American Experiment (420 page)

[
OWI and the military
]: Winkler, pp. 44-51.

[
OWI split between
“
writers
”
and
“
advertisers
”]: Blum, pp. 36-39; Polenberg, pp. 52-53.

[“
Encourage discussion
”]: MacLeish, quoted in Blum, p. 33.

[“
All levels of intelligence
”]: quoted in Polenberg, p. 53.

[“
Step right up
”]: quoted in Blum, p. 39.

[This Is War!]: quoted in Sherman H. Dyer,
Radio in Wartime
(Greenberg Publisher, 1942), p. 245.

193-4
[
Benny-Livingston routine
]: quoted in Winkler, p. 61.

194
[
Hollywood goes to war
]: Bernard F. Dick,
The Star-Spangled Screen: The American World War II Film
(University Press of Kentucky, 1985); Clayton R. Koppes and Gregory D. Black, “What to Show the World: The Office of War Information and Hollywood, 1942-1945,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 64, no. 1 (June 1977), pp. 87-105; David Culbert, “ ‘Why We Fight’: Social Engineering for a Democratic Society at War,” in K. R. M. Short,
Film & Radio Propaganda in World War II
(University of Tennessee Press, 1983), pp. 173-91; Bosley Crowther, “The Movies,” in Goodman, pp. 511-32; Lingemann, pp. 168-210.

194
[“
Her spies never sleep
”]: Peter Lorre, quoted in Lingemann, p. 195.

[“
He dies for freedom
”]: Robert Taylor, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 200.

[“
STUDIOS SHELVE WAR STORIES
”]:
ibid.,
p. 206.

[
Tin Pan Alley
’
s efforts
]:
ibid.,
pp. 210-23; Perrett, pp. 241-43.

[
War advertisements
]: Raymond Rubicam, “Advertising,” in Goodman, pp. 433-34;
Life,
March 30, 1942, p. 90;
Life,
March 23, 1942, p. 111;
Life,
March 16, 1942, p. 60; see also Lingemann, pp. 291-97.

[
Coke as essential war product
]: Blum, pp. 107-8.

[“
Who
’
s Afraid
”]: Rubicam, p. 432.

[
The GI ideology
]: Samuel Stouffer et al.,
The American Soldier: Adjustment During Army Life
(Princeton University Press, 1949), vol. 1, chs. 5, 8, 9, and vol. 2, chs. 2, 3, and
passim;
Mauldin; Blum, pp. 64-70; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 470-72; Mina Curtiss, ed.,
Letters Home
(Little, Brown, 1944); Manchester,
Glory and Dream,
pp. 282-83; Ralph G. Martin,
The GI War, 1941-1945
(Little, Brown, 1967), p. 55 and
passim.

[“
Born housewife
”]: quoted in Blum, p. 65.

195
[“
Wish to hell they were someplace else
”]: Mauldin, p. 16.

[“
Blueberry pie
”]: quoted in Blum, p. 66.

[
Soldiers
’
talk of creature comforts
]:
ibid.,
p. 67.

[
Warphoto
]: Arthur B. Tourtellot, ed.,
Life
’
s Picture History of World War II
(Simon and Schuster, 1950), p. 207.

[“ . .
the slow, incessant waves
”]: Sergeant Charles E. Butler, “Lullaby,” quoted in Martin, p. 240.

The Rainbow Coalition Embattled

[
FDR
’
s trip to Casablanca
]: Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 316-17.

[
Casablanca Conference
]: Grigg, pp. 59-79; Dallek, pp. 368-72; Feis,
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin,
ch. 11; Winston S. Churchill,
The Hinge of Fate
(Houghton Mifflin, 1950), pp. 674-95; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 317-24; Raymond G. O’Connor,
Diplomacy for Victory: FDR and Unconditional Surrender
(Norton, 1971); Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 1941-1945
(Viking, 1973), ch. 2.

197
[
Stalin’s response to Churchill’s warning
]: quoted in Burns,
Soldier,
p. 327. [
Possibility of Nazi-Soviet deal
]: see Mastny, pp. 73-85.

[
Stalin’s suspicions
]: see Burns,
Soldier,
p. 373; Mastny, chs. 2-4
passim;
Jackson, ch. 2; Feis, chs. 7-8, 15
passim;
Churchill,
Hinge,
pp. 740-61
passim;
Keith Sainsbury,
The Turning Point
(Oxford University Press, 1985), ch. 2; see also Mark A. Stoler, “The ‘Second Front’ and American Fears of Soviet Expansion, 1941-1943,”
Military Affairs,
vol. 39, no. 3 (October 1975), pp. 136-41.

198
[
Quebec Conference
]: Dallek, pp. 408-21; Feis, ch. 16; Pogue, ch. 13; Winston S. Churchill,
Closing the Ring
(Houghton Mifflin, 1951), pp. 80-97; Jackson, pp. 101-8; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 390-94.

