American Experiment (440 page)

442
[“
Widespread and deep rooted
”]: “Women in the Movement,” November 1964, reprinted in Evans, pp. 233-35, quoted at p. 234; see also Mary King, pp. 443-55
passim.

[“
Only position for women
”]: Evans, p. 87.

[“
Generated feminist echoes
”]:
ibid.,
p. 88; see also Mary King, pp. 451-52. [
Women at SDS
“
rethinking conference
”]: Evans, pp. 156-69
passim.

[“
Sex-taste system
”]: Casey Hayden and Mary King, “Sex and Caste,” November 18, 1965, reprinted in
ibid,,
pp. 235-38, quoted at p. 237.

[“
Shit-workers
”
and
“
free movement
‘
chicks
’ ”]: Sue Munaker, Evelyn Goldfield, and Naomi Weisstein, quoted in Kirkpatrick Sale,
SDS
(Random House, 1973), p. 526. [“
Liberation Workshop
”]: Evans, pp. 187-92.

[“
Colonial relationship
”): “Liberation of Women,” reprinted in
ibid.,
pp. 240-42, quoted at pp. 240, 241.

443
[“
Constant hubbub
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 192.

The Liberation of Women

[
Women at NCNP
]: Evans, pp. 195-99; Freeman, pp. 59-60; Hole and Levine, pp. 112-14.

[
Formation of first women
’
s liberation groups
]: Evans, pp. 199-211; Freeman, pp. 56-62; Hole and Levine, pp. 114-22
passim:
Carden, pp. 63-65.

[
Washington counter-demonstration
]: Hole and Levine, pp. 117-19, Kathie Amatniek quoted at p. 118; Carden, p. 61;
New York Times,
January 16, 1968, p. 3.

444
[
Redstockings
]: “Redstockings Manifesto,” in Morgan,
Sisterhood,
pp. 533-36; Yates, pp. 94-95, 100-1; Hole and Levine, pp. 136-42.

[
Atkinson
’
s break with NOW
]: Atkinson, “Resignation from N.O.W.,” in Atkinson,
Amazon Odyssey
(Links Books, 1974), pp. 9-11, quoted at p. 10; Freeman, pp. 81-82; Hole and Levine, p. 90.

[
The Feminists
]: “The Feminists: A Political Organization to Annihilate Sex Roles,” in Koedt et al., pp. 368-78; The Feminists, “Women: Do You Know the Facts About Marriage?,” in Morgan,
Sisterhood,
pp. 536-37; Hole and Levine, pp. 142-47; Atkinson.

[
Ease of starting women
’
s groups
]: see Evans, p. 211.

[
Radical feminist ideology
]: see Simone de Beauvoir,
The Second Sex,
H. M. Parshley, trans. (Knopf, 1952); Koedt et al., part 3; Marlene Dixon, “The Rise of Women’s Liberation,” in Roszak and Roszak, pp. 186-201; Hole and Levine, chs. 3-4; Yates, ch. 3
passim:
Carden, ch. 4; Mathews, pp. 413-15.

[“
Primary class system
”]: Barbara Mehrhof, quoted in Yates, p. 93.

444
[
Redstockings Manifesto on male supremacy
]: Morgan,
Sisterhood,
quoted at p. 534.

444-5
[
Millett
]: Millett,
Sexual Politics
(Doubleday, 1970), quoted at p. 363; see also Yates, pp. 79-84.

445
[
Firestone
]: Firestone,
The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution
(Morrow, 1970); see also Yates, pp. 84-87.

[
Consciousness-raising
]: Pamela Allen,
Tree Space: A Perspective on the Small Group in Women
’
s Liberation
(Times Change Press, 1970); Claudia Dreitus,
Women
’
s Fate: Raps from a Feminist Consciousness-Raising Group
(Bantam, 1973); Vivian Gornick, “Consciousness,” in Gornick,
Essays in Feminism
(Harper, 1978), pp. 47-68; Carol Williams Payne, “Consciousness Raising: A Dead End?,” in Koedt et al., pp. 282-84; Ronnie Lichtman, “Consciousness Raising—1970,” in Gerda Lerner, ed.,
The Female Experience
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1977), pp. 456-58; Freeman, pp. 116-19; Yates, pp. 103-6; Carden, pp. 33-37; Mathews, pp. 412-13.

[“
Overview of our potential
”]: Allen, pp. 6-7.

[
Miss America protest
]: Robin Morgan, “Women Disrupt the Miss America Pageant,” in Morgan,
Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist
(Vintage, 1978), pp. 62-67, quoted on “Mindless Sex Object Image,” “Murder mascot,” “commercial shill-game,” and “ ‘ideal’ symbol,” at p. 64;
New York Times,
September 8, 1968, p. 81; “No More Miss America!,” in Morgan,
Sisterhood,
pp. 521-24.

446
[“
Instruments of torture
”]: quoted in Ann Popkin, “The Personal Is Political; The Women’s Liberation Movement,” in Dick Cluster, ed.,
They Should Have Served That Cup of Coffee: Seven Radicals Remember the 60s
(South End Press, 1979), p. 190.

