American Warlord (46 page)

10.
 
Encyclopaedia Britannica Online
, s.v. “Saint Paul River.”

11.
 
United States vs. Belfast
, Trial Transcript, October 7, 2008.

12.
 Ibid., October 2, 2008.

  1.
 
United States vs. Roy M. Belfast, Jr.
, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division, prosecution exhibits.

  2.
 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf,
This Child Will Be Great: Memoir of a Remarkable Life by Africa’s First Woman President
(New York: Harper, 2009), p. 70.

  3.
 
Prosecutor vs. Charles Ghankay Taylor
, Special Court for Sierra Leone, Case no. SCSL-2003-01-T, Trial Chamber II, Trial Transcript, July 14, 2009.

  4.
 Constitution of the Republic of Liberia, Chapter 4, “Citizenship,” Article 27(b), 1986.

  5.
 
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, July 14, 2009.

  6.
 Bernice Yolanda Emmanuel, conversations with author, summer 2006; January 18, 2008; and January 9, 2009.

  7.
 D. Elwood Dunn,
Historical Dictionary of Liberia
(Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2000), p. 341.

  8.
 Ibid.

  9.
 Sirleaf,
This Child Will Be Great
, p. 67.

10.
 Ibid., p. 66.

11.
 Gerald R. Ford and William R. Tolbert, Memorandum of Conversation, November 5, 1974,
http://www.​fordlibr​arymuseum.​gov/​library/​document/​0314/​1552840.​pdf
.

12.
 Edward J. Perkins with Connie Cronley,
Mr. Ambassador: Warrior for Peace
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006).

13.
 
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, July 14, 2009.

14.
 Ibid.

15.
 Stephen Ellis,
The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War
(New York: New York University Press, 1999).

16.
 Margarite Fernández Olmos and Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert,
Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo
, 2nd ed. (New York: New York University Press, 2011), p. 155.

17.
 Lise Winer,
Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles
(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2009), p. 733.

18.
 Emmanuel conversations.

19.
 Robert Gosney, interview by author, January 11, 2010.

20.
 Henry C. Dethloff and John A. Adams Jr.,
Texas Aggies Go to War in Service of Their Country
, expanded ed. (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2008), p. 315.

21.
 
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, July 14, 2009.

22.
 Ibid.

23.
 Republic of Liberia, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, testimony of Winston A. Tubman, “A Contemporary Personal History of the Liberian Conflict (1979–2003),” Monrovia, October 9, 2008.

24.
 
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, July 14, 2009.

25.
 Mark Huband,
The Liberian Civil War
(London: F. Cass, 1998).

26.
 Emmanuel conversations.

27.
 
Roy Belfast vs. Bernice Belfast
, Ninth Judicial Circuit, County Court of Orange County, Florida, Case no. 2003-7541, “Husband’s Answers to Standard Family Law Interrogatories,” March 3, 2004.

28.
 Victoria A. Tolbert,
Lifted Up: The Victoria Tolbert Story
(Minneapolis, Minn.: Macalester Park, 1996), p. 138.

29.
 Gosney interview.

30.
 
Belfast vs. Belfast
, Case no. 05-CA-3693, “Amended Complaint to Partition Real Property,” December 13, 2005.

31.
 James C. Clark,
Orlando, Florida: A Brief History
(Charleston: The History Press, 2013), p. 89.

32.
 Orange County Property Appraiser, Warranty Deed, April 1, 1987.

33.
 Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.

34.
 Lauren Ritchie, “Rise Seen in Drive-by Shootings,”
Orlando Sentinel
, July 16, 1990.

35.
 Sharon McBreen and Karen Samsock, “Special Unit in Orange Will Battle Escalating Game Crime,”
Orlando Sentinel
, February 19, 1990.

36.
 
Belfast vs. Belfast
, Case no. 05-CA-3693, “Plaintiff’s Answer to Defendant’s Counter Claims Counts I, II, & III,” January 15, 2006.

37.
 Henderson interviews.

38.
 Emmanuel, conversations with author.

  1.
 “Letter from Henry W. Dennis, Esq.,” in
African Repository
(Washington, D.C.: American Colonization Society, 1872), 48:94.

  2.
 Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston and Otto Stapf, “Portuguese Explorations,” in
Liberia
(Dodd, Mead & Co., 1906), pp. 41–42.

  3.
 David Stephen Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler,
Henry Clay: The Essential American
(New York: Random House, 2010), p. 131.

  4.
 Allan E. Yarema,
The American Colonization Society: An Avenue to Freedom?
(Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2006), p. 11.

  5.
 Robert W. Thurston,
Lynching: American Mob Murder in Global Perspective
(Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2011), p. 284.

  6.
 U.S. Congress,
Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872).

  7.
 American Colonization Society,
The African Repository and Colonial Journal
(reprint ed. Way & Gideon, 1889), vol. 45.

  8.
 D. Elwood Dunn,
Historical Dictionary of Liberia
(Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2000), p. 25.

  9.
 James J. Hentz, ed.,
Routledge Handbook of African Security
(New York: Routledge, 2014).

10.
 American Colonization Society,
The African Repository and Colonial Journal
(reprinted. Way & Gideon, 1889), 51–53: 92.

11.
 Frederick Starr,
Liberia: Description, History, Problems
(Chicago: n.p., 1913), p. 27.

12.
 Ibid., p. 28.

13.
 J. S. La Fontaine,
Initiation
(Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1985), p. 94.

14.
 Charles Spurgeon Johnson,
Bitter Canaan: The Story of the Negro Republic
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1987), p. 80.

