American Experiment (442 page)

[
1971 State of the Union]:
January 22, 1971, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971-75), vol. 3, pp. 50-58, quoted at p. 52.

467
[
Burns on Nixon
’
s quick decsion
]: Reichley, p. 138.

[
Dispute over welfare reform
]:
ibid.,
pp. 130-43, Ehrlichman quoted at p. 139. [“
A coherent vision
”]: First Annual Report to Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970’s, February 18, 1970, in
Nixon Public Papers,
vol. 2, pp. 116-90, quoted at p. 124.

467-8
[
Nixon
’
s foreign policy advisers and apparatus
]: Seymour M. Hersh,
The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House
(Summit, 1983), chs. 1-3; Henry Kissinger,
White House Years
(Little, Brown, 1979), ch. 2
passim:
Reichley, pp. 64-68; Marvin Kalb and Bernard Kalb,
Kissinger
(Little, Brown, 1974), ch. 5; Roger Morris,
Uncertain Greatness: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy
(Harper, 1977), pp. 78-93.

Finding China

468
[
Nixon as anticommunist
]: Brodie, chs. 13-17; Mazlish, pp. 81-87; Richard M. Nixon,
Six Crises
(Doubleday, 1962), sect. 1 and
passim;
Nixon,
Memoirs
(Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), pp. 343-44; Earl Mazo,
Richard Nixon: A Political and Personal Portrait
(Harper, 1959).

[“
What do the Chinese Communists want
?”]: quoted in Kalb and Kalb, p. 218. 468-9 [
Nixon
’
s changing line on China
]: Nixon, “Asia After Viet Nam,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 46, no. 1 (October 1967), pp. 111-23, quoted at pp. 121,123, 121, respectively.

469
[
Nixon
’
s attempt to visit mainland China
]: William Safire,
Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House
(Doubleday, 1975), p. 366.

[
Start of rapprochement between the U.S. and China
]: Warren I. Cohen,
America
’
s Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations
(Wiley, 1971), pp. 239-42; John King Fairbank,
The United States and China,
4th ed. (Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 457-58; Hersh, ch. 26, pp. 363-71; Kissinger,
White House Years,
chs. 6, 18; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 545-52; Seymour Topping,
Journey Between Two Chinas
(Harper, 1972), ch. 27; Kwan Ha Yim, ed.,
China and the U.S.: 1964-72
(Facts on File, 1975), pp. 215-23; John W. Carver,
China
’
s Decision for Rapprochement with the United States, 1968-1971
(Westview Press, 1982); Michael Schaller,
The United States and China in the Twentieth Century
(Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 163-71; Frank van der Linden,
Nixon
’
s Quest for Peace
(Robert B. Luce, 1972), pp. 139-43; Michael I. Handel,
The Diplomacy of Surprise: Hitler, Nixon, Sadat
(Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1981), ch. 4.

[“
Curious ambivalence
”]: Fairbank,
United States and China,
p. 314.

469-70
[
U.S.-China historical background
]:
ibid.,
chs. 12-13 and
passim;
Fairbank,
China: The People
’
s Middle Kingdom and the U.S.A.
(Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967), esp. chs. 8, 10; Akira Iriye, “The United States in Chinese Foreign Policy,” in William J. Barnds, ed.,
China and America: The Search for a New Relationship
(New York University Press, 1977), pp. 13-37; Michael H. Hunt,
The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914
(Columbia University Press, 1983); Michael Oksenberg and Robert B. Oxnam, eds.,
Dragon and Eagle: United States-Chinese Relations
(Basic Books, 1973); A.T. Steele,
The American People and China
(McGraw-Hill, 1966).

470
[“
When we step in here
”]: quoted in Barbara W. Tuchman,
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45
(Macmillan, 1971), p. 39.

[“
The American memory
”]: Bloodworth,
The Messiah and the Mandarins: Mao Tsetung and the Ironies of Power
(Atheneum, 1982), p. 266; see also Oksenberg and Oxnam, part 2.

