Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor (63 page)

Buddha-Gaya, great temple at
see
Bodhgaya, great temple at

Buddhism: Ashoka’s children and,
146
,
379
,
391
; Ashoka’s conversion to,
145
,
176
–
7
,
179
,
187
,
188
,
190
–
1
,
198
,
266
–
8
,
296
,
297
–
8
,
351
,
352
,
359
,
379
,
380
–
1
; Ashoka’s legacy,
398
–
9
,
400
; Ashoka’s obsession with,
194
,
388
,
390
,
391
,
393
,
394
;
Ashokavadana
(’Legend of King Ashoka’),
186
–
200
,
296
,
313
,
328
,
330
,
342
,
359
,
374
–
5
,
377
–
8
,
382
,
388
,
390
,
391
,
393
; Bairat-Calcutta inscription and,
222
–
3
; Brahmanical aversion to,
xiii
,
xiv
–
xv
,
43
,
77
,
195
–
6
,
218
,
359
,
397
; Buddha Konagamana,
311
–
12
; cave temples of western India,
304
; in Ceylon,
98
–
105
,
116
,
164
–
5
,
199
;
Chakravartin
(’Wheel-turning monarch’),
89
,
90
,
92
–
5
,
191
,
205
,
208
–
9
,
210
,
214
,
305
,
335
,
354
,
398
,
398
,
399
; Chinese,
201
,
202
,
203
–
9
,
210
–
20
,
235
,
253
,
317
,
318
; Dalit underclass and,
357
; ‘Deer Park’ at Sarnath,
207
,
215
,
226
,
334
;
Dharmachakra
(Wheel of the Moral Law),
88
,
90
,
207
,
274
,
274
,
331
,
334
,
335
,
345
,
355
–
6
,
359
,
385
,
386
,
393
;
Dipavamsa
(’Island Chronicle’),
104
,
143
,
168
,
379
,
395
;
Divyavadana
or ‘Divine Stories’,
78
,
186
,
197
,
296
,
310
; eclipse of in India,
xii
–
xiii
,
3
–
5
,
211
–
15
,
216
–
18
,
234
; evidence at Sarnath,
44
,
136
–
7
; evidence for origins in India,
42
–
3
,
78
–
81
,
95
,
132
; Hindutva movement rejection of,
358
;
Introduction à l’histoire du Buddhisme Indien
(Burnouf,
1844
),
128
;
Jataka Tales
,
237
–
8
,
274
,
275
–
6
,
310
;
Kanjur
(Tibetan literature),
127
; in Kashmir,
76
–
7
,
213
,
228
; Muslim conquests and,
xii
–
xiii
,
3
–
5
; in Nepal,
126
–
8
,
127
,
216
; northern
Mahayana
tradition,
185
–
6
,
187
,
197
,
373
,
374
,
377
–
8
,
379
,
382
–
3
,
386
,
387
–
8
,
391
,
392
,
394
; origins of Hindu temples and,
xiii
–
xiv
,
126
,
359
;
pancavarsika
(quinquennial festival),
390
–
1
,
393
,
395
; in post-Ashoka period,
396
,
397
; relic inscriptions,
327
,
327
–
30
; reliquaries at Sanchi,
247
–
8
,
382
,
387
; Schism Edicts and,
244
,
257
,
334
,
352
,
382
; Second Buddhist Council,
143
; southern
Theravada
tradition,
185
,
186
–
7
,
373
,
379
,
382
,
385
,
386
,
387
–
8
,
392
,
395
; tantric ritual,
264
,
399
; Taranatha’s,
History of Buddhism in India
,
197
–
200
,
373
,
382
,
391
; Third Buddhist Council,
147
,
186
,
187
,
216
,
248
,
296
,
326
,
386
–
7
;
Tripitaka
‘Three Baskets’ scriptures,
187
;
Vajrasana
(Diamond Throne),
88
,
241
,
255
,
274
,
274
,
300
–
1
,
301
,
302
,
345
; see also
Bodhi tree;
Mahavamsa
(’Great Dynastic Chronicle’)

Bühler, Professor Georg,
286
,
287
,
295
,
311
,
314
,
315
,
327
–
8

Burgess, James,
90
–
2
,
117
,
303
–
5

Burma,
xiii
,
78
,
80
,
186
,
300
,
333

Burnouf, Eugène,
128
,
184
,
185
–
6
,
187
,
196
,
200
,
222
,
223
,
225

Burt, Lieutenant Thomas,
138
,
139
,
221
,
269

Calcutta (now Kolkata),
26
,
70
,
71
,
81
,
87
,
115
,
121
,
142
,
154
,
183
,
263
; Bengal Supreme Court,
25
–
6
,
29
,
30
; Christian cemetery,
28
–
9
; eclipse of by Bombay in Indian studies,
285
–
6
; Fort William College,
73
,
74
,
121
,
130
; Indian Museum in,
276
,
322
; Mint,
74
,
124
,
129
,
130
; Prinsep memorial structure,
121
–
3
,
122
; Sanskrit college,
75
,
310

