American Experiment (430 page)

[
Sundquist on the filibuster
]: Sundquist,
Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years
(Brookings Institution, 1968), p. 222.

[Brown]: 347 U.S. 483 (1954); see also Richard Kluger,
Simple Justice: The History of
Brown v. Board of Education
and Black America
’
s Struggle for Equality
(Knopf, 1976); Daniel M. Berman,
It Is So Ordered: The Supreme Court Rules on School Desegregation
(Norton, 1966); Numan V. Bartley,
The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950
’
s
(Louisiana State University Press, 1969), chs. 4-5; Robert F. Burk,
The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights
(University of Tennessee Press, 1984), ch. 7.

322
[
1950 Court decisions
]:
Sweatt
v
. Painter,
339 U.S. 629 (1950);
McLaunn
v.
Oklahoma State Regents,
339 U.S. 637 (1950).

[“
If 1 failed to produce
”]: quoted in Kearns,
Johnson,
pp. 147-48; see also Billington.

[
Civil Rights Act of 1957
]: Burk, ch. 10; Steven F. Lawson,
Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944-1969
(Columbia University Press, 1976), chs. 6-7; Sundquist, pp. 222-38; J. W. Anderson,
Eisenhower, Brownell and the Congress: The Tangled Origins of the Civil Rights Bill of 1956-1957
(Inter-University Case Program/University of Alabama Press, 1964); Kearns,
Johnson,
pp. 146-52; Evans and Novak, ch. 7; Dwight D. Eisenhower,
The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1956-1961
(Doubleday, 1965), pp. 154-62; Carl Solberg,
Hubert Humphrey
(Norton, 1984), pp. 179-80. [
Black registration, 1919, in Alabama
]: Sundquist, pp. 244-45; see also Burk, ch. 11; Lawson, pp. 203-20; Foster Rhea Dulles,
The Civil Rights Commission: 1957-1961
(Michigan State University Press, 1968).

[
Little Rock
]: Eisenhower, pp. 162-76; Burk, ch. 9; Tony Freyer,
The Little Rock Crisis: A Constitutional Interpretation
(Greenwood Press, 1984); Sherman Adams,
Firsthand Report: The Story of the Eisenhower Administration
(Harper, 1961), ch. 16; Bartley, ch. 14 and
passim:
see also John Bartlow Martin,
The Deep South Says
“
Never
” (Ballantine, 1957); James J. Kilpatrick,
The Southern Case for School Segregation
(Crowell-Collier Press, 1962).

323
[
Struggle over strengthening the act
]: see Lawson, pp. 222-49; Sundquist, pp. 238-50; Daniel M. Berman,
A Bill Becomes a Law: Congress Enacts Civil Rights Legislation,
2nd ed. (Macmillan, 1966); see also Burk, ch. 11.

[“
Very little faith
”]: quoted in Sundquist, p. 243.

[
Kennedy and civil rights
]: Carl M. Brauer,
John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction
(Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 11-29; Theodore C. Sorensen,
Kennedy
(Harper, 1965), pp. 470-72; Burns,
Profile,
pp. 200-6; Parmet,
Jack
, pp. 408-14.

324
[“
Shaped primarily
”]: quoted in Parmel,
Jack,
p. 409.

[
Campaign for Democratic nomination
]:
ibid.,
chs. 24-27, 29; Theodore C. Sorensen, “Election of 1960,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 4, pp. 3450-54, 3456-61; Sorensen,
Kennedy,
chs. 4-5; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
chs. 1-2; Solberg, ch. 20; Evans and Novak, chs. 11-13; Whalen, pp. 443-56; Theodore H. White,
The Making of the President 1960
(Atheneum, 1961), chs. 2, 4-6; Wall Anderson,
Campaigns: Cases in Political Conflict
(Goodyear Publishing, 1970), ch. 10.

[“
DearJack
”]: quoted in Parmet,
Jack,
p. 439.

[“
All of us
”]:
ibid.,
p. 508.

325
[
Johnson
’
s selection as running mate
]: Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
pp. 39-57; Herbert S. Parmet,
JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy
(Dial Press, 1983), pp. 21-30; Sorensen,
Kennedy,
pp. 162-66; Burner and West, pp. 85-88; Miller, pp. 254-60.

[“
Little shit-ass
”]: quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
Robert Kennedy and His Times
(Houghton Mifflin, 1978), p. 210. [“
Evil threat
”]: quoted in Parmet,
JFK,
p. 34.

[
Truman and Roosevelt defections
]: Joseph P. Lash,
Eleanor: The Years Alone
(Norton, 1972), pp. 292-97; Marie B. Hecht,
Beyond the Presidency: The Residues of Power
(Macmillan, 1976), pp. 144-45;
New York Times,
July 3, 1960, pp. 1, 18-19; Truman quoted on “prearranged affair” at p. 1.

