American Experiment (448 page)

579
[“
Do not have as much time
”]:
ibid.

[“
Buck Rogers might prove
”]: Erlend A. Kennan and Edmund H. Harvey, Jr.,
Mission to the Moon: A Critical examination of NASA and the Space Program
(Morrow, 1969), p. 58.

[
Eisenhower
’
s assurance
]: in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1958-61), vol. 5, pp. 789-99.

[
Soviet signals
]: Kennan and Harvey, p. 62.

[“
No matter how humble
”]: quoted in Walter A. McDougall,…
The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age
(Basic Books, 1985), p. 119.

[
1955 U.S. satellite announcement
]: quoted in Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander,
This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury
(NASA, 1960), p. 28.

[
Satellite decision
]: McDougall, pp. 112-24; Constance McLaughlin Green and Milton Lomask,
Vanguard
(NASA, 1970), ch. 3; Hugo Young, Bryan Silcock, and Peter Dunn,
Journey to Tranquility
(Doubleday, 1970), pp. 41-45; Koppes, pp. 79-80. [
Origins of NASA
]: McDougall, ch. 7; Swenson et al., ch. 4; Koppes, pp. 94-102; Young et al., pp. 62-66.

[
Project Mercury
]: Swenson et al.,
passim
; Young et al., pp. 158-60.

[“
Shoot a man
”]: McDougall, p. 243.

[
Mercury astronauts
]: Swenson et al., pp. 159-65, chs. 7-8; Young et al., ch. 8; Tom Wolfe,
The Right Stuff
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1979); M. Scott Carpenter et al.,
We Seven
(Simon and Schuster, 1962). [“
Lovable freckled heroes
”]: Young et al., p. 140.

580
[Vostok]:
ibid.,
pp. 83-85; Swenson et al., pp. 332-35.

[Freedom 7]: Swenson et al., pp. 341-65, quoted at p. 342;
Time,
vol. 77, no. 20 (May 12, 1961), pp. 52-58.

[Liberty Bell 7]: Swenson et al., pp. 365-77; Wolfe, pp. 277-96.

[
Titov
’
s flight
]: Swenson et al., pp. 377-79.

580-1
[
Glenn
’
s flight and return
]:
ibid.,
ch. 8; Wolfe, ch. 12;
Time,
vol. 79, no. 9 (March 2, 1962), pp. 11-18;
ibid.,
vol. 79, no. 10 (March 9, 1962), pp. 22-23.

581
[“
All spacecraft systems go
!”]: quoted in Swenson et al., p. 426.

[“
Real hard-to-define feeling
”]: quoted in
Time,
vol. 79, no. 10 (March 9, 1962), p. 22.

[“
Now it is the time
”]: Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs, May 25, 1961, in
Kennedy Public Papers,
vol. 1, pp. 396-406, quoted at pp. 403, 404, 403, respectively.

[
Congressional reaction to Kennedy challenge
]: Young et al., p. 92; McDougall, pp. 361-62, 373-76, 392-97;
New York Times,
May 26, 1961, pp. 1, 13.

[
July 20, 1969
]: Young et al., ch. 13;
Time,
vol. 94, no. 4 (July 25, 1969), pp. 10-19; Charles R. Pellegrino and Joshua Slott,
Chariots for Apollo: The Making of the Lunar Module
(Atheneum, 1985), chs. 43-52.

[“
You are go
”]: quoted in Young et al., p. 269.

582
[
The Eagle has landed
”]:
ibid.,
p. 272.

[
Objects in space
]: J. E. S. Fawcett,
Outer Space: New Challenges to Law and Policy
(Clarendon Press, 1984), p. 116.

[
Space shuttle
Columbia’s
launch
]: Joseph J. Trent,
Prescription for Disaster
(Crown, 1987), pp. 187-93;
Time,
vol. 117, no. 17 (April 27, 1981), pp. 16-23.

583
[
Early hints of O-ring problems
]: Trento, pp. 205, 259-61, 276, 281.

[Challenger
mission 51-L
]:
ibid.,
pp. 249-50, 280-92;
Newsweek,
vol. 107, no. 6 (February 10, 1986), pp. 26-42.

[“
Feel that mother go
”]: quoted in Trenlo, p. 290.

[“
Uh, Oh
!”]:
ibid.

584
[“
More than the Challenger exploded
”]: Wilford, “After the Challenger: America’s Future in Space,”
New York Times Magazine,
March 16, 1986, pp. 38-39, 93, 102-6, quoted at p. 38.

