American Warlord (49 page)
Authors: Johnny Dwyer
43.
Menephar interviews.
44.
Kpadeh et al. vs. Emmanuel
, “Complaint—Class Action,” January 9, 2009.
45.
Henderson interviews.
46.
Desmond Parker, UN chief of protocol, to author, October 6, 2010.
47.
Kpadeh et al. vs. Emmanuel
, “Complaint—Class Action,” January 9, 2009.
48.
Menephar interviews.
49.
Ibid.
50.
Ibid.
51.
Anonymous, interview by author, June 17, 2009.
52.
Menephar interviews.
53.
Ian Smillie, Lansana Gberie, and Ralph Hazleton,
The Heart of the Matter: Sierra
Leone, Diamonds and Human Security (Complete Report)
(Ottawa: Partnership Africa Canada, January 2000), p. 47,
http://www.pacweb.org/Documents/diamonds_KP/heart_of_the_matter-full-2000-01-eng.pdf
.
54.
U.S. Institute of Peace, “Peace Agreement Between the Government of Sierra Leone and the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone,” July 7, 1999,
http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/sierra_leone_07071999.pdf
.
55.
UN Security Council,
First Report on the UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL)
, S/1999/1223, December 6, 1999,
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/369/66/IMG/N9936966.pdf?OpenElement
.
56.
Gbor interview.
57.
Menephar interviews.
58.
Smillie, Gberie, and Hazleton,
Heart of the Matter
, p. 34.
59.
UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1343 (2001), Paragraph 19, Concerning Liberia
, October 26, 2001, S/2001/1015,
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdf
.
60.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, March 21, 2000, U.S. Department of State, Document E292, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
61.
Nicole Itano, “Liberating Liberia: Charles Taylor and the Rebels Who Unseated Him,”
Institute for Security Studies
, ISS paper no. 82 (November 2003).
62.
Anonymous interview.
63.
Author’s notes, Gbarnga, June 2007.
64.
Author’s notes, Monrovia, June 2007.
65.
Henderson interviews.
66.
Government of the Republic of Liberia,
Five-Year National Reconstruction and Development Plan, 2002–2007
(Monrovia: Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, 2002), p. 84.
67.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, January 26, 2000, U.S. Department of State, Document E276, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
68.
Ibid.
69.
Henderson interviews.
70.
Anonymous wedding attendee to author, November 4, 2010.
71.
Henderson interviews.
72.
Ruth 1:16.
73.
Henderson interviews.
74.
Ibid.
Resources
1.
Bartuah Gbor, interview by author, June 20, 2009.
2.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, May 28, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E3, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
3.
Stephen Ellis,
The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War
(New York: New York University Press, 1999), p. 48.
4.
Gail Wannenburg, “Catching the Middlemen Fuelling African Conflicts,”
South African Yearbook of International Affairs 2002/03
(Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs, 2003).
5.
Patrick Johnston, “Timber Booms, State Busts: The Political Economy of Liberian Timber,”
Review of African Political Economy
101 (2004): 441–56.
6.
Ibid.
7.
Global Witness,
Logging Off: How the Liberian Timber Industry Fuels Liberia’s Humanitarian Disaster and Threatens Sierra Leone
(London: Global Witness, September 2002).
8.
Johnston, “Timber Booms, State Busts.”
9.
Israel Akinsanya, interview by author, October 25, 2011.
10.
Charles M. Taylor, Jr., to Jeff House & Associates, August 4, 2000.
11.
Akinsanya interview.
12.
Ibid.
13.
Ibid.
14.
Ian Smillie, former member of UN Panel of Experts, interview by author, December 6, 2010.
15.
Ibid.
16.
Fred Rindel to author, April 5, 2010.
17.
“To: 09874762520989,” fax, August 1, 2000.
18.
Fred Rindel to author, April 5, 2010.
19.
FogJohnsen@aol.com
, e-mail to Israel Akinsanya, August 10, 2000.
20.
Ibid.
21.
Charles McArthur Taylor 2nd to Mr. House, August 10, 2000.
22.
Ian Smillie, Lansana Gberie, and Ralph Hazleton,
The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Security (Complete Report)
(Ottawa, Ontario: Partnership Africa Canada, January 2000), p. 34,
http://www.pacweb.org/Documents/diamonds_KP/heart_of_the_matter-full-2000-01-eng.pdf
.
23.
Daniel Pohle, interview by author, December 11, 2010.
24.
Benjamin Houge, interview by author, December 9, 2010.
25.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, April 5, 2001, U.S. Department of State, Document E12, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
26.
“Vic” to Akinsanya, August 26, 2000.
27.
Pohle interview.
28.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, October 28, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E361, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
29.
William J. Clinton, “Statement on Suspending the Immigration of Persons Impeding the Peace Process in Sierra Leone,” October 11, 2000, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PPP-2000-book2/pdf/PPP-2000-book2-Doc-pg2136.pdf
.
30.
izzyakin@email.msn.com
, e-mail to
iakinsanya@yahoo.com
, September 26, 2000.