Cambridge University,
310

Canna dynasty,
36

Canning, Lord,
252
,
263

Carllyle, Archibald,
263
–
4
,
269
,
291
–
5
,
293

caste system,
xix
,
264
,
286
,
287
,
357
,
368
,
369
,
371
,
400
; authority of the Brahman order and,
xv
, xviii; Buddhist criticism of,
126
,
357
; caste rules of kingship,
34
–
5
,
76
; Dalit untouchable caste,
357
; intolerance and,
22
,
205
; Kshatriya caste,
34
–
5
,
76
,
193
,
209
–
10
,
308
,
357
,
363
,
364
,
373
; Shudra caste,
34
,
291
; Vaisya caste,
32
,
364
;
see also
Brahman caste

caves: of Ajanta,
72
,
116
–
19
,
117
,
288
; at Barabar Hills,
38
,
39
,
225
,
298
; Ellora cave temples,
41
,
109
,
288
;
Hathigumpha
or ‘Elephant’s Cave’ (Khandagiri, Orissa),
108
–
9
,
110
,
112
–
13
,
133
,
154
,
155
; inscriptions in,
38
–
40
,
108
–
9
,
112
–
13
,
133
,
225
,
268
,
269
,
295
,
304
; Kanheri caves (near Bombay),
116
; Lomas Rishi Cave,
39;
MRE sites,
349
,
350
,
351
,
352
,
376
; at Nagarjuni Hills,
38
–
40
,
39
,
41
,
169
,
225
,
395
; paintings in,
115
–
19
,
117
,
294
; Panguraria site,
349
–
51
,
376
; Sassaram cave inscription,
268
,
269
,
351

Ceylon,
xiii
,
78
,
98
–
100
,
102
–
4
,
116
,
141
,
199
,
310
; Anuradhapura,
104
–
5
,
147
,
149
,
150
,
151
; Ashoka and,
147
–
50
,
151
,
199
,
296
,
298
,
386
,
387
,
390
; becomes crown colony (1796),
97
–
8
; Buddhism in,
98
–
102
,
104
–
5
,
116
,
164
–
5
,
186
–
7
,
199
; Mahinda’s mission to,
148
–
9
,
152
,
296
,
386
;
see also Mahavamsa
(’Great Dynastic Chronicle’)

Champollion, Jean François,
250

Chanakya, Brahman,
35
,
66
–
7
,
83
,
101
,
143
,
363
–
5
,
366
,
368
,
371
,
372
,
373
,
375
;
Arthashastra
(’Treatise on State Economy’),
306
–
9
,
365
,
367
,
369
,
372
,
375

Chandagirika,
190
,
191

Chandragupta, King (also Androkottos/Sandrokoptos/Sisikottos/Siso costus/Sashigupta): abdication of,
84
,
372
; administrative system of,
307
,
370
–
1
; Alexander the Great and,
50
–
1
,
53
,
55
,
57
–
8
,
365
–
6
; arrival of Buddhim in Lanka and,
199
; background of,
363
–
4
,
366
; Brahman Chanakya and,
35
,
66
–
7
,
83
,
101
,
143
,
306
,
363
,
364
–
5
,
366
,
367
; chronology of reign,
178
,
296
,
297
,
366
–
7
; as founder of Maurya dynasty,
35
,
36
,
200
; as Jain devotee,
84
,
372
,
374
; as Meroes,
53
,
58
,
365
; omitted from
Legend of King Ashoka
,
188
; overthrow of Nanda dynasty by,
35
,
66
–
7
,
68
,
83
–
4
,
143
,
306
–
7
,
363
,
365
,
366
; in the
Puranas
,
35
,
68
; Rudradaman inscription,
289
; rule of,
369
–
71
; Seleukos and,
57
–
8
,
59
–
61
,
67
,
68
,
176
,
367
–
9
,
376
; twelve-year famine during reign of,
316

Chandragupta II, King,
205

Chapman, Captain J. J.,
104
–
5

Chennai Museum,
88
,
90
,
91
,
92

Chetiyagiri (’the Hill of the Stupa’),
148
,
152
,
244
,
248
;
see also
Sanchi
(chaitya giri
or ‘hill of shrines’)