Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor (59 page)

8
Abbott’s thesis was afterwards taken apart by Aurel Stein in 1905, after the latter became the first European to examine the Mahabun massif from an archaeological point of view, albeit hurriedly and under tribal escort. Stein’s view was that the real Aornos lay further north. Stein,
Report of Archaeological Survey Work in the North-West Frontier Provinces and Baluchistan for the period from January 2nd 1904 to March 31st 1905
, 1905.

9
The story of Abbott and Bellew is told in Charles Allen,
Soldier Sahibs: the Men who Made the North-West Frontier
, 2001.

10
Dr Henry Bellew,
A General Report on the Yusufzais
, 1864.

11
Alexander Cunningham,
The Bhilsa Topes
, 1854.

12
John Marshall translates this as ‘Ananda, son of Vasithi, foreman of the artisans of Raja Siri Satakarni’, John Marshall,
A Guide to Sanchi
, 1918.

13
Alexander Cunningham,
The Bhilsa Topes
, 1854.

14
James Mill,
History of British India
, 1818.

Chapter 12. Sir Alexander in Excelsis

1
Thomas Watters,
On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India
AD
629–645
, 1904.

2
Alexander Cunningham, ‘A-yu-to, or
Ayodhya’, ASI Report
, Vol. I, 1871. See also Harry Falk,
A
okan Sites and Artefacts
, 2006.

3
Alexander Cunningham, ‘Four Reports Made During the Years 1862–63–64–65’,
ASI Report
, Vol. I, 1871.

4
Alexander Cunningham,
Mahabodhi or the Great Buddhist Temple under the Bodhi Tree at Buddha-gaya
, 1892.

5
Xuanzang quoted in Thomas Watters,
On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India
AD
629–645
, 1904.

6
Alexander Cunningham, ‘Four Reports Made During the Years 1862–63–64–65’,
ASI Report
, Vol. I, 1871.

7
Sakyamuni’s mother Mayadevi had dreamed of a white elephant implanted in her womb and the elephant was thereafter regarded as the vehicle of the
chakravarti
, or universal monarch, a position that Buddhists claimed for Sakyamuni and which Ashoka may even have claimed for himself.

8
Ven. S. Dhammika, ‘The Edicts of King Asoka’,
Access to Insight
, 7 June 2009.

9
Ibid.

10
Mookerji and Dhammika give no translations of these lines, so I have turned to the earlier translation by Professor Eugen Hultzch,
Inscriptions of A
oka
, 1925.

11
When Daya Ram Sahni carried out further excavations at the Bairat site in 1935–6 he found the fragments of two Ashokan pillars.

12
Sir Alexander Cunningham,
Inscriptions of A
oka
, 1877.

13
Alexander Cunningham,
The Stupa of Bharhut: a Buddhist Monument Ornamented with Numerous Sculptures Illustrative of Buddhist Legend and History of the Third Century B.C
., 1879.

14
Alexander Cunningham,
The Stupa of Bharhut
, 1879.

Chapter 13. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum

1
Markham Kittoe quoted in James Prinsep, ‘Further Elucidation of the Lat or Silasthambha Inscriptions from Various Sources’,
JASB
, Vol. VI, 1837, p. 708.

2
W. F. Grahame, ‘Rock Inscriptions in Ganjam District’,
Indian Antiquary
, Vol. I, 1872.

3
Ven. S. Dhammika,
The Edicts of King Asoka
, 2009.

4
Benudhar Patra, ‘Jaugadha: an Early Historical Fort Town of Orissa’,
Orissa Review
, Jan 2007.

5
Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, ‘Note on the Ganjam Rock Inscription’,
IA
, Vol. I, 1872.

6
Cunningham’s acerbic comments on the ASB are to be found in his preface to
The Stupa of Bharhut
, 1879.

7
Bhau Daji, ‘Rudraman inscription’,
JBBRAS
, Vol. VII, 1863.

8
Epigraphica Indika
, Vol. II, 1881.

9
Bhagwanlal Indraji, ‘Antiquarian remains at Sopara and Padana’,
JBBRAS
, Vol XV, 1882.

10
James Burgess,
Notes on a Visit to Gujarat
, 1870.

11
Archibald Carllyle, ‘Discovery of a new Edict Pillar of Asoka at Rampurwaparsa in the Tarai, 32½ miles to the North of Betiya’,
ASI Report
, Vol. XXII, 1885.

12
See J. Cook and H. E. Martingell, ‘The Carllyle Collection of Stone Age Artefacts from Central India’,
British Museum Occasional Paper 95
, 1994.

13 Alexander Cunningham,
Inscriptions of A
oka
, 1877.

14
This chronology is taken from Alexander Cunningham,
Inscriptions of A
oka
, 1877.

15
J. H. C. Kern, ‘On the Era of Buddha and the Asoka inscriptions’,
Indian Antiquary
, 1874, and
Concerning the Chronology of the Southern Buddhists
, 1876,

16
Alexander Cunningham,
Inscriptions of A
oka
, 1877.

17
Rajendra Lala Mitra, letter to the Secretary to the Government of Bengal dated 31 October 1877, OIOC, BL, quoted in Upinder Singh,
The Discovery of Ancient India
, 2004.

Chapter 14. India after Cunningham

1
James Burgess,
Notes on the Amaravati Stupa
, 1882.

2
R. Shama Shastry trans.,
Kautilya’s Arthashastra
, 1915, quoted in R. K. Mookerji in his ‘Appendix I. Chanakya and Chandragupta Traditions (from Buddhist Sources)’,
Chandragupta Maurya and his Times
, 1943.

3
Jawaharlal Nehru,
Discovery of India
, 1946.

4
Today Cowell is probably best remembered as the man who while rummaging through the library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal found a manuscript of a
rubaiyat
or ‘collection of quatrains’ by a twelfth-century Persian mathematician, astronomer and sometime poet named Omar Khayyam, which he translated and published in the
Calcutta Review
– but which he also had copied and sent to one of his former students, Edward Fitzgerald.

5
Harry Falk,
A
okan Sites and Artefacts
, 2006.

6
Charles Allen,
The Buddha and Dr Führer: an Archaeological Scandal
, 2008.

7
Harry Falk,
A
okan Sites and Artefacts
, 2006.