American Experiment (435 page)

[“
Bridge the gap
”]: Wittner, p. 251.

[
CNVA
]:
ibid.,
pp. 246-50, 252-53, 261-62; see also Thomas B. Morgan, “Doom and Passion Along Rt. 45,” in Harold Hayes, ed.,
Smiling Through the Apocalypse: Esquire
’
s History of the Sixties
(McCall Publishing, 1970), pp. 548-60.

[
Voyage of the
Phoenix]: Earle Reynolds,
Forbidden Voyage
(David McKay, 1961); Albert Bigelow,
The Voyage of the Golden Rule: An Experiment with Truth
(Doubleday, 1959); Wittner, pp. 247-50; Barbara Deming,
Revolution & Equilibrium
(Grossman, 1971), pp. 124-35.

[“
Gigantic flash bulb
”]: Reynolds, p. 61.

[
Omaha Action
]: Wittner, p. 262; Wilmer J. Young, “Visible Witness,” in A. Paul Hare and Herbert H. Blumberg, eds.,
Nonviolent Direct Action, American Cases: Social-Psychological Analyses
(Corpus Books, 1968), pp. 158-70.

[
New London action
]: Deming, pp. 23-37; Wittner, pp. 261-62.

[
March to Moscow
]: Deming, pp. 51-72, Lytlle quoted at p. 69; Jules Rabin, “How We Went,” in Lillian Schlissel, ed.,
Conscience in America: A Documentary History of Commentions Objection in America, 1757-1967
(E. P. Dutton, 1968), pp. 376-83.

392
[
Women Strike for Peace
]:
New York Times,
November 2, 1961, p. 5; Wittner, p. 277; Amy Swerdlow, “Ladies’ Day at the Capitol: Women Strike for Peace Versus HUAC,”
Feminist Studies,
vol. 8, no. 3 (Fall 1982), pp. 493-520; Walter Goodman,
The Committee
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1968), pp. 437-42.

[
SANE
]: Wittner, pp. 242-46, 251-52, 257-61, 280; Robert A. Divine,
Blowing on the Wind: The Nuclear Test Ban Debate, 1954-1960
(Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 165-69; Deming, pp. 38-50.

[
1963 limited test ban
]: Harold K. Jacobson and Eric Stein,
Diplomats, Scientists, and Politicians: The United States and the Nuclear Test Ban Negotiations
(University of Michigan Press, 1966); Glenn T. Seaborg,
Kennedy, Khrushchev and the Test Ban
(University of California Press, 1981); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy
i
n the White House
(Houghton Mifflin, 1965), ch. 17 and pp. 893-915
passim:
Wittner, pp. 279-81; see also Divine.

[
SDS origins and Port Huron conference
]: James Miller, “
Democracy is in the Streets
”:
From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago
(Simon and Schuster, 1987), chs. 1-6; Kirkpatrick Sale,
SDS
(Random House, 1973), chs. 2-4 and pp. 673-93; Todd Gitlin,
The Sixties: Years
o
f Hope, Days of Rage
(Bantam, 1987), ch. 5.

[“
Bones
,” “
widgets,
”
and “gizmos
”]: quoted in Sale, p. 49.

393
[
Port Huron Statement
]: in Paul Jacobs and Saul Landau,
The New Radicals
(Random House, 1966), pp. 150-62, quoted at pp. 150, 152-53, 155; see also Miller, chs. 5, 8; Wini Breines,
The Great Refusal: Community and Organization in the New Left, 1962-68
(Praeger, 1982), esp. ch. 4; G. David Garson, “The Ideology of the New Student Left,” in Julian Foster and Durward Long, eds.,
Protest! Student Activism in America
(Morrow, 1970), pp. 184-201; David Westby and Richard Braungart, “Activists and the History of the Future,” in
ibid.,
pp. 158-83; Irwin Unger,
The Movement: A History of the New American Left, 1959-1972
(Dodd, Mead, 1974), pp. 52-56.

[
Breines on SDS goals
]: Breines, p. 57.

[
Freedom struggle and New Left
]: see Sara Evans,
Personal Politics: The Roots of Women
’
s Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left
(Knopf, 1979); Clayborne Carson,
In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the Sixties
(Harvard University Press, 1981 ), pp. 53-55 and ch. 12
passim;
Mitchell Cohen and Dennis Hale, eds.,
The New Student Left
(Beacon Press, 1966), pp. 50-109; see also Mario Savio, “An End to History,” in Hal Draper,
Berkeley: The New Student Revolt
(Grove Press, 1965), pp. 179-82.

394
[“
No Honor
”]: Goodman,
Growing Up Absurd: Problems of Youth in the Organized System
(Random House, 1960), p. 12; see also Richard Flacks, “Who Protests: The Social Bases of the Student Movement,” in Foster and Long, pp. 134-57; Steven Warnecke, “American Student Politics,”
Yale Review,
vol. 60, no. 2 (December 1970), pp. 185- 98; Kenneth Keniston,
The Uncommitted: Alienated Youth in American Society
(Harcourt, 1965); Keniston,
Young Radicals: Notes on Committed Youth
(Harcourt, 1968); Paul Cowan,
The Making of an Un-American: A Dialogue with Experience
(Viking, 1970); Unger, pp. 25-42.

