American Experiment (417 page)

[
Neutrality legislation and FDR
’
s foreign policy
]: see Dallek, ch. 5; Cole,
Roosevelt,
chs. 12, 15; Richard P. Traina,
American Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War
(Indiana University Press, 1968); Robert A. Divine,
The Illusion of Neutrality
(University of Chicago Press, 1962); Burns,
Lion,
pp. 255-59; Divine,
Roosevelt,
pp. 10-14.

[“
A hat and a rabbit
”]: quoted in Dallek, p. 144.

157
[
FDR
’
s 1937 Chicago address
]: October 5, 1937, in
Public Papers,
vol. 6, pp. 406-11, quoted at p. 408; see also Dorothy Borg, “Notes on Roosevelt’s ‘Quarantine’ Speech,” in Robert A. Divine, ed.,
Causes and Consequences of World War II
(Quadrangle, 1969), pp. 47-70.

[
Response to Chicago address and FDR
’
s response
]: Burns,
Lion,
pp. 318-19; Cole,
Roosevelt,
pp. 246-48; Dorothy Borg,
The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933-1938
(Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 382-98, 538-39; Divine,
Reluctant Belligerent,
p. 45.

[“
A terrible thing
”]: quoted in Samuel I. Rosenman,
Working with Roosevelt
(Harper, 1952), p. 167.

[
Hitler
’
s domestic power
]: see Edward N. Peterson,
The Limits of Hitler
’
s Power
(Princeton University Press, 1969); Shirer,
Rise and Fall.

[
Rhineland
]: Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
pp. 290-96, Hitler quoted at p. 293; James T. Emmerson,
The Rhineland Crisis, 7 March 1936: A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy
(Maurice Temple Smith, 1977); William L. Shirer,
The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940
[Simon and Schuster, 1969), ch. 16.

158
[
Sudeten crisis
]: Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
ch. 12, Churchill quoted at p. 423; Telford Taylor,
Munich: The Price of Peace
(Doubleday, 1979); Burns,
Lion,
pp. 384-88; Shirer,
Collapse,
chs. 19-21 ; Larry W. Fuchser,
Neville Chamberlain and Appeasement: A Study in the Politics of History
(Norton, 1982), chs. 6-7; Offner, pp. 245-71; Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner,
American White Paper: The Story of American Diplomacy and the Second World War
(Simon and Schuster, 1940), ch. 2; MacDonald, chs. 6-7.

158
[
Czech dismemberment
]: Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
pp. 428-30, 437-54.

[“
Never in my life
”]: letter to Gertrude Ely, March 25, 1939, in
F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1928-1945,
Elliott Roosevelt, ed. (Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), vol. 2, p. 872.

[
Efforts toward arms embargo repeal
]: see David L. Porter,
The Seventy-sixth Congress
a
nd World War II, 1939-1940
(University of Missouri Press, 1979), ch. 3; Betty Glad,
Key Pittman: The Tragedy of a Senate Insider
(Columbia University Press, 1986), ch. 22.

[
Pittman
]: Fred L. Israel,
Nevada
’
s Key Pittman
(University of Nebraska Press, 1963), pp. 166-67; see also Glad, pp. 217-19 and chs. 20-24; Wayne S. Cole, “Senator Pittman and American Neutrality Policies, 1933-1940,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
vol. 46, no. 4 (March 1960), pp. 644-62.

[
FDR meeting with Senate leaders
]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
pp. 392-93.

159
[
FDR on prospective Axis aggression
]: memorandum by Carlton Savage, May 19, 1939, quoted in William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason,
The Challenge to Isolation, 1937-1940
(Harper, 1952), pp. 138-39.

[
Stalin to Churchill on Soviet turn to Germany
]: Lord Beaverbrook Papers, Cabinet Papers, House of Lords.

[
Nazi-Soviet Pact
]: Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
ch. 15, Stalin quoted at p. 540; Shirer,
Collapse,
chs. 22, 24; Vojtech Mastny,
Russia
’
s Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, Warfare, and the Politics of Communism, 1941-1945
(Columbia University Press, 1979), pp. 23-35; David J. Dallin,
Soviet Russia
’
s Foreign Policy, 1939-1942,
Leon Dennen, trans. (Yale University Press, 1942), chs. 2-3; Raymond J. Strong and James S. Beddie, eds.,
Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939-1941: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office
(U.S. Department of State, 1948), chs. 1-3.

[
Start of World War II
]: Nicholas Bethell,
The War Hitler Won: The Fall of Poland, September 1939
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972); Shirer,
Rise and Fall.
chs. 16-17; Shirer,
Collapse,
chs. 25-26.