[
WITCH
]: Morgan,
Going Too Far,
pp. 71-81; Hole and Levine, pp. 126-30; Morgan,
Sisterhood,
pp. 538-53, 556; “The WITCH Manifesto,” in Roszak and Roszak, pp. 259-61.

[“
Pit their ancient magic
”]: Robin Morgan, “WITCH Hexes Wall Street,” in Morgan,
Going Too Far,
pp. 75-77, quoted at p. 175.

[
Feminists and the media
]: Ferree and Hess, pp. 74-78; Hole and Levine, pp. 247-70; Freeman, pp. 111-14, 148-50; see also Matilda Butler and William Paisley,
Women and
t
he Mass Media: Sourcebook for Research and Action
(Human Sciences Press, 1980).

[“
Grandpress blitz
”]: Freeman, p. 148.

[“
A political statement
”]: Morgan, “Miss America Pageant,” p. 63.

[“
Ghetto
”
of women
’
s page
]:
ibid.,
p. 63.

[Newsweek
accord
]:
New York Times,
August 27, 1970, p. 30; Hole and Levine, pp. 258-60.

447
[Ladies’ Home Journal
sit-in
]: Hole and Levine, pp. 255-58;
Ladies
’
Home Journal,
August 1970;
Newsweek,
vol. 75, no. 13 (March 30, 1970), p. 61;
ibid.,
vol. 76, no. 5 (August 3, 1970), p. 44.

[
Feminist publications
]: see Hole and Levine, pp. 270-76; Carden, pp. 65, 69-70, 144-45, 211-17; Freeman, pp. 110-11; Ferree and Hess, pp. 72-74.

[
Women
’
s studies
]: Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, “Women’s Studies and Social Change,” in Rossi and Calderwood, pp. 393-423; Gloria Bowles and Renate Duelli Klein, eds.,
Theories of Women
’
s Studies
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983); Ellen Carol DuBois et al.,
Feminist Scholarship: Kindling in the Groves of Academe
(University of Illinois Press, 1985); Freeman, pp. 166-69; Hole and Levine, pp. 326-28; Kathleen O’Connor Blumhagen and Walter D. Johnson, eds.,
Women
’
s Studies: An Interdisciplinary Collection
(Greenwood Press, 1978).

[
Women
’
s health movement
]: Boston Women’s Health Book Collective,
Our Bodies, Ourselves
(Simon and Schuster, 1973); Ellen Frankfort,
Vaginal Politics
(Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1972); Gena Corea,
The Hidden Malpractice: How American Medicine Treats Women as Patients and Professionals
(Morrow, 1977); Margolis, pp. 247-51; Hole and Levine, pp. 358-62; Ferree and Hess, pp. 96-98; Dorothy Rosenthal Mandelbaum, “Women in Medicine,”
Signs,
vol. 4, no. 1 (Autumn 1978), pp. 136-45; see also Miriam Galper and Carolyn Kott Washburne, “A Woman’s Self-Help Program in Action,”
Social Policy,
vol. 6, no. 5 (March-April 1976), pp. 46-52.

[
Abortion
]: Rosalind Pollack Petchesky,
Abortion and Woman
’
s Choice: The State, Sexuality, and Reproductive Freedom
(Longman, 1984); Beverly Wildung Harrison,
Our Right to Choose: Toward a New Ethic of Abortion
(Beacon Press, 1983); Kristin Luker,
Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood
(University of California Press, 1984), esp. chs. 3, 5, 7-9; Hole and Levine, ch. 7; Yates, pp. 110-12; Lucinda Cisler, “Abortion Law Repeal (sort of): A Warning to Women,” in Koedt et al., pp. 151-64; see also Linda Gordon,
Woman
’
s Body, Woman
’
s Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America
(Grossman, 1976).

447-8
[“
Talk about women
’
s rights
”]: quoted in Luker, p. 97.

448
[Roe
v.
Wade]: 410 U.S. 113 (1973); see also Luker, pp. 125-27; Janet Benshoof, “The Legacy of Roe v. Wade,” in Jay L. Garfield and Patricia Hennessey, eds.,
Abortion: Moral and Legal Perspectives
(University of Massachusetts Press, 1984), pp. 35-44; Hyman Rodman et al.,
The Abortion Question
(Columbia University Press, 1987), pp. 183-90; James C. Mohr,
Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900
(Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 250-57.

[
Abortion backlash
]: Luker, chs. 6-9
passim;
Andrew H. Merton,
Enemies of Choice: The Right-to-Life Movement and Its Threat to Abortion
(Beacon Press, 1981); Petchesky, chs. 7-8; Benshoof; Andrea Dworkin,
Right-Wing Women
(Coward-McCann, 1983), ch. 3
passim;
Kerree and Hess, pp. 130-39.

[Luker on backlash
’
s meaning
]: Luker, pp. 193-94, quoted at p. 193.