15.
 
Prosecutor vs. Charles Ghankay Taylor
, Special Court for Sierra Leone, Case no. SCSL-2003-01-T, Trial Chamber II, Trial Transcript, July 14, 2009.

16.
 Bernice Yolanda Emmanuel, conversations with author, summer 2006; January 18, 2008; and January 9, 2009.

17.
 ABC News,
Nightline, June
13, 1990.

18.
 
In
re: Change of Name of Charles McCarthur Emmanuel to Roy McCarthur Belfast, Jr.
, Circuit Court of Orange County, Florida, Case no. DR-90-547, January 30, 1990.

19.
 
The Peace Keeper’s War
(film), directed by Mark Stucke and Carlos Mavroleon, Journeyman Pictures, 1992.

20.
 
United States vs. Roy M. Belfast, Jr.
, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division, Trial Transcript, October 16, 2008.

21.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, July 7, 1992, U.S. Department of State, Document E24, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

22.
 Eugene Herring, interview by author, May 2009.

23.
 Christopher Menephar, interviews by author, June 18–19, 2009; August 2010; and December 12, 2010.

24.
 Emmanuel conversations.

25.
 Israel Akinsanya, interview by author, October 25, 2011.

26.
 Kenneth Brown, former U.S. ambassador to Ivory Coast, interview by author, 2008.

27.
 Ramsey Clark, former U.S. attorney general, interview by author, February 2007.

28.
 Cindor Reeves, interview by author, March 28, 2009.

29.
 Emmanuel conversations.

  1.
 Thomas Devoll, interview by author, May 2007.

  2.
 
Prosecutor vs. Charles Ghankay Taylor
, Special Court for Sierra Leone, Case no. SCSL-2003-01-T, Trial Chamber II, Trial Transcript, August 27, 2009.

  3.
 Donald L. Horowitz,
Ethnic Groups in Conflict
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 482.

  4.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, April 20, 1980, U.S. Department of State, Document E2, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

  5.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, December 31, 1980, U.S. Department of State, Document E48, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

  6.
 
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, July 15, 2009.

  7.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, October 16, 1982, U.S. Department of State, Document E103, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

  8.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, August 3, 1990, U.S. Department of State, Document E38, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

  9.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, April 22, 1980, U.S. Department of State, Document E8, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

10.
 William C. Mithoefer to Assistant Secretary of State George Moose, October 13, 1980, U.S. Department of State, Document E31, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

11.
 Ibid.

12.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, January 8, 1981, U.S. Department of State, Document E49, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

13.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, March 12, 1981, U.S. Department of State, Document E55, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

14.
 Ibid.

15.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 24, 1980, U.S. Department of State, Document E29, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

16.
 Ramsey Clark, former U.S. attorney general, interview by author, February 2007.

17.
 
Charles M. Taylor vs. James B. Roche, et al.
, U.S. District Court, District of Massachusetts, Civil Action no. 85-1314-K, “Government’s Response to Petition for a Writ of Habeus Corpus re Extradition,” April 25, 1985.

18.
 Ibid.

19.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 1, 1984, U.S. Department of State, Document E30, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

20.
 Denis Johnson, “The Small Boys’ Unit: Searching for Charles Taylor in a Liberian Civil War,”
Harper’s
, October 2000.

21.
 Timothy Dwyer, “County Jail Squeeze; in Norfolk Facility, 214 Live in 72 Cells,”
Boston Globe
, May 7, 1982.

22.
 Devoll interview.

23.
 Richard G. Stearns, judge at U.S. District Court of Massachusetts, interview by author, March 19, 2010.

24.
 
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, July 15, 2009.

25.
 Ibid., August 25, 2009.

26.
 Ibid., May 14, 2008.

27.
 Quentin Outram, “ ‘It’s Terminal Either Way’: An Analysis of Armed Conflict in Liberia, 1989–1996,”
Review of African Political Economy
24, no. 73 (1997): 355–71.

28.
 
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, May 7, 2010.

29.
 U.S. ambassador to Ivory Coast to U.S. secretary of state, January 28, 1990, U.S. Department of State, Document E2, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

30.
 Nicholai Hart Lidow, “Violent Order: Rebel Organization and Liberia’s Civil War,” dissertation, Stanford University, 2011.

31.
 William Reno,
Warlord Politics and African States
(Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998), p. 88.

32.
 U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, January 1, 1990, U.S. Department of State, Document E175, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

33.
 Political officer for U.S. embassy in Freetown to U.S. secretary of state, July 14, 1990, U.S. Department of State, Document E5, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

34.
 Neil Henry, “Doe to Bush: ‘Help Your Stepchildren,’ ”
Washington Post
, August 9, 1990.

35.
 Republic of Liberia, Truth and Reconciliation Commission,
Partial Empirical Inquiry Mission Report Nimba County
, Monrovia, February 2008.

36.
 U.S. secretary of state to U.S. delegation, June 8, 1990, U.S. Department of State, Document E43, National Security Archive, George Washington University.

37.
 Ibid.

38.
 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf,.
This Child Will Be Great: Memoir of a Remarkable Life by Africa’s First Woman President
(New York: Harper, 2009), p. 179.

39.
 Ibid., p. 171;
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, July 15, 2009; Jucontee Thomas Woewiyu, “An Open Letter to Madam Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf,”
Liberian Dialogue
, September 15, 2005.