160
[“
I sit in one of the dives
”]: “September 1, 1939,” in
The English Auden: Poems, Essays, and Dramatic Writings, 1927-1939,
Edward Mendelson, ed. (Random House, 1977), pp. 245-47, quoted at p. 245.

[“
The end of the world
”]: quoted in Michael R. Beschloss,
Kennedy and Roosevelt: The Uneasy Alliance
(Norton, 1980), p. 190.

[
Arms embargo repeal and
“
cash and carry
”]: Porter, ch. 4; Divine,
Illusion,
chs. 8-9; Cole,
Roosevelt,
pp. 320-30; Burns,
Lion,
pp. 395-97; Langer and Gleason, pp. 218-35.

[
Noninterventionist mail campaign
]: Dallek, p. 200.

[“
One single hard-headed thought
”]: message to Congress, September 2 1, 1939, in
Public Papers,
vol. 8, pp. 512-22, quoted at p. 521.

[“
Dreadful rape
”]: FDR to Lincoln MacVeagh, letter of December 1, 1939, in
Personal Letters,
vol. 2, p. 961.

161
[
Anglo-American relations
]: see MacDonald,
passim;
Warren K. Kimball,
The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939-1941
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1969); Kimball, “Lend-Lease and the Open Door: The Temptation of British Opulence, 1937-1942,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 86, no. 2 (June 1971), pp. 232-59; Fuchser, pp. 97-99.

[“
Much public criticism
”]: letter of February 1, 1940, in Francis L. Loewenheim et al., eds.,
Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence
(Saturday Review Press/ E. P. Dutton, 1975), p. 93.

[“
The country as a whole
”]: quoted in Dallek, p. 211.

[
German invasion of Denmark and Norway
]: Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
ch. 20; J. L. Moulton,
The Norwegian Campaign of 1940: A Study of Warfare in Three Dimensions
(Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1960); Richard Petrow,
The Bitter Years
(Morrow, 1974), chs. 1-7.

[“
Can have no illusions
”]: April 15, 1940, in
Public Papers,
vol. 9, p. 161.

162
[
German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium, France
]: Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
ch. 21; Shirer,
Collapse,
chs. 28-29; John Williams,
The Ides of May: The Defeat of France, May-June 1940
(Knopf, 1968).

[“
Decide the destiny
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 419.

162
[“
Scene has darkened swiftly
”]: in Loewenheim, pp. 94-95, quoted at p. 94. [“
Nazified Europe
”]
: ibid.,
p. 94.

[
Reynaud
’
s appeal to FDR
]: quoted in Dallek, p. 230; see also Eleanor M. Gates,
End of the Affair: The Collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance, 1939-40
(University of California Press, 1981), Appendix D. [
Walsh threat
]: Burns,
Lion,
pp. 421-22.

[
Opinion polls on aid
]: poll of May 23, 1940, in Cantril and Strunk, p. 973 (item 67).

163
[
Isolationist defections
]: Justus D. Doenecke, “Non-interventionism of the Left: The Keep America Out of the War Congress, 1938-41,”
Journal of Contemporary History,
vol. 12, no. 2 (1977), pp. 221-36, esp. pp. 231-32.

[
FDR as Sphinx
]: see Burns,
Lion,
p. 410.

[
FDR
’
s maneuverings to preserve options
]:
ibid.,
pp. 408-15; James A. Farley,
Jim Farley
’
s Story
(McGraw-Hill, 1948), chs. 20-24; Bascom N. Timmons,
Garner of Texas
(Harper, 1948), chs. 15-16; Herbert S. Parmet and Marie B. Hecht,
Never Again: A President Runs for a Third Term
(Macmillan, 1968), chs. 1, 2.

163-4
[
Republican convention
]: Robert E. Burke, “The Election of 1940,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 4, pp. 2928-31; Steve Neal,
Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie
(Doubleday, 1984), ch. 10; Parmet and Hecht, ch. 6; James T. Patterson,
Mr. Republican: Robert A. Taft
(Houghton Mifflin, 1972), chs. 14-15.

164
[“
Could not in these times refuse
”]: quoted in Farley, p. 251.

[
Democratic convention
]: Burns,
Lion,
pp. 426-30; Burke, pp. 2933-36; Farley, chs. 25-29; Parmet and Hecht, ch. 8.