471
[“
When the moment comes
”]: quoted in Handel, p. 176.

471
[
Washington
’
s ignorance mapproaching China
]: see Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 164, 167, 685-88.

[“
Take the glow off
”]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
p. 711.

[“
An intricate minuet
”]:
ibid.,
p. 187; see also Hersh, p. 351.

[
Plans for Kissinger
’
s trip
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 718-40; Hersh, pp. 372-73.

[
Kissinger
’
s trip to Peking
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 738-55; Schaller, pp. 170-72; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 553-54; Hersh, ch.27.

[“
Toward the heavens
”]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
p. 742.

472
[
Chou
]: Dick Wilson,
Zhou Enlai
(Viking, 1984).

[
Chou
’
s trip to Hanoi
]: Hersh, p. 375.

[
Nixon
’
s announcement
]: July 15, 1971, in
Nixon Public Papers,
vol. 3, pp. 819-20, quoted at p. 820.

[
Preparations for Nixon trip
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 774-84, 1049-53; Schaller, pp. 173-74; Hersh, pp. 489-93; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 554-59.

473
[“
Great opportunity
”]: Kissinger,
White House Years
, p. 1050.

[
Nixon
’
s arrival
]: Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 559-60; Schaller, p. 174; Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 1053-56; see also Townsend Hoopes,
The Devil and John Foster Dulles
(Atlantic Monthly/ Little, Brown, 1973), p. 222.

[
Nixon in China
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
ch. 24; Hersh, ch. 35; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 560-80;
Newsweek,
vol. 79, no. 10 (March 6, 1972), pp. 14-29.

[“
A great wall
”]: exchange with reporters at the Great Wall of China, February 24, 1972, in
Nixon Public Papers,
vol. 4, pp. 370-72, quoted at p. 370.

[
Nixon-Mao exchange
]: quoted in Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 561-62.

474
[
Shanghai Communiqué
]: reprinted in Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 1490-92, n. 3, quoted at pp. 1491, 1492; see also
ibid.,
pp. 1085-86; Gene T. Hsiao, “The Legal Status of Taiwan in the Normalization of Sino-American Relations,” in Hsiao and Michael Witunski, eds.,
Sino-American Normalization and Its Policy Implications
(Praeger, 1983), ch. 2, esp. pp. 41-57.

[
Reactions to China initiative
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 1091-94, Reagan quoted at p. 1093.

474-5
[
Kissinger
’
s request to the press
]: Hersh, pp. 499-500, quoted at p. 500.

475
[“
Week that changed the world
”]: quoted in Nixon,
Memoirs,
p. 580. [“
Transformed the structure
”]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
p. 163.

[
Chinese internal conflict
]: Garver, ch. 4; Raymond L. Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
(Brookings Institution, 1985), pp. 235-36.

475-6
[
North Vietnamese offensive and preparations for Moscow summit
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
chs. 25-27; George C. Herring,
America
’
s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975
(Wiley, 1979), pp. 239-42; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 586-608; Stanley Karnow,
Vietnam
(Viking, 1983), pp. 639-47; Hersh, ch. 36; Georgi A. Arbatov and Willem Oltmans, eds.,
The Soviet Viewpoint
(Dodd, Mead, 1981), pp. 61-64.

476
[
Kissinger-Dobrymn exchange
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
p. 1117,

[Moscow summit]: ibid.,
ch. 28; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 609-21; Safire, pp. 440-59; Garthoff, ch. 9; Hersh, ch. 37.

476-7
[
Kissinger on mood aboard Air Force One
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
p. 1202.

[“
One of the great diplomatic coups
”]: quoted in Nixon,
Memoirs,
p. 609.

[“
If we leave all the decisions
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 610.

[“
Hid the appalling realities
”]: Weisberger,
Cold War, Cold Peace: The United States and Russia Since 1941
(American Heritage Publishing, 1984), p. 268.

[“
Reciprocity, mutual accommodations
”]: quoted in Garthoff, p. 290.

478-9
[“
A First Step
”]: quoted in Hersh, p. 530.