[
The Beats
]: Gitlin,
Sixties,
pp. 45-54; Lawrence Lipton,
The Holy Barbarians
(Julian Messner, 1959), part 4 and
passim;
Bruce Cook,
The Beat Generation
(Scribner, 1971); Daniel Wolf and Edwin Fancher, eds.,
The Village Voice Reader
(Doubleday, 1962); Jack Newfield,
A Prophetic Minority
(New American Library, 1966), ch. 2.

[“
Rise of the cheerful robot
”]: Mills, “The Politics of Responsibility,” in Carl Oglesby, ed.,
The New Left Reader
(Grove Press, 1969), pp. 23-31, quoted at p. 26; see also Mills, “Letter to the New Left,”
New Left Review,
no. 5 (September-October 1960), pp. 18-23; Miller, ch. 4; Ronald Berman,
America in the Sixties: An Intellectual History
(Free Press, 1968), pp. 110-18.

[
Free Speech Movement
]: Draper; Editors of
California Monthly,
“Chronology of Events: Three Months of Crisis,” in Seymour Martin Lipset and Sheldon S. Wolin, eds.,
The Berkeley Student Revolt: Facts and Interpretations
(Anchor/Doubleday, 1965), pp. 99-199; Lipset and Wolin
passim;
Sale, pp. 162-69;
Daily Californian
(University of California, Berkeley), October 1, 1984; Breines, pp. 23-31, 46-47; Berman, pp. 156-64; Bettina Aptheker talk at University of California, Berkeley, October 2, 1984.

395
[“
Take all of us
!”]: Draper, p. 39.

[
Aptheker
’
s speech
]: Stewart Burns interview with Aptheker, February 18, 1986.

[
Berkeley students at HVAC hearings,
1960]: Goodman,
The Committee,
pp. 429-34; Unger, pp. 45-47; see also Max Heirich and Sam Kaplan, “Yesterday’s Discord,” in Lipset and Wolin, pp. 10-35.

[“
Had to convince people
”]: Savio talk at University of California, Berkeley, October 2, 1984.

396
[“
We students parted ranks
”]: Aptheker talk at University of California, Berkeley, October 2, 1984.

[
The multiversity
]: see Lipset and Wolin, part 2; Wolin and John H. Schaar, “The Abuses of the Multiversity,” in
ibid.,
pp. 350-63; Clark Kerr,
The Uses of the University
(Harvard University Press, 1963); Berman, pp. 145-56; Michael W. Miles,
The Radical Probe: The Logic of Student Rebellion
(Atheneum, 1971), ch. 3; Immanuel Wallerstein and Paul Starr, eds.,
The University Crisis Reader
(Random House, 1971), vol. 1, ch. 2-3, 7.

[“
Ill-housed
”]: Wolin and Schaar, p. 360.

397
[
Kerr on university president
]: Kerr, “Selections from
The Uses of the University,
“ in Lipset and Wolin, pp. 38-60, quoted at p. 38; see also Kerr, “Reply to Wolin and Schaar,” in
ibid.,
pp. 364-66; Kerr, “Presidential Discontent,” in David C. Nichols, ed.,
Perspectives on Campus Tensions
(American Council on Education, 1970), pp. 137-62.

[“
Delicate balance
”]: Rudolph,
The American College and University: A History
(Knopf, 1962), p. 423.

[“
Southern struggle
”]: in Jacobs and Landau, p. 150.

[
Watts
]: Jerry Cohen,
Burn, Baby, Burn!: The Los Angeles Riot, August 1965
(E. P. Dutton, 1966); Robert E. Conot,
Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness
(Bantam, 1967); Paul Jacobs,
Prelude to Riot: A View of Urban America from the Bottom
(Random House, 1966); William Manchester,
The Glory and the Dream
(Little, Brown, 1974), pp. 1062-65; Stephen B. Oates,
Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr.
(Harper, 1982), pp. 377-78.

398
[“
Burning their city
”]: Robert Richardson, quoted in Manchester, p. 1064. [“
How can you say you won …
?”]: quoted in Oates, p. 377.

[
Muhammad on need for
“
complete separation
”]: in John H. Bracey, Jr., et al., eds.,
Black Nationalism in America
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1970), pp. 404-7, quoted at pp. 404, 405; see also C. Eric Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
(Beacon Press, 1961 ), pp. 84-97 and
passim.

399
[
National Conference on Black Power
]:
New York Times,
July 21, 1967, pp. 1, 34;
ibid.,
July 22, 1967, pp. 1, 10-11;
ibid.,
July 24, 1967, pp. 1, 16; Thomas L. Blair,
Retreat to the Ghetto: The End of a Dream?
(Hill and Wang, 1977), p. 202.

