American Experiment (427 page)

284
[Time
circulation growth, 1950s
]: Dan Golenpaul Associates,
Information Please Almanac 1952
(Macmillan, 1951), p. 143; Dan Golenpaul Associates,
Information Please Almanac 1962
(Simon and Schuster, 1961), p. 310.

[
Mass-circulation magazines
’
circulations
]: Dan Golenpaul Associates,
Information Please Almanac 1957
(Macmillan, 1956), p. 318.

[Life
advertising revenues
]: Robert T. Elson,
The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1941-1960
(Atheneum, 1973), p. 404.

[
Assets of Time Inc.
]:
ibid.,
p. 459,.

[
Luce
’
s management of his enterprises
]: Elson,
Time Inc.: 1941-1960;
Elson,
Time Inc.; The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1923-1941
(Atheneum, 1968); T. S. Matthews,
Name and Address
(Simon and Schuster, 1960), pp. 215-74; Hoopes, chs. 5-8
passim;
Kronenberger, ch. 4; Joan Simpson Burns,
The Awkward Embrace: The Creative Artist and the Institution in America
(Knopf, 1975), pp. 142-50; David Cort, “Once Upon a Time Inc.: Mr. Luce’s Fact Machine,”
Nation,
vol. 182, no. 7 (February 18, 1956), pp. 134-37; John Kobler,
Luce: His Time, Life, and Fortune
(Doubleday, 1968).

[
Luce on editorial convictions
]: Elson,
Time Inc.: 1941-1960,
pp. 74-75.

[
Luce in politics
]: see
ibid.,
chs. 7, 20, 23, and
passim;
Mallan, pp. 12-15; W. A. Swanberg,
Luce and His Empire
(Scribner, 1972), pp. 176-79, 219-22, 268-73,and
passim.

[
Kobler on Luce and
“
top performers
”]: quoted in Joan Burns,
Awkward Embrace,
p. 142. [
Luce and White
]: see Theodore H. White,
In Search of History: A Personal Adventure
(Harper, 1978), pp. 126-30, 205-13, 246-49.

284-5
[
Development of commercial television
]: Erik Barnouw,
A History of Broadcasting in the United States
(Oxford University Press, 1966-70), vol. 2, pp. 293-95 and
passim,
and vol. 3, chs. 1-2; James L. Baughman, “Television in the ‘Golden Age’: An Entrepreneurial Experiment,”
Historian,
vol. 47, no. 2 (February, 1985), pp. 175-95; Leo Bogart,
The Age of Television: A Study of Viewing Habits and the Impact of Television on American Life
(Frederick Ungar, 1956); James L. Baughman, “The National Purpose and the Newest Medium: Liberal Critics of Television, 1958-1960,”
Mid-America,
vol. 64, no. 2 (April-July 1982), pp. 41-55; William Y. Elliott, ed.,
Television
’
s Impact on American Culture
(Michigan State University Press, 1956).

285
[
Radio in the 1950s
]: J. Fred MacDonald,
Don
’
t Touch That Dial
(Nelson-Hall, 1979), pp. 85-90; Arnold Passman,
The Deejays
(Macmillan, 1971).

285-6
[
Democratic and Republican parties, 1950s
]: Gary W. Reichard, “Divisions and Dissent: Democrats and Foreign Policy, 1952-1956,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 93, no. 1 (Spring 1978), pp. 51-72; Reichard,
The Reaffirmation of Republicanism: Eisenhower and the Eighty-third Congress
(University of Tennessee Press, 1975); Herbert S. Parmet,
The Democrats: The Years After FDR
(Macmillan, 1976), part 2; Samuel Lubell,
Revolt of the Moderates
(Harper, 1956); Norman A. Graebner,
The New Isolationism: A Study in Politics and Foreign Policy Since 1950
(Ronald Press, 1956); Ralph M. Goldman,
Search for Consensus: The Story of the Democratic Party
(Temple University Press, 1979), pp. 196-207; James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America
(Prentice-Hall, 1963), part 3; James L. Sundquist,
Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years
(Brookings Institution, 1968), part 2, esp. ch. 9.

286
[
Divine on containment in 1948 campaign
]: Divine, “The Cold War and the Election of 1948,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 59, no. 1 (June 1972), pp. 90-110, quoted at p. 110.

[
Newspaper support of Wallace, 1948
]: see Aronson, p. 47.

[
Election results, 1956
]: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 4, p. 3445.

287
[
Democratic Advisory Committee
]: Parmet, pp. 151-61; John Bartlow Martin,
Adlai Stevenson and the World
(Doubleday, 1977), pp. 395-402; Sundquist, pp. 405-15; Goldman, pp. 202-4; Burns,
Deadlock,
pp. 254-55.