449
[
Rape
]: Susan Brownmiller,
Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
(Simon and Schuster, 1975); Andra Medea and Kathleen Thompson,
Against Rape
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1974); Susan Griffin, “Rape: The All-American Crime,”
Ramparts,
vol. 10, no. 3 (September 1971), pp. 26-35; Griffin,
Rape: The Power of Consciousness
(Harper, 1979); New York Radical Feminists,
Rape: The First Sourcebook for Women,
Noreen Connell and Cassandra Wilson, eds. (New American Library, 1974); Diane E. H. Russell,
The Politics of Rape: The Victim
’
s Perspective
(Stein & Day, 1984); Rosemarie Tong,
Women, Sex, and the Law
(Rowman & Allenheld, 1984), ch. 4; Margolis, pp. 252-59.

[“
All the hatred
”]: Medea and Thompson, p. 11.

[“
Masculine ideology
”]: see Brownmiller, pp. 12, 14, 396.

[
Feminist mobilization against rape
]: Jane Benson, “Take Back the Night” (unpublished manuscript, 1983);
Our Bodies, Ourselves,
ch. 8; New York Radical Feminists; Susan Pascalé et al., “Self-Defense for Women,” in Morgan,
Sisterhood,
pp. 469-77; Medea and Thompson, pp. 125-30, 144-51; Carol V. Horos,
Rape
(Dell/Banbury, 1981). [“Speakable
crime
”]: Brownmiller, p. 396.

[
Pornography
]: Laura Lederer, ed.,
Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography
(Morrow, 1980); Ferree and Hess, pp. 105-7;
The Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography
(Bantam, 1970); Susan Griffin,
Pornography and Silence: Culture
’
s Revenge Against Nature
(Harper, 1981); Alan Soble,
Pornography: Marxism, Feminism, and the Future of Sexuality
(Yale University Press, 1986); Ray C. Rist, ed.,
The Pornography Controversy: Changing Standards in American Life
(Transaction Books, 1975); Long, ch. 1; Brownmiller, pp. 392-96.

450
[
Lesbianism]:
Sidney Abbott and Barbara Love,
Sappho Was a Right-On Woman: A Liberated View of Lesbianism
(Stein & Day, 1972); Abbott and Love, “Is Women’s Liberation a Lesbian Plot?,” in Vivian Gornick and Barbara K. Moran, eds.,
Women in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness
(Basic Books, 1971 ), pp. 436-51; Jill Johnston,
Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution
(Simon and Schuster, 1973); Estelle B. Freedman et al., eds.,
The Lesbian Issue: Essays from SIGNS
(University of Chicago Press, 1985); Free man, pp. 134-42; Anne Koedt, “Lesbianism and Feminism,” in Koedt el al., pp. 246-58; Radicalesbians, “The Woman Identified Woman,” in
ibid.,
pp. 240-45; Yates, pp. 108-10.

[“
What is a lesbian
?”]: Radicalesbians, p. 240.

[“
Carried the women
’
s movement
”]: quoted in Abbott and Love,
Sappho,
p. 146. [
Police raid on gay bar
]: see
ibid.,
pp. 159-60.

[“
Doubly outcast
”]: Abbott and Love, “Lesbian Plot,” p. 443.

[“
Economic independence
”]: Abbott and Love,
Sappho,
p. 136.

[“
Lavender menace
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 110.

[
Congress to Unite Women, 1970
]:
ibid.,
pp. 113-16.

[
New York NOW president and lavender armbands
]:
ibid.,
pp. 121-22; see also Friedan,
It Changed My Life,
pp. 158-59.

450-1
[
1971 NOW resolution on lesbians
]: quoted in Freeman, p. 99; see also Abbott and Love,
Sappho,
pp. 125-34.

451
[“
Primary cornerstone of male supremacy
”]: Nancy Myron and Charlotte Bunch, eds.,
Lesbianism and the Women
’
s Movement
(Diana Press, 1975), p. 10.

[“
Vanguardism
”]: Freeman, p. 138; see also Koedt, “Lesbianism and Feminism.” [
Black feminism
]: Frances M. Beal, “Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female,” in Morgan,
Sisterhood,
pp. 340-53; Firestone, ch. 5; Phyllis Marynick Palmer, “White Women/Black Women: The Dualism of Female Identity and Experience in the United States,”
Feminist Studies,
vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring 1983), pp. 151-70; Pauli Murray, “The Liberation of Black Women,” in Thompson, pp. 87-102; Angela Davis,
Women, Race & Class
(Random House, 1981); Cellestine Ware, “Black Feminism,” in Koedt et al., pp. 81-84; Kay Lindsey, “The Black Woman as Woman,” in Toni Cade, ed.,
The Black Woman
(New American Library, 1970), pp. 85-89; Toni Cade, “On the Issue of Roles,” in
ibid.,
pp. 101-10; Gloria I. Joseph and Jill Lewis,
Common Differences: Conflicts in Black and White Feminist Perspectives
(Anchor Press, 1981 ); Audre Lorde,
Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches
(Crossing Press, 1984); Ware,
Woman Power,
ch. 2; Bell Hooks,
Ain
’
t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism
(South End Press, 1981). [“
Organize around those things
”]: “Black Feminism: A New Mandate,”
Ms.,
vol. 2, no. 11 (May 1974), pp. 97-100, quoted at p. 97.