479
[
SALT ratification vote
]:
New York Tunes,
August 4, 1972, pp. 1-2.

Peace Without Peace

[“
Peace is at hand
”]: quoted in Kissinger,
White House Years,
p. 1399; see also Nikolai V. Sivachev and Nikolai N. Yakovlev,
Russia and the United States,
Olga Adler Titelbaum, trans. (University of Chicago Press, 1979), pp. 252-55.

479
[
Nixon
’
s post-election melancholy
]: Nixon,
Memoirs,
p. 717.

[
Demand for staff resignations
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 1406-7. [“
Eastertide
’’
offensive and U.S. retaliation
]: Hersh, pp. 503-8, Nixon quoted on the weather and the Air Force at p. 506; Karnow, pp. 639-43; Herring, pp. 240-43.

480
[
Giap
’
s strategy
]: see William J. Duiker,
The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam
(Westview Press, 1981), pp. 227, 292.

[
Haig
’
s trip to Saigon
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 1338-39; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 689-91; Arnold R. Isaacs,
Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), p. 35.

481
[“
I sympathized
”]: Nixon,
Memoirs,
p. 690.

[“
Personally with you
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 690.

[
Kissinger
’
s negotiations in Paris
]: Allan E. Goodman,
The Lost Peace: America
’
s Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War
(Hoover Institution Press, 1978), pp. 125-52; Kissinger,
White House Years,
chs. 31-33; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 687-701; Hersh, ch. 38: Herring, pp. 244-46.

482
[“
Finest compromise
”]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
p. 1358.

[
Kissinger
’
s report to Nixon
]:
ibid.,
pp. 1360-62; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 691-93. [
Kissinger
’
s trip to Saigon
]: Herring, p. 245; Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 1367-91; Hersh, pp. 593-603.

[
Nixon
’
s misgivings about agreement
]: see Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 701-7; Hersh, ch. 39
passim.

482-3
[
Post-election negotiations
]: Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 1410-46; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 717-33; Goodman, pp. 152-60; Hersh, pp. 610-23.

483
[“
Up and down
”]: quoted in Nixon,
Memoirs,
p. 735.

[“
Bunch of shits
”]:
ibid.,
p. 733.

[
Renewed bombing
]: Goodman, pp. 160-61; Hersh, pp. 616-28; Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 1444-57; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 733-41.

[“
This is your chance
”]: quoted in Nixon,
Memoirs,
p. 734.

484
[“
War by tantrum
”]:
James
Reston, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 738.

[“
Sorry Christmas present
”]: quoted in Herring, p. 249.

[
Newspaper headlines
]: quoted in Kissinger,
White House Years,
p. 1453.

[
Pope on
“
blessed
”
Vietnam
]: quoted in Karnow, p. 653.

[
Resumption of negotiations
]: Herring, pp. 249-50; Goodman, pp. 162-64; Kissinger,
White House Years,
pp. 1457-70; Nixon,
Memoirs,
pp. 741-51
passim:
Hersh, pp. 631-35; see also Gareth Porter,
A Peace Denied: The United States, Vietnam, and the Paris Agreement
(Indiana University Press, 1975), ch. 5; Maynard Parker, “Vietnam: The War That Won’t End,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 53, no. 2 (January 1975), pp. 352-74.

[“
Respond with full force
”]: letter of Nixon to Thieu, January 5, 1973, in Nguyen Tien Hung and Jerrold L. Schechter,
The. Palace File
(Harper, 1986), pp. 143-44, quoted at p. 144.

[“
All that I can
”]: quoted in Herring, p. 250.

[“
The chance today
”]: in
Nixon Public Papers,
vol. 5, pp. 12-15, quoted at pp. 13-14.

[“
Just to show
”]: quoted in Nixon,
Memoirs,
p. 752.

485
[“
On the other hand
”]:
ibid.,
p. 753.

[
Preliminaries to Summit II
]: Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(Little, Brown, 1982), pp. 228-86; Garthoff, pp. 319-30.