At Canaan's Edge (125 page)

“There are still moments”: Daniels to Mary Elizabeth Macnaughtan, April 12, 1965, in Schneider,
Martyr,
p. 72.

Viola Liuzzo had naively endangered herself: Judy Upham oral history dated June 6, 1966, p. 22, JDC; Morris Samuel oral history by John B. Morris, Feb. 1966, JDC.

a large crowd being tear-gassed in Camden: WATS report, “Camden via Selma,” April 9, 1965, Reel 16, SNCC; BAA, April 17, 1965, p. 2; Judy Upham oral history, dated June 9, 1966, p. 13, JDC; Gerald Olivari, “Wilcox County,” May 18, 1965, Reel 37, SNCC.

“a kind of grim affection”: Daniels to Molly D. Thoron, April 15, 1965, in Schneider,
Martyr,
pp. 72–73.

Young pianist Quentin Lane: Judy Upham oral history dated June 9, 1966, p. 10, dated July 26, 1966, p. 9, JDC.

a breather from the stress of integration: Daniels to Mary Elizabeth Macnaughtan, April 12, 1965, in Schneider,
Martyr,
pp. 70–72.

“We are trying to live the Gospel”: Judy Upham oral history dated July 26, 1966, p. 8, JDC.

“Preach it, brother”: Ibid., pp. 9–16.

a formal letter of inquiry: Daniels and Upham to Rt. Rev. C. C. J. Carpenter, April 21, 1965, BIR/C8f24.

“I pray he doesn't get bumped off”: Daniels to Mary Elizabeth Macnaughtan, April 12, 1965, in Schneider,
Martyr,
pp. 70–72.

SNCC disorganization bordering on anarchy: Carson,
Struggle,
pp. 154–57; Fleming,
Soon,
pp. 158–59.

“How do you deal with people”: Minutes, executive committee meeting, April 12–14, 1965, Holly Springs, Miss., p. 2, SNCC Records, 1964–65, SC659, SHSW.

“I will not look for them”: Ibid., p. 11.

first major rally against the Vietnam War: Cagin and Dray,
Not Afraid,
p. 438ff; Dellinger,
From Yale,
pp. 198–201; Longenecker,
Peacemaker,
p. 295; Zaroulis and Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up?,
p. 40; DeBenedetti,
Ordeal,
pp. 111–12.

Moses had presided: Carson,
Struggle,
pp. 111–14, 142–48; Branch,
Pillar,
pp. 193–94, 222–24.

left Mississippi for Selma: Minutes, executive committee meeting, April 12–14, 1965, Holly Springs, Miss., pp. 10–11, SNCC Records, 1964–65, SC659, SHSW.

“How many of us are willing”: Minutes, SNCC meeting of “12:30 AM Friday,” March 26, 1965, Folder 15-20, Reel 37, SNCC.

“completely fraudulent”: “Special Report: The New Voting Bill,” March 23, 1965, JMP.

“Lyndon and Hubert”:
Life with Lyndon in the Great Society,
April 15, 1965, Vol. 1, No. 12, JMP.

“since the power structure is so immoral”: Barbara Brandt, “Why People Become Corrupt,” March 28, 1965, JMP.

“What in the hell is going on?”: Penny Patch, Chris Williams, Elaine LeLott, Lewis Grant, and Ed Brown to “Sncc folk,” March 19, 1965, JMP; Curry et al.,
Deep,
pp. 153–65.

“We destroy each other”: Journal of Elaine DeLott (Baker), March 16, 1965, cited in Curry et al.,
Deep,
p. 278.

Silas Norman chastised Ivanhoe Donaldson: Minutes, executive committee meeting, April 12–14, 1965, Holly Springs, Miss., p. 16, SNCC Records, 1964–65, SC659, SHSW.

“What will Julian do”: Ibid., p. 27.

triple the personal reach of the campaign: Charles Cobb, “Atlanta, The Bond Campaign,” Reel 20, SNCC; int. Frank Soracco, Sept. 13, 1990; int. Charles Cobb, Aug. 20, 1991; int. Ivanhoe Donaldson and Charles Cobb, Nov. 30, 2000.

“If the direction really comes”: Minutes of Alabama staff meeting, April 21–22, 1965, p. 7, ASN94.

“People get strength from each other”: Minutes of Alabama staff meeting, April 23, 1965, p. 2, ASN94.

lacked indoor plumbing: Int. Gloria Larry House, June 29, 2000.

“My head done blossomed”: Int. Bob Mants, Sept. 8, 2000.