584
[“
Story of political failure
”]: Trento, Acknowledgments; see also U.S. Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident,
Report to the President,
5 vols. (1986).

[“
Hock his jewels
”: quoted in Young et al., p. 72.

[
Reasons for Kennedy
’
s moon decision
]: McDougall, ch. 15; Young et al., ch. 5; Kennan and Harvey, pp. 74-83; John M. Logsdon,
The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest
(MIT Press, 1970).

[“
Second in everything
”]: quoted in McDougall, p. 320.

[“
Do the big things together
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 394-95, quoted at p. 395.

[“
Vehicle rather than a mission
”]: Trento, p. 105.

584-5
[
Post-Apollo planning and shuttle decision
]: McDougall, pp. 420-23; Trento, pp. 88-94, ch. 5; John M. Logsdon, “The Shuttle Program: A Policy Failure?,”
Science,
vol. 232 (May 30, 1980), pp. 1099-1105; Gregg Easterbrook, “Big Dumb Rockets,”
Newsweek,
vol. 110, no. 7 (August 17, 1987), pp. 50-54; see also Logsdon,
Decision,
ch. 6.

585
[“
Make access to orbit routine
”]: John M. Logsdon, “After Challenger Does the U.S. Have a Future in Space?,”
American Politics,
vol. 1, no. 7 (August 1986), pp. 6-9, quoted at p. 7.

[“
Highest possible level
”]: quoted in Easterbrook, p. 52.

[“
Mortgaged nearly everything
”]:
John
Noble Wilford, “At NASA, All That’s Up Is the Shuttle Columbia,”
New York Times,
November 1, 1981, sect. 4, p. 9.

[
Space commercialization
]: Pamela E. Mack, “Government and Enterprise: Commercialization and Privatization in the U.S. Space Program,” paper prepared for delivery at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association, Washington, DC, December 1987; Nathan C. Goldman,
Space Commerce: Free Enterprise on the High Frontier
(Ballinger, 1985); David Osborne, “Business in Space,”
Atlantic,
vol. 255, no. 5 (May 1985), pp. 45-58.

[
Projected and actual costs of payload per pound
]: Easterbrook, pp. 54-55.

[
Space militarization
]: Paul B. Stares,
The Militarization of Space: U.S. Policy, 1945-1984
(Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 178-79, 225-35, and
passim;
Stares,
Space and National Security
(Brookings Institution, 1987); Zbigniew Brzezinski et al., eds.,
Promise or Peril: The Strategic Defense Initiative
(Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1986);
Daedalus,
vol. 114, nos.2-3 (Spring-Summer 1985); Jonathan B. Stein,
From H-Bomb to Star Wars: The Politics of Strategic Decision Making
(Lexington Books, 1984), chs. 8-9.

586
[“
Awesome Soviet missile threat
”]: Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security, March 23, 1983, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982- ), vol. 3, part 1, pp. 437-43, quoted at p. 442.

[
Logsdon on ends and means
]: Logsdon, “Space Shuttle Program,” p. 1105. [
Soviet space progress
]: Larry Martz, “America Grounded,”
Newsweek,
vol. 110, no. 7 (August 17, 1987), pp. 37, 40-41, Nicholas Johnson quoted on “evolution of man into space” at p. 37, Glenn quoted at p. 37; Easterbrook, pp. 46, 60; see also William H. Schauer,
The Politics of Space: A Comparison of the Soviet and American Space Programs
(Holmes & Meier, 1976); Roald Sagdeev, “Soviet Space Science,”
Physics Today,
vol. 41, no. 5 (May 1988), pp. 30-38; Louis J. Lanzerotti and Jeffrey D. Rosendhal, “Policy Challenges Facing the US Space Research Program,”
ibid.,
pp. 78-83.

[“
Advance the technology
”]: quoted in Easterbrook, p. 52.

586-7
[
Hubble telescope
]:
Newsweek,
vol. 110, no. 7 (August 17, 1987), pp. 52-53.

587
[“
Out of the blue
”]: Young, “Hey Hey, My My,” quoted in McDougall, p. 450, Copyright 1979, Silver Fiddle Music.

591
[
Carter
’
s retreat
]:
Newsweek,
vol. 94, no. 3 (July 16, 1979), pp. 19-21;
ibid.,
vol. 24, no. 4 (July 23, 1979), pp. 21-26; Jimmy Carter,
Keeping Faith
(Bantam, 1982), pp. 114-20; Godfrey Hodgson,
All Things to All Men: The False Promise of the Modern American Presidency
(Simon and Schuster, 1980), pp. 162-63 and
passim;
Betty Glad,
Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House
(Norton, 1980), pp. 444-46.

