American Warlord (47 page)
Authors: Johnny Dwyer
40.
U.S. ambassador to Sierra Leone to U.S. secretary of state, July 14, 1990, U.S. Department of State, Document E5, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
41.
Sirleaf,
This Child Will Be Great
, p. 175.
42.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, July 25, 1990, U.S. Department of State, Document E36, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
43.
Republic of Liberia, Truth and Reconciliation Commission,
Final Report
(Monrovia, June 29, 2009), p. 231,
http://trcofliberia.org/resources/reports/final/trc-of-liberia-final-report-volume-ii.pdf
.
44.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, August 3, 1990, U.S. Department of State, Document E39, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
45.
Herman Cohen, former assistant secretary of state for African affairs, interview by author, November 11, 2011.
46.
Kenneth Brown to author, November 9, 2013.
47.
National Security Council, “Memorandum for ORDWAY@VAXC from WHSR@WHSR,” July 3, 1990 (declassified April 22, 2013).
48.
Denis Johnson,
Seek: Reports from the Edges of America and Beyond
(New York: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 10.
49.
The Execution of Former Liberian President Samuel K. Doe
(film), Monrovia, 1990,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-NmMaLgrX0
.
50.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, January 8, 1991, U.S. Department of State, Document E39, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
51.
Peter da Costa, “Liberia: Peace Postponed,”
Africa Special Report
37, no. 3 (1992): 52.
52.
United States vs. Roy M. Belfast, Jr.
, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division, Trial Transcript, October 16, 2008.
53.
Da Costa, “Liberia: Peace Postponed,” 52.
54.
Koisee Garmo, interview by author, March 7, 2010.
55.
Cindor Reeves, interview by author, March 28, 2009.
56.
Republic of Liberia, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, “Testimony of Joseph Kpagbor,” Buchanan, Liberia, April 9, 2008.
57.
Republic of Liberia, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, “Testimony of Morris Padmore,” Monrovia, Liberia, January 24, 2008.
58.
Samuel Nimley to author, September 11, 2010.
Pine Hills
1.
Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
2.
Ibid.
3.
Diane Sears, “Danger’s a Partner at Saturday Dances,”
Orlando Sentinel
, October 4, 1992.
4.
Roy Belfast Sr., conversation with author, August 2008.
5.
Tia Wheeler, “Substance Abuse and Mental Health Assessment (SAMH-3), Summary of Findings and Recommendations,” Human Services Associates, Inc., March 15, 1994.
6.
Henderson interviews.
7.
Colleen A. Ward and Michael H. Beaubrun, “The Psychodynamics of Demon Possession,”
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
19, no. 2 (1980): 201.
8.
Ibid.
9.
Adelle E. Forth and Heather C. Burke, “Psychopathy in Adolescence: Assessment, Violence, and Developmental Precursors,”
Psychopathy: Theory, Research, and Implications for Society
88 (1998): 206.
10.
Lauren Ritchie, “Rise Seen in Drive-by Shootings,”
Orlando Sentinel
, July 16, 1990; “2nd Suspect in Pine Hills Shooting Arrested, Jailed,”
Orlando Sentinel
, March 5, 1990.
11.
State of Florida vs. Roy M. Belfast
, Circuit Court of Orange County, Florida, Information no. CR94-3078, June 9, 1994.
12.
Steven L. Klimkowski, interview by author, February 25, 2007.
13.
Bernice Yolanda Emmanuel, conversations with author, summer 2006, January 18, 2008, and January 9, 2009.
Revolution
1.
Chief of mission of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to U.S. ambassador in Ougadougou, Burkina Faso, June 9, 1995, U.S. Department of State, Document E1, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
2.
Mark Anthony, conversation with author, July 14, 2010.
3.
Stephen Ellis,
The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War
(New York: New York University Press, 1999),
p. 68.
4.
Liberia: America’s Stepchild
(film), directed by Nancee Oku Bright, PBS, 2002.
5.
Prosecutor vs. Charles Ghankay Taylor
, Special Court for Sierra Leone, Case no. SCSL-2003-01-T, Trial Chamber II, Trial Transcript, November 18, 2009.
6.
Ibid., Trial Transcript, March 4, 2010.
7.
Ibid.
8.
Ibid.
9.
Republic of Liberia, Truth and Reconciliation Commission,
Final Report
(Monrovia, June 29, 2009), p. 249,
http://trcofliberia.org/resources/reports/final/trc-of-liberia-final-report-volume-ii.pdf
.
10.
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, September 8, 2009.
11.
David J. Francis,
The Politics of Economic Regionalism: Sierra Leone in ECOWAS
(Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2001), p. 111.
12.
U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador in Accra, Ghana, November 2, 1994, U.S. Department of State, Document E13, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
13.