“I seed y'all up there”: Ibid.

he recruited Scott B. Smith: Carson,
Struggle,
p. 163; minutes, executive committee meeting, April 12–14, 1965, Holly Springs, Miss., p. 11, SNCC Records, 1964–65, SC659, SHSW.

cultivated a backwoods aura: Int. Jimmy Rogers, March 7, 2000; int. Silas Norman, June 28, 2000; int. Scott B. Smith, April 11, 2003.

“powder keg”: Minutes of Alabama staff meeting, April 23, 1965, p. 3, A/SN94.

“The people didn't know”: Carson,
Struggle,
p. 164.

“go through the SNCC workers”: Ibid., p. 1.

“Milestones on the Road to Freedom”:
Boston Globe,
April 23, 1965, p. 1.

“For one who has been barricaded”: MLK speech of April 22, 1965, Massachusetts House Document 4155, located in RFK Papers, JFK.

“He never mentioned Boston”: “Dr. King Enthralls Legislature,”
Boston Globe,
April 23, 1965, p. 19.

5 Kiernan Report on Education: NYT, April 23, 1965, p. 15.

“Every Negro must prepare”:
Boston Globe,
April 23, 1965, p. 19.

a weak case for a Boston movement: Int. Virgil Wood, Aug. 2, 1994; int. Paul Chapman, Nov. 4, 1994; int. Bernard Lafayette, May 28, 1990; Rev. Gilbert Caldwell to the author, Feb. 10, 1998; Boston LHM dated April 16, 1965, FK-NR.

“horribly divided along class lines”: Archie C. Epps to MLK, April 19, 1965, A/KP33f4.

Elliot Richardson a sporting nickname: Int. Virgil Wood, Aug. 2, 1984; int. Hosea Williams, Oct. 29, 1991;
New York Herald Tribune,
April 24, 1965, p. 1.

indeed went to Selma: Kabaservice,
Guardians,
pp. 229–30.

The voting rights bill still faced crippling amendments: NYT, April 22, 1965, p. 21.

mere 1.18 percent of Negro students: MLK speech to NYC Bar Association, April 21, 1965, A/KS8, p. 11.

rally on Boston Common: “Dr. King, in Boston Common Rally, Warns Against Nation of Onlookers,” NYT, April 24, 1965, p. 1.

Within sight of gravestones: NYT, March 19, 1965, p. 21.

“King's New Tack”:
New York Herald Tribune,
April 24, 1965, p. 1.

Muste and Benjamin Spock: A. J. Muste to MLK, April 25, 1965, A/SC4:44; Benjamin Spock to MLK, April 30, 1965, A/KP23f4.

a motion to rescind an invitation to King: NYT, April 23, 1965, p. 14; NYT, April 24, 1965, p. 39; NYT, April 25, 1965, p. 56.

St. John's Episcopal of Savannah: NYT, April 25, 1965, p. 79; NYT, April 30, 1965, p. 13.

First Baptist of Houston: NYT, April 25, 1965, p. 74.

his sleeping pills no longer worked: Int. Harry Wachtel, May 17, 1990.

“not using those words, of course”: Wachtel and Rustin conversation, April 21, 1965, FK-NR.

“Normally they're tellin' you”: LBJ phone call with Lee White, 7:54
A.M.
, April 20, 1965, Cit. 7353-54, Audiotape WH6504.05, LBJ.

“None of them want to do it”: LBJ phone call with Clarence Mitchell, 8:45
P.M.
, May 6, 1965, Cit. 7580, Audiotape WH6505.05, LBJ.

to picket the Bishop of Alabama: Eagles,
Outside Agitator,
p. 56.

She took off her shoes: Judy Upham oral history dated July 26, 1966, pp. 47–52, JDC.

leaflet of grievance against Bishop Carpenter: ESCRU statement of April 29, 1965, signed by Jonathan Daniels, Judith Upham, Rev. Albert Dreisbach, Rev. Henri Stines, and Rev. John B. Morris, BIR/C8f24. (“The Carpenter of Birmingham must not be allowed to forever deny the Carpenter of Nazareth…”)

“I cannot imagine the good people”: Carpenter to Daniels and Upham, April 23, 1965, BIR/C8f24.

When the seminarians reluctantly complied: Upham and Daniels, “To Whom It May Concern,” May 12, 1965, BIR/C8f24.

“go to church with eyes closed”: Daniels and Upham to Carpenter, April 28, 1965, in Schneider,
Martyr,
p. 76.

“There is a difference between humility”: Ibid.

conduct involuntarily repelled Upham: Judy Upham oral history dated July 26, 1966, pp. 54–55, JDC.

tracked the arrival of Clarence Jones: SAC, Atlanta, to Director, April 30, 1965, FSN NR.

two sides vented familiar disputes: Garrow,
Bearing,
pp. 423–24; Branch,
Parting,
pp. 578–79.