31.
Leslie A. Anderson to John N.J.J. Caranda, October 20, 2000.
32.
Leslie A. Anderson, interview by author, July 29, 2010.
33.
UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Appointed Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolution 1306(2000), Paragraph 19, in Relation to Sierra Leone
, December 2000, S/2000/1306,
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1132/pdf/sclet11951e.pdf
.
34.
The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America, Federal Register
, vol. 78, no. 67, April 8, 2013, notices p. 210008,
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-04-08/pdf/2013-08080.pdf
.
35.
UN Security Council, Resolution 788 (1992), November 19, 1992,
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/788(1992)
.
36.
UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Appointed Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolution 1306(2000), Paragraph 19, in Relation to Sierra Leone
, December 2000, S/2000/1306,
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1132/pdf/sclet11951e.pdf
.
37.
UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1343 (2001), Paragraph 19, Concerning Liberia
, October 26, 2001, S/2001/1015,
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdf
.
38.
Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
39.
Alain Lallemand, “Drugs, Diamonds and Deadly Cargoes,” November 18, 2002, Center for Public Integrity,
http://www.publicintegrity.org/2002/11/18/5697/drugs-diamonds-and-deadly-cargoes
.
40.
Matthew Brunwasser, “Leonid Efimovich Minin: From Ukraine, A New Kind of Arms Trafficker,” PBS
Frontline/World
,
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sierraleone/minin.html
.
41.
Ibid; UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1343 (2001), Paragraph 19, Concerning Liberia
, October 26, 2001, S/2001/1015,
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdf
.
War Business
1.
Roy Belfast (aka Chucky Taylor), interview by author, April 15, 2012.
2.
Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
3.
Anonymous, interview by author, May 30, 2009.
4.
Israel Akinsanya, interview by author, October 25, 2011.
5.
UN Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1521 (2003) Concerning Liberia, “Travel Ban List,” April 3, 2014,
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1521/tblist.shtml
.
6.
Robert Ferguson to author, March 19, 2012.
7.
UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1343 (2001), Paragraph 19, Concerning Liberia
, October 26, 2001, S/2001/1015,
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdf
.
8.
Ibid.
9.
Akinsanya interview.
Satan and The Prophet
1.
Robert Ferguson, interviews by author, June 10–11, 2010.
2.
“U.S. Soldier Shot in Liberia,” Associated Press, June 17, 2001.
3.
John Tarnue, interview by author, December 12, 2010.
4.
U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador to Liberia, December 9, 2000, U.S. Department of State, Document E394A, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
5.
William M. Bellamy, former deputy assistant secretary of state for African affairs, interview by author, September 28, 2012.
6.
Ferguson interviews.
7.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, May 1, 2001, U.S. Department of State, Document E410, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
8.
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations, “The Impact of Liberia’s Election on West Africa,” hearing, 109th Congress, 2nd session, February 8, 2006.
9.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, January 29, 2001, U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Staff Communications Center, Document 4a, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
10.
U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, “Joint Staff Action Processing Form: Lethal (Offensive) Training in Guinea (U),” October 3, 2001.
11.
James Brabazon,
My Friend the Mercenary
(New York: Grove Press, 2011).
12.
U.S. ambassador to Guinea to U.S. secretary of state, December 29, 2000, U.S. Department of State, Document ER8, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
13.
U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador to Liberia, September 14, 2001, U.S. Department of State, Document E424, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
14.
Back to the Brink: War Crimes by Liberian Government and Rebels
, May 2002, Human Rights Watch,
http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/liberia
.
15.
Samuel Nimley, interview by author, June 3, 2007; April 22 and June 17, 2009.
16.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, July 26, 2000, U.S. Department of State, Document E346, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
17.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, June 6, 2001, U.S. Department of State, Document E416, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
18.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, April 2, 2002, U.S. Department of State, Document E454, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
19.
“Liberia: Ill Health of Hassan Bility—Journalist and Human Rights Defender,” September 10, 2002, Amnesty International, no. AFR 34/015/2002,
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR34/015/2002/en
.
20.
Hamza Abdul Aziz (aka Chucky Taylor) to author, November 14, 2009.
21.
Nimley interviews.
22.
Ferguson interviews.
23.
Ibid.
24.
Nimley interviews.
25.
GlobalOptions, “Proposal for Services Prepared by: GlobalOptions Prepared for the Government of Liberia,” May 22, 2002.
26.
Nimley interviews.
27.
OCHA Liberia Weekly Situation Report
, May 16, 2002, ReliefWeb,
http://reliefweb.int/report/guinea/ocha-liberia-weekly-situation-report-08-16-may-2002
.
28.
OCHA Liberia Weekly Situation Report
, September 14, 2002, ReliefWeb.
http://reliefweb.int/report/liberia/ocha-liberia-weekly-situation-report-01-14-sep-2002
.
29.
Nimley interviews.
30.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 16, 2002, U.S. Department of State, Document E474, National Security Archive, George Washington University.