Charles McArther Emmanuel to Lynn Henderson, ca. 1994.
14.
“Liberia: Demise of an Accord,” Defense Intelligence Agency, June 17, 1994, U.S. Department of State, Document E054, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
15.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, June 14, 1994, U.S. Department of State, Document E11, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
16.
“Liberia: Demise of an Accord,” Defense Intelligence Agency, June 17, 1994.
17.
Charles McArther Emmanuel to Lynn Henderson, ca. 1994.
18.
Adekeye Adebajo and Ismail Rashid, eds.,
West Africa’s Security Challenges: Building Peace in a Troubled Region
(Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004), p. 203.
19.
Arie Marcelo Kacowicz,
Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), p. 206.
20.
Chief of mission of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to U.S. ambassador in Ougadougou, Burkina Faso, June 9, 1995, U.S. Department of State, Document E1, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
21.
Cindor Reeves, interview by author, March 28, 2009.
22.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, January 30, 1995, U.S. Department of State, Document E38, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
23.
Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
24.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, July 29, 1996, U.S. Department of State, Document E38, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
25.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. liaison officer in Abuja, Nigeria, September 14, 1990, U.S. Department of State, Document E6, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
26.
“Liberian Stories: A Population Caught in a Cycle of Violence and Displacement,” Médecins sans frontières, July 2003.
27.
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, September 8, 2009.
28.
Ibid., Trial Transcript, July 23, 2009.
29.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, December 3, 1996, U.S. Department of State, Document E4, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
30.
College of West Africa school officials, interview by author, June 18, 2009.
31.
Samuel Nimley to author, July 20, 2010.
32.
Henderson interviews.
33.
College of West Africa school officials interview.
34.
Henderson interviews.
35.
Ibid.
36.
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, May 14, 2008.
37.
Gary Craig, “Boley Ordered Killings, Witness Says,” Rochester
Democrat and Chronicle
, September 29, 2010.
38.
Cindor Reeves, interview by author, March 28, 2009.
39.
Henderson interviews.
40.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, June 28, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E5, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
41.
U.S. Institute for Peace, “Abuja Agreement to Supplement the Cotonou and Akosombo Agreements as Subsequently Clarified by the Accra Agreement,”
http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/liberia_08191995.pdf
.
42.
David Harris, “From ‘Warlord’ to ‘Democratic’ President: How Charles Taylor Won the 1997 Liberian Elections,”
Journal of Modern African Studies
37, no. 3 (1999): 438.
43.
Ibid.
44.
Mary H. Moran,
Liberia: The Violence of Democracy
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), p. 121.
45.
Harris, “From ‘Warlord’ to ‘Democratic’ President,” p. 451.
46.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, July 25, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E42, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
47.
Henderson interviews.
48.
President Taylor’s First Hundred Days in Office (2 August 1997–10 November 1997)
(Monrovia: Department of Public Affairs, Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism), p. 9.
49.
Courtenay Griffiths, interview by author, June 11, 2014.
50.
Henderson interviews.
51.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 4, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E59, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
52.
Ibid.
53.
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, May 14, 2008.
Gbatala
1.
U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador to Liberia, May 2, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E114, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
2.
U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador to Liberia, January 17, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E92, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
3.
Ibid.
4.
James G. Antal and R. John Vanden Berghe,
On Mamba Station: U.S. Marines in West Africa, 1990–2003
(Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, U.S. Marine Corps, 2004), p. 107.
5.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. Information Agency, April 29, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E113, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
6.
Christopher Menephar, interviews by author, June 18–19, 2009; August 2010; December 12, 2010.
7.
Prosecutor vs. Charles Ghankay Taylor
, Special Court for Sierra Leone, Case no. SCSL-2003-01-T, Trial Chamber II, Trial Transcript, February 11, 2008.
8.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, March 17, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E108, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
9.
Menephar interviews.
10.
Anonymous, interview by author, June 17, 2009.
11.
UN Security Council, Resolution 788 (1992), November 19, 1992,
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/788(1992)
.
12.
Menephar interviews.
13.
Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
14.
UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1343 (2001), Paragraph 19, Concerning Liberia
, October 26, 2001, S/2001/1015,
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdf
.
15.
Republic of Liberia, Truth and Reconciliation Commission,
Final Report
(Monrovia, June 29, 2009), p. 341,
http://trcofliberia.org/resources/reports/final/trc-of-liberia-final-report-volume-ii.pdf
.
16.
Andrew Feinstein,
The Shadow World: Inside the Global Arms Trade
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), p. 103.
17.
Henderson interviews.
18.
Hamza Abdul Aziz (aka Chucky Taylor) to author, November 14, 2009.
19.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, January 16, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E91, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
20.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, July 31, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E136, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
21.
Stephen Ellis,
The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War
(New York: New York University Press, 1999), p. 253.