[“
Destroyer deal
”]: Philip Goodhart,
Fifty Ships That Saved the World
(Doubleday, 1965); Mark L. Chadwin,
The Hawks of World War II
(University of North Carolina Press, 1968), ch. 4; Dallek, pp. 243-48; Kimball,
Unsordid Act,
pp. 67-71; Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1980), pp. 384-86;
Public Papers,
vol. 9, pp. 376-407; Thomas A. Bailey and Paul B. Ryan,
Hitler vs. Roosevelt: The Undeclared Naval War
(Free Press, 1979), ch. 7.

[“
Whole fate of the war
”]: letter of July 31, 1940, in Loewenheim, pp. 107-108, quoted at p. 107.

[
Hitler
’
s thwarted invasion of Britain
]: see Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
ch. 22.

165
[
Selective Service
]: J. Garry Clifford and Samuel R. Spencer, Jr.,
The First Peacetime Draft
(University Press of Kansas, 1986); Porter, chs. 6-7; Dallek, pp. 248-50;
Public Papers,
vol. 9, pp. 473-75.

[
Willkie campaign
]: Neal, ch. 12; Burke, pp. 2937-43; Parmet and Hecht, chs. 9-12; Muriel Rukeyser,
One Life
(Simon and Schuster, 1957), ch. 4; Donald Bruce Johnson,
The Republican Party and Wendell Willkie
(University of Illinois Press, 1960), ch. 4; Cole,
Roosevelt,
p. 396.

[“
A temporary alliance
”]: Neal, pp. 158-59, quoted at p. 159.

[
FDR
’
s campaign
]: Burns,
Lion,
pp. 442-51; Burke, pp. 2943-45; Parmet and Hechl, chs. 9-12.

[“
An old campaigner
”]: in
Public Papers,
vol. 9, pp. 485-95, quoted at p. 488,.

[“
Ma-a-a-rtin
”]: see
ibid.,
pp. 506, 523; Rosenman,
Working,
pp. 240-41.

[“
Mothers and fathers of America
”]: October 30, 1940, in
Public Papers,
vol. 9, pp. 514-24, quoted at p. 517.

[“
Very ominous
”]: campaign address at Brooklyn, N.Y., November 1, 1940, in
ibid.,
vol. 9, pp. 530-39, quoted at p. 531; see also Burns,
Lion,
p. 449.

[
Election results
]: Schlesinger, vol. 4, p. 3006; Burns,
Lion,
pp. 454-55.

[“
Happy I
’
ve won but
”]: quoted in James Roosevelt and Bill Libby,
My Parents: A Differing View
(Playboy Press, 1976), p. 164.

[
FDR-Willkie meeting
]: see James Roosevelt and Sidney Shalett,
Affectionately, F.D.R.: A Son
’
s Story of a Lonely Man
(Harcourt, 1959), p. 325; Grace Tully,
F.D.R., My Boss
(Scribner, 1949), p. 58.

The War of Two Worlds

166
[
Hitler
’
s address at Rheinmetall-Borsig
]:
New York Times,
December 11, 1940, pp. 1, 4-5, quoted at p. 4.

166
[
FDR
’
s reply
]: fireside chat of December 29, 1940, in
Public Papers,
vol. 9, pp. 633-44, quoted at pp. 634, 639, 640, 643; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 27-28.

[
Hitler on global strategy
]: quoted in Shirer,
Rise and Fall,
p. 821; see also Joachim C. Fest,
Hitler,
Richard and Clara Winston, trans. (Vintage, 1975), p. 643.

[
Churchill
’
s letter to FDR
]: December 8, 1940, in Winston S. Churchill,
Their Finest Hour
(Houghton Mifflin, 1949), pp. 558-67, quoted at pp. 561, 564, 566.

[“
One of the most important
”]:
ibid.,
p. 558.

[
FDR
’
s conception of Lend-Lease
]: quoted in Robert E. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History
(Harper, 1950), p. 224.

[
Lend-Lease
]: Kimball,
Unsordid Act;
John Morton Blum,
From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, 1938-1941
(Houghton Mifflin, 1965), ch. 6; William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason,
The Undeclared War, 1940-1941
(Harper, 1953), chs. 8-9; Dallek, pp. 255-60; Cole,
Roosevelt,
ch. 28; Burns,
Soldier,
pp. 43-49; Kimball, “Lend-Lease and the Open Door”; William A. Klingaman,
1941
(Harper, 1988), ch. 3.

[
Britain
’
s financial straits
]: Dallek, p. 255.

[
FDR
’
s garden-hose analogy
]: press conference 702, December 17, 1940, in
Public Papers,
vol. 9, pp. 604-15, quoted at p. 607; see also Kimball,
Unsordid Act,
p. 77.

169
[
Taft on Lend-Lease
]: Patterson,
Mr. Republican,
pp. 242-44.