[
Black Panther party
]: Gene Marine,
The Black Panthers
(New American Library, 1969); Huey P. Newton,
Revolutionary Suicide
(Harcourt, 1973); Eldridge Cleaver,
Soul on Ice
(McGraw-Hill, 1968); Bobby Seale,
A Lonely Rage
(Times Books, 1978); Blair, pp. 86-103
passim;
Don A. Schanche,
The Panther Paradox: A Liberal
’
s Dilemma
(David McKay, 1970); Paul Chevigny,
Cops and Rebels. A Study of Provocation
(Pantheon, 1972); James Korman,
The Making of Black Revolutionaries
(Macmillan, 1972), ch. 64.

[
Seale on arming blacks
]: quoted in Blair, p. 92.

[
Fragmentation of movement groups along political spectrum
]: see Blair, pp. 81-83; Carson, pp. 144-45, l89, 191.

[“
Thrust of Black Power
”]: Blair, p. 82.

[
Black culture
]: see
ibid.,
ch. 5
passim;
Lee Rainwater, ed.,
Soul
(Transaction Books, 1970); Al Galloway, “An Introduction to Soul,” in Hayes, pp. 708-12; Ulf Hannerz, “The Significance of Soul,” in August Meier, ed.,
The Transformation of Activism
(Aldine, 1970), pp. 155-78; Adrian Dove, “Soul Story,” in August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, eds.,
Black Protest in the Sixties
(Quadrangle, 1970), pp. 243-51. Peter Schrag, “The New Black Myths,”
Harper
’
s,
vol. 238, no. 1428 (May 1969), pp. 37-42.

[
Black theology
]: see Charles V. Hamilton,
The Black Preacher in America
(Morrow, 1972), esp. ch. 5; James H. Cone and Gayraud S. Wilmore, eds.,
Black Theology: A Documentary History, 1966-1979
(Orbis Books, 979); James H. Cone,
Black Theology and Black Power
(Seabury Press, 1969); Blair, pp. 128-33.

[
Growth in number of black Roman Catholics
]: Blair, p. 133.

400
[“
Gonna knock the hell
”]: quoted in Oates, p. 397.

[“
We Shall Overrun
”]:
ibid.

[
King in Chicago
]: David J. Garrow,
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian leadership Conference
(Morrow, 1986), chs. 8-9
passim;
Oates, pp. 365-69, 387-95, 405-19; David L. Lewis,
King
(Praeger, 1970), ch. 11; Bill Gleason,
Daley of Chicago
(Simon and Schuster, 1970), chs. 4-5; see also CORE (Chicago Chapter), 1956-64, boxes 1 and 2, Chicago Historical Society.

[“
Unable to deliver
”]: quoted in Oates, p. 406; see also August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, “Negro Protest and Urban Unrest,”
Social Science Quarterly,
vol. 49, no. 3 (December 1968), pp. 438-43.

[“
Never seen anything like it
”]: quoted in Oates, p. 413.

401
[“
We want freedom
”]: in Bracey et al., p. 404.

[“
Full and complete freedom
”]:
ibid.

[“
Power to determine
”]: in
ibid.,
pp. 526-29, quoted at p. 526.

[
Black opposition to Vietnam
]: Henry E. Darby and Margaret N. Rowley, “King on Vietnam and Beyond,”
Phylon,
vol. 47, no. 1 (March 1986), pp. 43-50; Garrow, esp. ch. 10
passim;
Oates, pp. 373-76, 431-44; Lewis, pp. 307-12, 355-71
passim;
Carson, pp. 183-89; Korman, pp. 444-47; Michael Ferber and Staughton Lynd,
The Resistance
(Beacon Press, 1971), pp. 29-33; Adam Fairclough, “Martin Luther King. Jr., and the War in Vietnam,”
Phylon,
vol. 45, no. 1 (1984), pp. 19-39.

[“
We must combine
”]: quoted in Oates, p. 431.

Rolling Thunder

[“
If I left the woman
”]: quoted in Keams, pp. 251-53; see also F. M. Kail,
What Washington Said: Administration Rhetoric and the. Vietnam War, 1949-1969
(Harper, 1973), pp. 97-103
and passim;
Goldman. chs.14-15, 18 and
passim;
Philip Geyelin,
Lyndon B. Johnson and the World
(Praeger, 1966), chs. 1, 5-6; Halberstam, esp. ch. 20; James Deakin, “The Dark Side of L.B.J.,” in Hayes, pp. 506-22; Joseph Kraft,
Profiles in Power: A Washington Insight
(New American Library, 1966), ch. 2.

402
[
Morgenthau
’
s warning
]: see McPherson, pp. 389-90; see also Hans J. Morgenthau, “We Are Deluding Ourselves in Viet-Nam,” in Marcus G. Raskin and Bernard B. Fall, eds.,
The Viet-Nam Reader
(Random House, 1965), pp. 37-45.