Been in the Storm So Long (137 page)

51.
Trowbridge,
The South
, 386. On hours of labor, see contracts cited in note 49.

52.
Trowbridge,
The South
, 367–68; Lt. George Parliss to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

53.
Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation
, 33, 56; Trowbridge,
The South
, 430; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 291; Pierce,
The Negroes at Port Royal
, 9; Heyward,
Seed from Madagascar
, 157; “Visit to ‘Gowrie’ and ‘East Hermitage’ Plantations,” March 1867, Manigault Plantation Records, Univ. of North Carolina. For contract provisions regarding the driver or black foreman, see also Elias H. Deas contract with freedmen, March 3, 1866, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina, and 39 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part II, 241–42.

54.
Trowbridge,
The South
, 391; Reid,
After the War
, 490. The estimates of compensation rates are based on the archival records and published reports of the Freedmen’s Bureau, the accounts of postwar travelers in the South (especially Sidney Andrews, John R. Dennett, J. T. Trowbridge, and Whitelaw Reid), and the black press.

55.
Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 321–22; Reid,
After the War
, 526;
Report of the General Superintendent of Freedmen, Department of the Tennessee and State of Arkansas for 1864
, 31. On compensation by shares, see, e.g., the Glover and Deas contracts with freedmen cited in note 49; John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for Dec. 31, 1866, Univ. of North Carolina; Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, Jan. 21, 1866, James J. Philips Collection, Univ. of North Carolina; Myers (ed.),
Children of Pride
, 1363; Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 210, 216; D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 264; Heyward,
Seed from Madagascar
, 139; and the archival records and published reports of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Although domestic servants were often paid on a daily or weekly basis, some contracts compensated them with a share of the proceeds from sale of the crop. See, e.g., Williamson,
After Slavery
, 159, and Wharton,
Negro in Mississippi
, 126–27.

56.
Trowbridge,
The South
, 392; Reid,
After the War
, 343; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 82; Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation
, 26;
New York Times
, Oct. 2, 1866; Moore (ed.),
The Juhl Letters
(Aug. 11, 1866), 113. For the experience of a planter in South Carolina who tried both systems, see William M. Hazzard to Gen. R. K. Scott,
March 11, 1868, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

57.
J. W. Alvord,
Report on Schools and Finances of Freedmen, for January, 1866
, 24;
New National Era
, April 13, 1871; De Forest,
Union Officer in the Reconstruction
, 28; Trowbridge,
The South
, 424; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 27,
Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau
[1865–1866], 36–37. For the pervasiveness of these fears and the grounds on which they were based, see
ibid.
, 21, 25; John P. Bardwell to Rev. M. E. Strieby, Nov. 20, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives;
New York Times
, Aug. 20, Oct. 14, 1865; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 73; Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation
, 84.

58.
Trowbridge,
The South
, 565.

59.
Richardson,
Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida
, 63;
New Orleans Tribune
, Dec. 8, 1864.

60.
Reid,
After the War
, 291n.

61.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 170–71.

62.
Bvt. Brig. Gen. Alvin C. Voris to Maj. George A. Hicks, Oct. 7, 1865, Brock Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library; Thomas Smith to Capt. J. H. Weber, Nov. 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70,
Freedmen’s Bureau
, 252;
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part II, 238. See also
ibid.
, 247; H. A. Johnson to “Dear Friend Samuel,” July 14, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; and Williamson,
After Slavery
, 38.

63.
Williamson,
After Slavery
, 66; H. W. Ravenel to Augustin L. Taveau, June 27, 1865, Taveau Papers, Duke Univ. On the Freedmen’s Bureau and rations, see also Botume,
First Years Amongst the Contrabands
, 260; Rev. Horace James,
Annual Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina
[1864–1865], Appendix, 57; “Report of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, November 1, 1866,” in
Report of the Secretary of War
(Washington, D.C., 1867), Appendix, 712; Avary,
Dixie after the War
, 211–12.

64.
New York Times
, June 27, 1865; Douglas G. Manning to Mrs. John L. Manning, Dec. 25, 1865, Williams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, Univ. of South Carolina. See also
South Carolina Leader
, Dec. 16, 1865;
New Orleans Tribune
, July 4, 1865; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70,
Freedmen’s Bureau
, 371; Trowbridge,
The South
, 229; Andrews,
The South since the War
, 206; Taylor,
Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia
, 106.

65.
Trowbridge,
The South
, 427.

66.
Lorenzo James to Brig. Gen. Wager Swayne, Nov. 20, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Alabama (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 222; 39 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part II, 55, 228; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 97.

67.
William E. Bayley to Commanding Officer, Vicksburg, July 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Heyward,
Seed from Madagascar
, 142; 39 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part III, 167;
New York Times
, Aug. 22, 1865; Myers (ed.),
Children of Pride
, 1323; B. F. Blow vs. Jerry Marvast and Abram Marvast (freedmen), Lowndes County, before J. A. Pruitt, Justice of the Peace (acting as agent of the Freedmen’s Bureau), Sept. 12, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Alabama (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Stearns,
Black Man of the South, and The Rebels
, 170–71.

68.
39 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part II, 229; Rogers,
History of Georgetown County
, 433.