591
[
Advice to Carter
]: Energy and National Goals, July 15, 1979, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-82), vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1235-41, quoted at p. 1236.

[
Carter
’
s address
]:
ibid.;
see also Jeffrey K. Tulis,
The Rhetorical Presidency
(Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 3, 136, 141.

592
[
Carter
’
s firings and public response
]
. Newsweek,
vol. 94, no. 5 (July 30, 1979), pp. 22-28, anecdote of the king told at p. 27.

Habits of Individualism

594
[
Census family statistics
]: U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1987
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986), p. 45 (Table 61).

[
Numbers of religious bodies and membership
]:
ibid.,
pp. 51-52 (Table 74); Leo Rosten, ed.,
Religions in America
(Simon and Schuster, 1963), esp. pp. 220-48, 318-24.

595
[
Church attendance, 1940s-1970s
]: Hadley Cantril, ed.,
Public Opinion 1935-1946
(Princeton University Press, 1951), pp. 699-701 (early polling data may be only approximations); Theodore Caplow et al.,
All Faithful People: Change and Continuity in Middletown
’
s Religion
(University of Minnesota Press, 1983), p. 27.

[
Polls on religious influence
]: Gallup Opinion Index Question quoted in Caplow et al., p. 28.

[
Ratio of church membership to population]: ibid.,
pp. 28-29,

[
Declining membership of
“
mainline
”
Protestant churches
]:
Newsweek,
vol. 108, no. 25 (December 22, 1986), pp. 54-56.

[“
Language genuinely able
”]: Robert N. Bellah et al.,
Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life
(University of California Press, 1985), p. 237; see also Bellah,
The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial
(Seabury Press, 1975).

595-6
[
Thoreau on telegraph between Maine and Texas
]: Thoreau,
A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers; Walden; The Maine Woods; Cape Cod,
Robert F. Sayre, ed. (Library of America, 1985), p. 364.

596
[
Projected enrollments early 1990s
]:
Statistical Abstract,
p. 117 (Table 189).

[
Enrollment in private secondary schools after
Brown]: Jeffrey A. Raffel,
The Politics of School Desegregation: The Metropolitan Remedy in Delaware
(Temple University Press, 1980), pp. 175-88, esp. pp. 178-80.

[
Public education in modern America
]: Robert B. Everhart, ed.,
The Public School Monopoly: A Critical Analysis of Education and the State in American Society
(Ballinger Publishing, 1982), part 3; Benjamin D. Stickney and Laurence R. Marcus,
The Great Education Debate: Washington and the Schools
(Charles C. Thomas, 1984), chs. 1, 5, and
passim.

596-7
[
Typical public school classroom
]: Kenneth A. Sirotnik, “What You See Is What You Get—Consistency, Persistency, and Mediocrity in Classrooms,”
Harvard Educational Review,
vol. 53, no. 1 (February 1983), pp. 16-31.

597
[
Toffler on learning
]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 29.

[
Merelman on education
]: Merelman,
Making Something of Ourselves
(University of California Press, 1984), pp. 195-99.

[
Schools as supermarkets
]: Arthur G. Powell, Eleanor Tartar, and David K. Cohen,
The Shopping Mall High School: Winners and Losers in the Educational Marketplace
(Houghton Mifflin, 1985), esp. ch. 1.

[
Higher education in modern America
]: Ernest L. Boyer and Fred M. Hechinger,
Higher Learning in the Nation
’
s Service
(Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1981); Barry M. Richman and Richard N. Farmer,
Leadership, Goals, and Power in Higher Education
(Jossey-Bass, 1974); Derek Bok,
Beyond the Ivory Tower: Social Responsibilities of the Modern University
(Harvard University Press, 1982). [
Institutions, teachers, students in higher education
]:
Statistical Abstract,
p. 138 (Table 233).

[
Bowen on missing ingredient
]: Bowen,
The State of the Nation and the Agenda for Higher Education
(Jossey-Bass, 1982), pp. 76-78; see also Philip E. Jacob,
Changing Values in College: An Exploratory Study of the Impact of College Teaching
(Harper, 1957); Richard L. Morrill,
Teaching Values in College: Facilitating Development of Ethical, Moral, and Value Awareness in Students
(Jossey-Bass, 1980).