“more dramatic”: Int. Harry Belafonte, March 6, 1985.

cooperative statement between King and Lewis: Joint statement, April 30, 1965, A/SC27f55.

“these things could not be allowed to fester”: NYT, May 1, 1965, p. 9; CD, May 5, 1965, p. 4.

“I think the cats are honest”: Minutes of Alabama staff meeting, April 21–22, 1965, p. 2, A/SN94.

Carmichael and Scott B. Smith ran into the seminarians again Sunday night: Judy Upham oral history, dated July 26, 1966, pp. 28, 57, JDC.

Daniels and Upham managed: Ibid., pp. 58–60.

Armed registrars processed sixty of 150 applicants: Garrow,
Protest,
p. 127; Eagles,
Outside Agitator,
p. 131.

week-long trial in Hayneville: Stanton,
From Selma,
pp. 111–23; Mendelsohn,
Martyrs,
pp. 191–93.

Inspector Joe Sullivan: Rosen to Belmont, May 4, 1965, FVL-291; Rosen to Belmont, May 6, 1965, FVL-325.

Klan Klonsel Matt Murphy: NYT, May 7, 1965, p. 25.

“treacherous as a rattlesnake”: Associated Press,
World in 1965,
p. 198.

“a traitor and a pimp and an agent of Castro”: NYT, May 6, 1965, p. 24.

“No one, prosecutor or defense lawyer”: NYT, May 7, 1965, p. 25.

“sees you driving your Negro maid home”: Ibid.

Katzenbach privately braced: Hoover to Tolson et al., May 7, 1965, FVL-302.

the jury made front-page news: “Liuzzo Case Jury Retires for Night Without a Verdict,” NYT, May 7, 1965, p. 1.

Farmer Edmund Sallee said: NYT, May 8, 1965, p. 15.

“should have stayed home”: “Murder in Alabama: American Wives Think Viola Liuzzo Should Have Stayed Home,”
Ladies' Home Journal,
July 1965, pp. 42–44; Stanton,
From Selma,
pp. 170–72.

they could have won over the two holdouts: NYT, May 8, 1965, p. 15;
St. Petersburg Times,
May 8, 1965, p. 1, FVL-331.

vowing to flush him from hiding: SAC, Mobile, to Director, May 5, 1965, FVL-332.

Katzenbach prevailed upon Paul Johnston: NYT, May 30, 1965, p. 1;
New York Herald Tribune,
June 6, 1965.

“You presently refuse to abide”: Cabaniss, Johnston, Gardner & Clark to Paul Johnston, May 24, 1965, Box 3, BIR/PJ.

Nationally prominent lawyers and judges: Cf. Charles Alan Wright to Johnston, May 28, 1965, Box 3, BIR/PJ; J. Skelly Wright to Johnston, June 2, 1965, Box 1, BIR/PJ; Bernard G. Segal to Johnston w/ encl. Maxwell M. Rabb to Johnston, June 3, 1965, Box 1, BIR/PJ.

U.S. Justice Department task force: Ralph S. Hornblower III to Michael E. Shaheen, Jr., “Synopsis of Task Force Report on Gary Thomas Rowe, Jr.,” Dec. 4, 1979, DOJ, pp. 1–9.

detailed mass of Rowe's FBI record: McWhorter,
Carry,
pp. 192–213, 434–36, 542.

claim to have killed a black man: Ibid., pp. 500–502.

“What sorely troubles me”: Inez Robb, “Some Disturbing Questions,”
Washington Daily News,
May 17, 1965, p. 27, cited in Stanton,
From Selma,
p. 52.

“Back in the '30s or '40s”: Handwritten note (“This is absolutely untrue…”) on Jones to DeLoach, May 19, 1965, FVL-NR.

“No,” Hoover scrawled: Handwritten note on Jones to DeLoach, May 25, 1965, FVL-NR.

“Bundy Is Unable to Appear”: NYT, May 16, 1965, p. 1.

the principal debater's late scratch: White House memos on Bundy's planned debate include James C. Thomson to Bundy, May 14, 1965; Chester L. Cooper to Bundy, May 14, 1965; and Chester L. Cooper to Bundy, May 15, 1965, all in McGeorge Bundy Office Files, Box 18-19, LBJ. Cooper assured Bundy that he had “underplayed the nature and extent of our advance preparations” to inquiring reporters. Walt Rostow, who would succeed Bundy as National Security Adviser, represented the State Department at the teach-in and confided afterward in a classified memo that the critics “represent in academic life a minority of no great distinction.” Rostow to Rusk (“Hold for Bundy”), May 17, 1965, McGeorge Bundy Office Files, Box 18–19, LBJ.