[
FDR
’
s trip to Cairo
]: Keith Eubank,
Summit at Teheran
(Morrow, 1985), ch. 6; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 402-3,

[
Cairo Conference
]: Eubank, ch. 7; Churchill,
Closing,
pp. 325-41; Sainsbury, ch. 7; Barbara W. Tuchman,
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45
(Macmillan, 1970), ch. 16; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 403-5.

[
FDR on Stalin
]: quoted in Burns,
Soldier,
p. 407.

[
Teheran Conference
]:
ibid.,
pp. 406-14; Dallek, pp. 430-40; Eubank; Feis, chs. 25-28 p
assim;
F. P. King,
The Sew Internationalism: Allied Policy and the European Peace, 1939-1945
(Archon Books, 1973); Sainsbury, ch. 8; Beitzell, part 5; W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel,
Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941-1946
(Random House, 1975), ch. 12; Mastny, pp. 122-33; Churchill,
Closing,
pp. 342-407.

[
Churchill on FDR
’
s drifting
]: Sainsbury, p. 231.

199
[
Birthday toasts and FDR on the rainbow coalition
]: Burns,
Soldier,
p. 411. [
Sword of Stalingrad
]:
ibid.,
p. 410.

[
General strategic, background, European war
]: see Weigley,
American Way,
ch. 14.

199
[
Preparations for D-Day
]: Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 473-74; Ambrose,
Supreme Commander,
book 2, part 1; Russell F. Weigley,
Eisenhower
’
s Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany, 1944-1945;
(Indiana University Press, 1981), part1; Jackson, ch. 6; Pogue, ch. 19
passim.

200
[“
O.K., let
’
s go
”]: quoted in Ambrose,
Supreme Commander,
p. 417, and see footnote.

[
Normandy invasion
]:
ibid.,
book 2, part 2; Weigley,
Lieutenants,
ch. 5; Max Hastings,
Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy
(Simon and Schuster, 1984); Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
pp. 1036-42; Jackson, ch. 8; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 475-77.

[
Intelligence and deception at Normandy
]: see Ralph Bennett,
Ultra in the West: The Normandy Campaign, 1944-45;
(Hutchinson, 1979), esp. chs. 1-3; Weigley,
Lieutenants,
pp. 53-55; Jackson, ch. 7; Stephen E. Ambrose, Ike’s
Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment
(Doubleday, 1981), chs. 6-7. [
FDR
’
s prayer
]: June 6, 1944, in
Public Papers,
vol. 13, pp. 152-53, quoted at p. 152.

201
[
General strategic background, Pacific war
]: see Weigley,
American Way,
ch. 13.

[
Stilwell-Chiang relations
]: Tuchman, ch. 12 and part 2
passim.

[
MacArthur
’
s opposition to direct Pacific thrust
]: see Weigley,
American Way,
pp. 283-84; Spector, pp. 255-56, 276-80. 201-2 [
Pacific campaign
]: Toland,
Rising Sun,
parts 5-6
passim:
Spector, chs. 12-14, 19-20; Thorne,
Allies of a Kind,
parts 4-5
passim;
Samuel Eliot Morison,
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1947-62), vols. 7-8, 12-13; Philip A. Crowl and Edmund G. Love,
Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls
(U.S. Department of the Army, 1955); Philip A. Crowl,
Campaign in the Marianas
(U.S. Department of the Army, 1960); M. Hamlin Cannon,
Leyte: The Return to the Philippines
(U.S. Department of the Army, 1954); Robert R. Smith,
Triumph in the Philippines
(U.S. Department of the Army, 1963); Manchester,
American Caesar,
pp. 339-55, 363-73, and ch. 7.

202
[
Popular support for Russia after Pearl Harbor
]: Ralph B. Levering,
American Opinion and the Russian Alliance, 1939-1945
(University of North Carolina Press, 1976), p. 61 (Figure 2); see also Melvin Small, “How We Learned to Love the Russians: American Media and the Soviet Union During World War II,”
Historian,
vol. 36, no. 3 (May 1974), pp. 455-78.

[Time’s
revised view of Stalin
]:
Time,
vol. 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1940), pp. 14-17; and
Time,
vol. 41, no. 1 (January 4, 1943), pp. 21-24.

[Tribune
on communists]:
quoted in Levering, p. 76.

[Herald Tribune
on Stalin]: ibid.,
p. 89.

[
Reynolds
’
s defense of Soviet purge
]: Reynolds, …
Only the Stars Are Neutral
(Random House, 1942).

[“ ‘
Don
’
t say a word against Stalin’
”]: Eastman, “We Must Face the Facts About Russia,”
Reader’s Digest,
vol. 43, no. 255 (July 1943), pp. 1-14, quoted at p. 3.