325-6
[
Kennedy-Roosevelt reconciliation
]: Lash, pp. 297-99, Kennedy quoted at p. 297; Parmet,
JFK,
pp. 35-36.

326
[
Nixon
’
s nomination
]: Stephen E. Ambrose,
Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913-1962
(Simon and Schuster, 1987), ch. 24; Sorensen, “Election,” pp. 3454-56, 3461-69; White, chs. 3, 7.

[
1960 campaign
]: Sorensen, “Election,” pp. 3461-69; Sorensen,
Kennedy,
chs. 7-8; Ambrose,
Nixon,
chs. 25-26; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
ch. 3; Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy,
pp. 211-21; Parmet,
JFK,
ch. 2; Burk, ch. 12; Eisenhower, ch. 25; White, part 2; Richard M. Nixon,
Six Crises
(Doubleday, 1962), pp. 293-426; Fawn M. Brodie,
Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character
(Norton, 1981), pp. 410-34; Evans and Novak, ch. 14; Brauer, ch. 2; Robert A. Divine,
Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1952-1960
(New Viewpoints, 1974), pp. 183-287; Eric F. Goldman, “The 1947 Kennedy-Nixon ‘Tube City’ Debate,”
Saturday Review,
vol. 4, no. 2 (October 16, 1976), pp. 12-13.

326
[
Kennedy on separation of church and state
]: quoted in Sorensen,
Kennedy,
p. 190; see also Fuchs, pp. 179-82.

[
1960 election results
]: Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 4, p. 3562; see also Bernard Cosman, “Presidential Republicanism in the South, 1960,”
Journal of Politics,
vol. 24, no. 2 (May 1962), pp. 303-22.

The Invisible Latins

[
Kennedy
’
s inaugural address
]: January 20, 1961, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962-64), vol. 1, pp. 1-3.

328
[
Kennedy on Alliance for Progress
]: March 13, 1961, in
ibid.,
vol. 1, pp. 170-75, quoted at pp. 172, 175.

[“
Heard such words
”]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
p. 205. [
Coolidge
’
s intervention in Nicaragua
]: L. Ethan Ellis,
Republican Foreign Policy, 1921-1933
(Rutgers University Press, 1968), pp. 252-61; Harold N. Denny,
Dollars for Bullets: The Story of American Rule in Nicaragua
(1929; reprinted by Greenwood Press, 1980); Gregorio Selser,
Sandino
(Monthly Review Press, 1981); William Kamman,
A Search for Stability: United States Diplomacy Toward Nicaragua, 1925-1933
(University of Notre Dame Press, 1968).

[
Hoover and Stimson in Latin America
]: Bryce Wood,
The Making of the Good Neighbor Policy
(Columbia University Press, 1961), pp. 123-28, 131-35; Donald M. Dozer,
Are We Good Neighbors?
:
Three Decades of Inter-American Relations, 1930-1960
(University of Florida Press, 1959), pp. 9-16; Ellis, ch. 8.

[
FDR and the Good Neighbor
]: Wood; Dozer, chs. 1-4; Irwin F. Gellman,
Roosevelt and Batista: Good Neighbor Diplomacy in Cuba, 1933-1945
(University of New Mexico Press, 1973.)

[
Latin America in the American consciousness
]: see D. H. Radier,
El Gringo: The Yankee Image in Latin America
(Chilton Co., 1962), p. 3 and
passim.

329
[
Figures of Latin poverty
]: Samuel Shapiro,
Invisible Latin America
(Beacon Press, 1963), p. 3 and chs. 1-7
passim;
see also Tad Szulc,
The Winds of Revolution: Latin America Today
—
and Tomorrow
(Praeger, 1963), ch. 2; Robert J. Alexander,
Today
’
s Latin America
(Anchor Books, 1962), pp. 57-83; Nathan L. Whetten,
Guatemala: The Land and the People
(Yale University Press, 1961), parts 2-3.

[“
Culture of poverty
”]: Oscar Lewis, “The Culture of Poverty,” in Arthur I. Blaustein and Roger R. Woock, eds.,
Man Against Poverty: World War III
(Vintage, 1968), pp. 260-74, esp. pp. 264-68; see also Lewis,
Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty
(Basic Books, 1959); Lewis,
The Children of Sanchez: Autobiography of a Mexican Family
(Random House, 1961); Lewis,
La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty
—
San Juan and New York
(Random House, 1966).

[
Mexican oil dispute
]: see Wood, chs. 8-9; Robert F. Smith,
The United States and Revolutionary Nationalism in Mexico, 1916-1932
(University of Chicago Press, 1972); Harlow S. Person,
Mexican Oil: Symbol of Recent Trends in International Relations
(Harper, 1942); Ellis, pp. 229-52.

