
]: Weinreb, p. 86; see also Milton Heumann,
Plea Bargaining
(University of Chicago Press, 1978).

[“
Might control his subordinates
”]: Walker, p. 216.

520
[
Attica
]: Tom Wicker,
A Time to Die
(Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1975); Herman Badillo and Milton Haynes,
A Bill of No Rights: Attica and the American Prison System
(Outerbridge & Lazard, 1972); New York State Special Commission on Attica,
Attica
(Praeger, 1972).

[“
Negative-negative
!”]: quoted in Wicker, p. 276.

[“
What makes a man free
?”]: Phillips, “What Makes a Man Free?,” in Celes Tisdale, ed.,

Betcha Ain
’
t: Poems from Attica
(Broadside Press, 1974), p. 38.

Carter: The Arc of Morality

521
[
Carter
]: Betty Glad
, Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House
(Norton, 1980); James Wooten,
Dasher
(Summit, 1978); Jimmy Carter,
A Government as Good as Its People
(Simon and Schuster, 1977); William Lee Miller,
Yankee from Georgia: The Emergence of Jimmy Carter
(Times Books, 1978); James MacGregor Burns,
The Power to Lead: The Crisis of the American Presidency
(Simon and Schuster, 1984), ch. 1, from which I have borrowed or paraphrased.

[“
Not extraordinary governor
”]: Glad, p. 187.

[“
Idealist without illusions
”]: quoted in Burns,
Power to Lead,
p. 25.

522
[
Inaugural walk
]: Glad, p. 409. [
Massachusetts town meeting
]:
ibid.,
p. 411.

[
Carter and human rights
]:
Jimmy
Carter,
Keeping Faith
(Bantam, 1982), pp. 141-51; Zbigniew Brzezinski,
Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977-1981
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983), pp. 122-29; Raymond L. Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
(Brookings Institution, 1985), chs. 17-18
passim;
Seyom Brown,
The Faces of Power
(Columbia University Press, 1983), chs. 27-28; Gaddis Smith,
Morality, Reason, and Power: American Diplomacy
i
n the Carter Years
(Hill and Wang, 1986), pp. 49-55; Subject File, Human Rights, boxes HU-1 through HU-18, Jimmy Carter Library.

[“
Gained the trust
”]: Carter,
Keeping Faith,
pp. 141-42, quoted at p. 142.

[“
Demonstration of American idealism
”]:
ibid.,
p. 143.

[“‘
The first nation
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 144.

[“
Craving, and now demanding
”]: January 20, 1977, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-82), vol. 1, part 1, pp. 1-4, quoted at pp. 2-3.

[“
Principled yet pragmatic
”]: Cyrus R. Vance,
Hard Choices: Critical Years in America
’
s Foreign Policy
(Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 44.

523
[“
Accepted international standards
”]: quoted in Garthoff, p. 569.

[
Administration attention to Soviet human rights violations
]: Smith, pp. 67-68; Garthoff, pp. 568-74; see also Brzezinski, pp. 155-56.

[
Vance
’
s trip to Moscow
]: Vance, pp. 53-56; Garthoff, p. 573.

[“
Defense of freedom
”]: quoted in Garthott, p. 610.

[
Carter and Latin America
]: Smith, pp. 109-10, quoted at p. 110.

[
Canal negotiations
]: Carter,
Keeping Faith,
pp. 152-85; Smith, pp. 110-15; Vance, ch. 8; Brzezinski, pp. 134-39; J. Michael Hogan,
The Panama Canal in Domestic Politics: Domestic Advocacy and the Evolution of Policy
(Southern Illinois University Press, 1986), pp. 83-131.

[“
We bought it
”]: quoted in Smith, p. 1 12.

[“
Cooperative effort
”]: quoted in Carter,
Keeping Faith,
p. 155.

525
[“
Plus one President
”]:
ibid.,
p. 184.

[“
Jews who had survived
”]:
ibid.,
p. 274; see also Carter,
The Blood of Abraham: Insights into the Middle East
(Houghton Mifflin, 1985), esp. pp. 31-36.

[
Carter and search for Middle East peace
]: Carter,
Keeping Faith,
pp. 273-429; Vance, chs. 9-1 1; Smith, pp. 157-68; Brown, ch. 29; Brzezinski, pp. 83-122, 234-88; William B. Quandt,
Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics
(Brookings Institution, 1986); Eric Silver,
Begin: The Haunted Prophet
(Random House, 1984), chs. 19-20,.

[“
Had to postpone
”]: quoted in Carter,
Keeping Faith,
p. 313.

[“
To go all out
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 316.

526
[“
We are privileged
”]: September 18, 1978, in
Carter Public Papers,
vol. 2, part 2, pp. 1533-37, quoted at p. 1537.

[“
Act of desperation
”]: Carter,
Keeping Faith,
p. 416.

[“
Out of the negotiating business
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 426.

527
[
The Yemens
]: Garthoff, pp. 653-60; Smith, pp. 172-74; Robin Bidwell,
The Two Yemens
(Longman/Westview Press, 1983), pp. 262-337.

[“
Demonstrate our concern
”]: quoted in Smith, p. 174.

528
[
Smith on American response
]:
ibid.

[“
Excessive Soviet buildup
”]: address at Wake Forest University, March 17, 1978, in
Carter Public Papers,
vol. 2, part 1, pp. 529-35, quoted at p. 533; see also Garthoff; pp. 503-95.

[
Vance
’
s request for review
]: Brzezinski, pp. 319-20; Vance quoted on “differing views” at p. 319; Vance, pp. 99-102; Garthoff, pp. 600-1.