[
Hitler
’
s exploitation of freedom as symbol
]: Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 386-87; see also James MacGregor Burns, “The Roosevelt-Hitler Battle of Symbols,”
Antioch Review,
vol. 2, no. 3 (Fall 1942), pp. 407-21; transcripts of translated Nazi broadcasts at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park, N.Y.; Z. A. B. Zeman,
Nazi Propaganda
(Oxford University Press, 1964); Alexander L. George,
Propaganda Analysis
(Row, Peterson, 1959); Paul M. A. Linebarger,
Psychological Warfare
(Infantry Journal Press, 1948); Ralph K. White, “Hitler, Roosevelt, and the Nature of War Propaganda,”
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,
vol. 44, no. 2 (April 1949), pp. 157-74; Ernest K. Bramsted,
Goebbels and National Socialist Propaganda
(Michigan State University Press.

[“
Essence of our struggle
”]: address to the Delegates of the International Labour Organization, November 6, 1941, in
Public Papers,
vol. 10, pp. 474-80, quoted at p. 476.

203
[
Economic bill of rights
]: see Annual Message to the Congress, January 6, 1941, in
ibid.,
vol. 9, pp. 663-72, esp. pp. 670-71.

[“
Second bill of rights
”]: Message on the State of the Union, January 11, 1944, in
ibid.,
vol. 13, pp. 32-42, quoted at p. 41, as modified by comparison with tapes of the speech.

[
FDR
’
s vice-presidential manipulations
]: Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 503-7; Blum,
V Was for Victory,
pp. 288-92; John Morton Blum, ed.,
The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace
(Houghton Mifflin, 1973), pp. 360-72; Leon Friedman, “Election of 1944,” in Schlesinger, vol. 4, pp. 3023-28; James F. Byrnes,
All in One Lifetime
(Harper, 1958), ch. 13.

203
[
GOP road to nomination
]: Richard N. Smith,
Thomas E. Dewey and His Times
(Simon and Schuster, 1982), pp. 385-405; Manchester,
American Caesar,
pp. 355-63; Neal, chs. 17-18; Friedman, pp. 3017-23; Patterson,
Mr. Republican,
pp. 268-72.

[“
Sinister drama
”]: quoted in Friedman, p. 3019.

204
[
Risk to Dewey of denouncing FDR
’
s postwar plans
]: see Richard E. Darilek,
A Loyal Opposition in Time of War: The Republican Party and the Politics of Foreign Policy from Pearl Harbor to Yalta
(Greenwood Press, 1976), ch. 7.

[
GOP rumor campaign
]: Perrett, pp. 292-93.

[
Hillman-Browder billboards
]: Manchester,
Glory and Dream,
p. 330; see also Smith, pp. 409-10.

[
FDR
’
s Teamster address
]: September 23, 1944, in
Public Papers,
vol. 13, pp. 284-92, quoted at p. 290, as modified by comparison with tapes of the speech. [“
Keep the record straight
”]: quoted in Smith, p. 422.

[
Dewey on FDR
’
s
“
indispensability
”]:
ibid.,
p. 424.

[
Dewey on Democratic party takeover by Hillman-Browder
]: Friedman, p. 3033. [“
Bricker could have written it
”]: Smith, pp. 433-34, quoted at p. 433.

204-5
[
Resurgent antagonism to Russia
]: see Levering, ch. 6 and pp. 169-84.

205
[
Lippmann
’
s reluctant vote for FDR
]: see Steel, pp. 412-14.

[“
I can’t talk about my opponent
”]: campaign remarks at Bridgeport, Conn., November 4, 1944, in
Public Papers,
vol. 13, pp. 389-91, quoted at p. 391.

[
Election results, 1944
]: Schlesinger, vol. 4, p. 3096; Smith, pp. 435-36.

[
Trend toward
“
privatization
”]: see Polenberg, p. 137.

[“
Son of a bitch
”]: quoted in Burns,
Soldier,
p. 530.

[
FDR
’
s arrival at Yalta
]:
ibid.,
p. 564.

206
[
Yalta Conference
]: Diane Shaver Clemens,
Yalta
(Oxford University Press, 1970); King, ch. 10 and
passim;
Dallek, pp. 506-20; Harriman and Abel, ch. 17; James F. Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
(Harper, 1947), ch. 2; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 564-80; Mastny, ch. 7; Winston S. Churchill,
Triumph and Tragedy
(Houghton Mifflin, 1953), book 2, chs. 1-4; Feis, chs. 51-57; Charles E. Bohlen,
Witness to History, 1929-1969
(Norton, 1973), ch. 11; Robert A. Divine,
Second Chance: The Triumph of Internationalism in America During World War II
(Atheneum, 1967); Athan G. Theoharis,
The Yalta Myths: An Issue in U.S. Politics, 1945-1955
(University of Missouri Press, 1970); Russell D. Buhite,
Decisions at Yalta: An Appraisal of Summit Diplomacy
(Scholarly Resources, 1986); Deborin, ch. 17.