329-30
[
Forms of government in Latin America
]: Shapiro, pp. 18-24, quoted at p. 23.

330
[
Cuban revolt against Spain
]: Hugh Thomas,
Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom
(Harper, 1971), book 3; David F. Trask,
The War with Spain, 1898
(Macmillan, 1981); Philip S. Foner,
The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1891-1902,
2 vols. (Monthly Review Press, 1972).

[
U.S. intervention in Cuba
]: Thomas, books 4-8, 10
passim;
Henry Wriston, “A Historical Perspective,” in John Plank, ed.,
Cuba and the United States: Long-Range Perspectives
(Brookings Institution, 1967), pp. 1-30; Robert F. Smith,
The United States and Cuba: Business and Diplomacy, 1917-1960
(Bookman Associates, 1960), esp. chs. 10-11; Wood, chs. 2-3; Gellman; William Appleman Williams, “The Influence of the United States on the Development of Modern Cuba,” in Robert F. Smith, ed.,
Background to Revolution: The Development of Modern Cuba
(Knopf, 1966), pp. 187-94.

330
[“
Cheating, mañana lot
”]: quoted in Wriston, p. 13.

[
Figures of U.S. companies
’
control of Cuban economy
]: Shapiro, p. 75.

[
U.S. investment as one-third Cuban GNP
]:
ibid.

330-1
[
Cuban sugar-mill workers and the jobless
]: see Thomas, p. 1109.

331
[
Castro
’
s revolution
]:
ibid.,
book 8
passim;
Robert F. Smith, “Castro’s Revolution: Domestic Sources and Consequences,” in Plank, pp. 45-68; Herbert L. Matthews,
The Cuban Story
(George Braziller, 1961); Warren Miller,
90 Miles from Home: The Face of Cuba Today
(Little, Brown, 1961); Tad Szulc,
Fidel
(Morrow, 1986), parts 1-3.

[
U.S.-Cuban relations after revolution
]: Thomas, chs. 98-102
passim;
Richard E. Welch, Jr.,
Response to Revolution: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, 1959-1961
(University of North Carolina Press, 1985); Philip W. Bonsai,
Cube, Castro, and the United States
(University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971); see also F. Parkinson,
Latin America, the Cold War, & the World Powers, 1945-1973
(Sage Publications, 1974), ch. 5.

[
Plans for CIA-backed invasion
]: Peter Wyden,
Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story
(Jonathan Cape, 1979), chs. 1-2
passim;
Brodie, ch. 27; Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower: The President
(Simon and Schuster, 1984), pp. 504-7, 556-57, 582-84, 608-10.

[
The
“
Guatemala model
”]: see Lucien S. Vandenbroucke, “Anatomy of a Failure: The Decision to Land at the Bay of Pigs,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 99, no. 3 (Fall 1984), pp. 471-91, esp. pp. 474-75; Richard H. Immerman,
The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention
(University of Texas Press, 1982), esp. pp. 188-97; Trumbull Higgins,
The Perfect Failure: Kennedy, Eisenhower, and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs
(Norton, 1987), esp. ch. 1.

[
Kennedy on Castro
]: Kennedy,
The Strategy of Peace,
Allan Nevins, ed. (Harper, 1960), pp. 132, 133.

[
Nixon on eliminating
“
cancer
”]: Nixon, pp. 352-53.

[“
Kennedy Asks Aid
”]:
New York Times,
October 21, 1960, p. 1; see also Nixon, pp. 353-54.

[
Nixon on Kennedy
’
s proposal
]:
New York Times,
October 22, 1960, p. 8; see also Nixon, pp. 354-57.

[
JFK
’
s
“
middle way
”]
:
see Wyden, pp. 92, 99-101, 149-52, and chs. 3-4
passim;
see also Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
ch. 10
passim;
Sorensen,
Kennedy,
pp. 294-98. [
Advisers
’
group-think
]: Vandenbroucke; Wyden, pp. 314-16.

332
[
Bay of Pigs invasion
] Wyden, chs. 5-7; Haynes B. Johnson,
The Bay of Pigs: Brigade 2506
(Norton, 1964); Higgins, esp. ch. 8; Thomas, ch. 06; Parmet
, JFK,
ch. 7; Parkinson, ch. 6; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
ch. 11; John Bartlow Martin,
Adlai Stevenson and the World
(Doubleday, 1977), pp. 622-36; Beatrice Bishop Berle and Travis Beal Jacobs, eds.,
Navigating the Rapids, 1918-1971: From the Papers of Adolf A. Berle
(Harcourt, 1973), pp. 740-43; Wills,
Kennedy Imprisonment,
chs. 18-19; Szulc,
Fidel,
pp. 532-61.