69.
Felix Shank to Capt. M. Whalen, July 14, 1868, including contract with freedman, Feb. 5, 1868, Joseph Belknap Smith Papers, Duke Univ.; Andrews,
The South since the War
, 206;
New York Times
, Aug. 20, 1865. On Saturday and Sunday work, see also S. D. G. Niles to Maj. Gen. T. J. Wood, June 13, 1866, James DeGrey to William H. Webster, Sept. 10, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and Louisiana (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Loring and Atkinson,
Cotton Culture and the South
, 12; Stearns,
Black Man of the South, and The Rebels
, 46; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 222.

70.
William H. Stiles to his wife [Elizabeth A. Mackay], Sept. 22, 1865, Mackay-Stiles
Collection, Univ. of North Carolina; Reid,
After the War
, 530.

71.
Andrews,
The South since the War
, 203; R. H. Willoughby to Bvt. Maj. A. M. Crawford, July 27, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Reid,
After the War
, 572–73.

72.
Andrews,
The South since the War
, 204; Lt. George Parliss to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, Maj. M. R. Delany to Bvt. Lt. Col. H. W. Smith, Aug. 1, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; 39 Cong., 2 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 6,
Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of Freedmen
[Jan. 3, 1867], 51–52;
New York Times
, Sept. 12, 1866; De Forest,
Union Officer in the Reconstruction
, 29.

73.
McFeely,
Yankee Stepfather
, 157; Col. J. L. Haynes to Capt. B. F. Henry, July 8, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Richardson,
Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida
, 64; Bvt. Maj. Thomas H. Norton to Maj. A. W. Preston, Aug. 3, 1867, B. F. Blow vs. Jerry Marvast and Abram Marvast (freedmen), Lowndes County, before J. A. Pruitt, Justice of the Peace (acting as agent of the Freedmen’s Bureau), Sept. 12, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and Alabama (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

74.
McFeely,
Yankee Stepfather
, 121; S. D. G. Niles to Maj. Gen. T. J. Wood, June 16, 1866, Lorenzo James to Brig. Gen. Wager Swayne, Aug. 16, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and Alabama (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

75.
Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 56.

76.
Armstrong and Ludlow,
Hampton and Its Students
, 79–80.

77.
39 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part II, 191; Trowbridge,
The South
, 363–64. For additional examples of freedmen defrauded of their pay or shares, see Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 15; V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 117; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 49, 420; Bvt. Brig. Gen. Alvin C. Voris to Maj. George A. Hicks, Oct. 2, 1865, Brock Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library; Maj. M. R. Delany to Bvt. Lt. Col. H. W. Smith, Aug. 1, 1866, H. S. Van Eaton to Bvt. Maj. Gen. A. C. Gillem, Nov. 24, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina and Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Andrews,
The South since the War
, 322–23, 368; Trowbridge,
The South
, 362–64;
Loyal Georgian
, Jan. 27, 1866; 39 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part II, 52, 222, 225, 259.

78.
Christian Recorder
, March 31, 1866. See also Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 331–32, 338–39.

79.
Wiley, “Vicissitudes of Early Reconstruction Farming in the Lower Mississippi Valley,” 448; Wilmer Shields to William Newton Mercer, Dec. 19, 1865, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Rogers,
History of Georgetown County
, 432.

80.
Eppes,
Negro of the Old South
, 128–29; Reid,
After the War
, 527; Andrews,
The South since the War
, 322; Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation
, 76.

81.
Reid,
After the War
, 527–28.

82.
Trowbridge,
The South
, 366; Richardson,
Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida
, 60; 40 Cong., 2 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 1,
Report of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, November 1, 1867
, 681;
Colored Tennessean
, Oct. 4, 1865.

83.
Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation
, 76–77; Bvt. Maj. Thomas H. Norton to Maj. A. W. Preston, Aug. 3, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 332, 338.

84.
De Forest,
Union Officer in the Reconstruction
, 73–75. See also Capt. A. Preston to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, June 7, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

85.
Trowbridge,
The South
, 363; Macrae,
Americans at Home
, 323–24; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 283; Maj. and Bvt. Lt. Col. J. E. Cornelius to Bvt. Maj. Edward L. Deane, Dec. 22, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Ames,
From a New
England Woman’s Diary in Dixie
, 120, and WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 221.

86.
Donald MacRae to Julia MacRae, Sept. 4, 1865, MacRae Papers, Duke Univ.; Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, Aug. 2, 1865, James J. Philips Collection, Univ. of North Carolina. For fears and expectations of an “emancipation insurrection,” see also Edward Lynch to Joseph Glover [c. June 1865], John W. Burbidge to Joseph Glover, July 28, 1865, Glover-North Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; A. R. Salley to “My Dear Aunt,” Nov. 13, 1865, Bruce-Jones-Murchison Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Nov. 3, 21, 22, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Jabez Curry to Gov. Lewis Parsons, Sept. 29, 1865, John Swanson to Gov. Parsons, Oct. 3, 1865, Thomas Smith to Capt. J. H. Weber, Nov. 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Alabama (Curry and Swanson) and Mississippi (Smith) (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau;
South Carolina Leader
, Dec. 23, 1865;
New Orleans Tribune
, Oct. 21, 1865;
New York Times
, Nov. 12, 1865; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 190, 275; Andrews,
The South since the War
, 27; Reid,
After the War
, 386–87; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 249–52; Wharton,
Negro in Mississippi
, 59, 218–19.