[“
Strong, searching
”]: quoted in Martin, p. 395.

[
1956 campaign
]: Malcolm Moos, “Election of 1956,” in Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 4, pp. 3341-54; Martin, ch. 2; Reichard, “Divisions,” pp. 65-69; Walter Johnson, ed.,
The Papers of Adlai E. Stevenson: Toward a New America, 1955-1957
(Little, Brown, 1976); Dwight D. Eisenhower,
The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1956-1961
(Doubleday, 1965), ch. 1; Kenneth S. Davis,
A Prophet in His Own Country: The Triumph and Defeats of Adlai E. Stevenson
(Doubleday, 1957), chs. 28-29; Robert A. Divine,
Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1952-1960
(New Viewpoints, 1974), chs. 3-4.

287-8
[
Eleanor Roosevelt, mid-1950s
]: Eleanor Roosevelt,
On My Own
(Harper, 1958), chs. 10-22; Joseph P. Lash,
Eleanor: The Years Alone
(Norton, 1972), chs. 11-13; Tamara K. Hareven,
Eleanor Roosevelt: An American Conscience
(Quadrangle, 1968), pp. 210-14.

Dilemmas of Freedom

288
[
Hofstadter on the intellectual
]: quoted in James MacGregor Burns,
Leadership
(Harper, 1978), p. 141.

289
[“
Physicists have known sin
”]: quoted in Whitfield, p. 292.

[
Lippmann in the postwar world
]: Lippmann,
The Cold War: A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy
(Harper, 1947); Lippmann,
Essays in the Public Philosophy
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1955); Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1980), chs. 32-41
passim:
Anwar Hussain Syed,
Walter Lippmann
’
s Philosophy of International Politics
(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963), pp. 340-44
and passim;
Barton J. Bernstein, “Walter Lippmann and the Early Cold War,” in Thomas G. Paterson, ed.,
Cold War Critics: Alternatives to American Foreign Policy in the Truman Years
(Quadrangle, 1971), pp. 18-53; Kenneth W. Thompson,
Political Realism and the Crisis of World Politics: An American Approach to Foreign Policy
(Princeton University Press, 1960), pp. 38-50.

[
Lippmann on popular rule
]:
The Public Philosophy,
pp. 14, 61.

289-90
[
MacLeish on Lippmann and Lippmann
’
s reply
]: MacLeish, “The Alternative,”
Yale Review,
vol. 44, no. 4 (June 1955), pp. 481-96, esp. p. 487; Lippmann, “A Rejoinder,”
ibid.
, pp. 497-500.

290
[
Kennan
’
s continued opposition to
“
legalistic-moralistic
”
approach
]: see Kennan, “Morality and Foreign Policy,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 64, no. 2 (Winter 1985-86), pp. 205-18; Kennan,
Memoirs,
2 vols. (Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1967-72); Kennan,
American Diplomacy, 1900-1950
(University of Chicago Press, 1951); Kennan,
Realities of American Foreign Policy
(Norton, 1966); Kennan,
Soviet-American Relations, 1917-1920,
8 vols. (Princeton University Press, 1956-58); Kennan,
Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin
(Little, Brown, 1961).

290
[
Pitfall of
“
realism
”]: see Christopher Lasch, “‘Realism’ as a Critique of American Diplomacy,” in Lasch,
The World of Nations: Reflections on American History, Politics & Culture
(Knopf, 1973), pp. 205-15; Robert C. Good, “The National Interest and Political Realism: Niebuhr’s ‘Debate’ with Morgenthau and Kennan,”
Journal of Politics,
vol. 22, no. 4 (November 1960), pp. 597-619; Thompson,
Political Realism,
pp. 50-61; Dean Acheson, “The Illusion of Disengagement,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 36, no. 3 (April 1958), pp. 371-82; John W. Coffey, “George Kennan and the Ambiguities of Realism,”
South Atlantic Quarterly,
vol. 73, no. 2 (Spring 1974), pp. 184-98.

291
[
Morgenthau
]: Morgenthau,
Scientific Man vs. Power Politics
(University of Chicago Press, 1946); Morgenthau,
Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace
(Knopf, 1948); Morgenthau,
In Defense of the National Interest: A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy
(Knopf, 1951); Morgenthau,
The Impasse of American Foreign Policy
(University of Chicago Press, 1962); George Eckstein, “Hans Morgenthau: A Personal Memoir,”
Social Research,
vol. 48, no. 4 (Winter 1981), pp. 641-52;
ibid.,
vol. 48, no. 4 (Winter 1981),
passim;
Robert W. Tucker, “Professor Morgenthau’s Theory of Political ‘Realism,’ “
American Political Science Review,
vol. 46, no. 1 (March 1952), pp. 214-24; Stanley Hoffmann, “Realism and Its Discontents,”
Atlantic,
vol. 256, no. 5 (November 1985), pp. 131-36; Kenneth W. Thompson, “Moral Reasoning in American Thought on War and Peace,”
Review of Politics,
vol. 39, no. 3 (July 1977), pp. 386-99, esp. pp. 391-94; see also Thompson,
Morality and Foreign Policy
(Louisiana State University Press, 1980).

[“
Lust for power
”]: Morgenthau,
Scientific Man,
p. 9.

[“
We must sin
”]:
ibid.,
p. 201; see also Kenneth W. Thompson,
Moralism and Morality in Politics and Diplomacy
(University Press of America, 1985), pp. 93-107.

[
Morgenthau on public opinion
]: Morgenthau, “What Is Wrong with Our Foreign Policy,” in
Impasse,
pp. 68-94, quoted at p. 74.

292
[
Niebuhr
]: Niebuhr,
Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics
(Scribner, 1932); Niebuhr,
The Irony of American History
(Scribner, 1952); Niebuhr,
Christian Realism and Political Problems
(Scribner, 1953); Niebuhr,
The Structure of Nations and Empires
(Scribner, 1959); Richard W. Fox,
Reinhold Niebuhr
(Pantheon, 1985); Fox, “Reinhold Niebuhr and the Emergence of the Liberal Realist Faith, 1930-1945,”
Review of Politics,
vol. 38, no. 2 (April 1976), pp. 244-65; Donald B. Meyer,
The Protestant Search for Political Realism, 1919-1941
(University of California Press, 1960), esp. chs. 13-14; Charles Frankel,
The Case for Modern Man
(Harper, 1955), ch. 6; Good; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., “Reinhold Niebuhr’s Role in American Political Thought and Life,” in Schlesinger,
Politics of Hope,
pp. 97-125; Morton White, “Of Moral Predicaments” (review of Niebuhr,
Irony), New Republic,
vol. 126, no. 18 (May 5, l952), pp. 8-9.

293
[“
Companionship in a common purpose
”]: quoted in Fox, “Niebuhr and Emergence,” p. 260.

[“
Play hardball
”]: quoted in William E. Leuchtenburg, “Preacher of Paradox” (review of Fox,
Niebuhr), Atlantic,
vol. 257, no. 1 (January 1986), p. 94.

[“
Father of us all
”]: quoted in Fox, “Niebuhr and Emergence,” p. 245.

[“
Spiritual father
”]:
ibid.

[“
Atheists for Niebuhr
”]: Thompson, “Moral Reasoning,” p. 387.

[“
Dizziness of freedom
”]: quoted in Frankel, p. 88.

[“
Narcosis of the soul
”]:
ibid.,
p. 89.

[“
Instant Niebuhrian
”]: Harvey Cox, “In the Pulpit and on the Barricades” (review of Fox,
Niebuhr), New York Times Book Review,
January 5, 1986, pp. 1, 24-25, quoted at p. 24.

294
[“
Russia, the Atom and the West
”]: Kennan,
Russia, the Atom and the West
(Harper, 1958); see also Kennan,
Memoirs,
vol. 2, ch. 10.

[
De Gaulle on Lippmann
]: quoted in Steel, p. 495.

[
American products in Europe
]: see Edward A. McCreary,
The Americanization of Europe: The Impact of Americans and American Business on the Uncommon Market
(Doubleday, 1964), pp. 13-15, 89-90.

295
[
American corporations in Europe
]: see
ibid.,
ch. 4; Mayne, pp. 112-17. [“
49th State
”]: British shipowner, quoted in Visson, p. 68.

[“
Americans are not served
”]:
ibid.

[
American product failures in Europe
]: McCreary, p. 91; see also
ibid.,
pp. 128-35; Mayne, pp. 114-15.

[
European view of America
’
s
“
imperialism,
” “
dollarnoose,
”
and
“
shabby money-lending
”]: Visson, pp. 13, 75, 115, and
passim;
Bruce Hutchinson,
Canada
’
s Lonely Neighbor
(Longmans, Green, 1954), p. 11 and
passim;
“Why Is US Prestige Declining?,”
New Republic,
vol. 131, no. 8 (August 23, 1954), p. 8; Jean Rikhoff Hills, “The British Press on ‘The Yanks,’ ”
ibid.,
pp. 9-12; Franz M. Joseph, ed.,
As Others See Us: The United States through Foreign Eyes
(Princeton University Press, 1959).

[“
Spiritual standardization
”]: quoted in Visson, p. 161.