Been in the Storm So Long (138 page)

87.
Sebastian Kraft to President Andrew Johnson, Aug. [April?] 28, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Reid,
After the War
, 386; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 190.

88.
Williamson,
After Slavery
, 249–50, 250–51; Reid,
After the War
, 387n.-89n.

89.
39 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part III, 30; John P. Bardwell to Rev. M. E. Strieby, Nov. 4, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Moore (ed.),
The Juhl Letters
(Oct. 28, 1865), 51;
South Carolina Leader
, Dec. 9, 1865; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 240–41; Col. James C. Beecher to Maj. Kinsman, Oct. 7, 1865, W. E. Towne to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Saxton, Aug. 17, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

90.
Andrews,
War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl
, 315–16; Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation
, 35–37; D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 232–33, 237; Ella Gertrude (Clanton) Thomas, Ms. Journal, entry for July 23, 1865, Duke Univ.; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 250–51, and the sources cited in note 86.

91.
Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Nov. 3, 24, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; W. E. Towne to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Saxton, Aug. 17, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, Dec. 19, 1865, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 240; Andrews,
The South since the War
, 27;
New Orleans Tribune
, Oct. 21, 1865; D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 232; Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 532; Thomas Smith to Capt. J. H. Weber, Nov. 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

92.
39 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part III, 142;
South Carolina Leader
, Dec. 16, 1865; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 193;
New York Times
, Sept. 7, Dec. 1, 1865; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 251–52; Wharton,
Negro in Reconstruction
, 59, 218; Evans,
Ballots and Fence Rails
, 130.

93.
New Orleans Tribune
, Oct. 21, Dec. 27, 1865, Dec. 19, 1867;
South Carolina Leader
, Dec. 23, 1865;
Christian Recorder
, Dec. 30, 1865, Feb. 24, 1866;
New York Times
, Dec. 31, 1865.

94.
New Orleans Tribune
, Oct. 21, 1865; Andrews,
The South since the War
, 207.

95.
Bürge,
Diary
, 114; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 275; 39 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part II, 192, Part III, 30, 31;
New York Times
, Dec. 27, 28, 29, 1865; Moore (ed.),
The Juhl Letters
(Dec. 25, 1865), 57; Evans,
Ballots and Fence Rails
, 131; Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entry for Nov. 26, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina.

96.
Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 224–25; Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation
, 131–32. See also
New Orleans Tribune
, Dec. 19, 1867.

97.
Botume,
First Days Amongst the Contrabands
, 204–06. See also
Christian Recorder
, Feb. 24, 1866. The Emancipation Day celebration in Richmond is described
in Haviland,
A Woman’s Life-Work
, 401–02.

98.
Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Dec. 5, 25, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, Dec. 19, 1865, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 215–16; Capt. D. Corbin to H. W. Smith, Feb. 1, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 188.

99.
E. W. Everson to Bvt. Maj. Edward Deane, Jan. 17, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Moore (ed.),
The Juhl Letters
(Jan. 29, 1866), 73–74; Montgomery, “Alabama Freedmen: Some Reconstruction Documents,” 250;
New York Times
, Jan. 8, 1866; Kolchin,
First Freedom
, 9–10; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 39, 105–06.

100.
Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 272; Eppes,
Negro of the Old South
, 128, 130–31.

101.
New York Times
, Feb. 28, 1868; 39 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
, Part III, 167; Reid,
After the War
, 446–47. See also 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70,
Freedmen’s Bureau
, 273; Sarah M. Payne to Mary Clenden-in, Dec. 14, 1867, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; and Reid,
After the War
, 455.

102.
Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation
, 87–91.

103.
Bragg,
Louisiana in the Confederacy
, 213–14; Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 236–37; Allen S. Izard to Mrs. William Mason Smith, Sept. 26, 1865, in D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 236.

104.
South Carolina Leader
, Dec. 9, 1865; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 203. For black views on the respective merits of the share and wage systems, see also Maj. M. R. Delany to Bvt. Lt. Col. H. W. Smith, Aug. 1, 1866, and B. F. Randolph to Bvt. Maj. Gen. R. K. Scott, Aug. 6, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

105.
Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation
, 90–91; Reid,
After the War
, 507; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 93–94; Contract between Elias H. Deas and freedmen, March 3, 1866, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Contract between Felix Shank and freedman, Feb. 5, 1868, and between A. J. and J. W. Shank and Enos, Jan. 5, 1867, Joseph Belknap Smith Papers, Duke Univ.; Reid,
After the War
, 464; Lt. George Parliss to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, James DeGrey to Lt. J. M. Lee, Nov. 10, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and Louisiana (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. The demand for a five-day workweek (which no working class, white or black, enjoyed in 1865) may also be found in John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for Sept. 9, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, Dec. 12, 1866, Mercer Papars, Louisiana State Univ.; S. D. G. Niles to Maj. Gen. T. J. Wood, June 13, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Loring and Atkinson,
Cotton Culture and the South
, 12; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 91–92.

106.
Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for Jan. 15, 1866, Univ. of South Carolina; Rogers,
History of Georgetown County
, 431–32; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 104–05.

107.
Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, Sept. 21, Nov. 18, 21, Dec. 1, 12, 26, 1866, Jan. 1, 6, 9, 16, Feb. 6, 13, May 22, 1867, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.

108.
John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for July 29, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 223; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 100; Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Jan. 1, 3, 1867, Univ. of North Carolina; Reid,
After the War
, 446–47.

109.
Joe M. Richardson (ed.), “A Northerner Reports on Florida: 1866,”
Florida Historical Quarterly
, XL (1962), 383; Esther W. Douglass to Rev. Samuel Hunt, Feb. 1, 1866, American Missionary Assn. Archives.

110.
Lt. George Parliss to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, Bvt. Lt. Col. B. F. Smith to Bvt. Maj. H. W. Smith, Jan. 21, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also
New York Times
, Nov. 30, 1866, and Stearns,
Black Man of the South, and The Rebels
, 47–48.

111.
Bvt. Maj. Thomas H. Norton to Maj. A. W. Preston, Aug. 3, 1867, Lt. George
Parliss to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also, in the South Carolina records, Bvt. Maj. Erastus Everson to Bvt. Lt. Col. H. W. Smith, June 15, 1866, and M. J. Kirk to Maj. M. R. Delany, May 24, 1866.

112.
Edmund Rhett to Maj. Gen. Scott, Aug. 12, 1866, James DeGrey to William H. Webster, Sept. 10, 1867, Bvt. Lt. Col. B. F. Smith to Bvt. Maj. H. W. Smith, Feb. 21, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Rhett and Smith) and Louisiana (DeGrey) (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau;
New York Times
, Sept. 5, 1867; Stearns,
Black Man of the South, and The Rebels
, 47–48.

113.
Moore (ed.),
The Juhl Letters
(Nov. 17, 1866), 134–37;
New York Times
, June 22, Aug. 16, 1866. See also
New Orleans Tribune
, Sept. 27, 1865;
New York Times
, Aug. 17, Dec. 5, 1866; and, for a joint white-black protest in Raleigh on rents, Fisk P. Brewer to George Whipple, May 27, 1867, American Missionary Assn. Archives.

114.
Lt. James M. Johnston to Bvt. Maj. A. M. Crawford, Dec. 17, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also
New York Times
, Dec. 30, 1866; J. R. Grady (sheriff, Lillington, Harnett Co.) to Post Commander, Aug. 27, 1867, E. W. Everson to Bvt. Maj. Edward Deane, Jan. 17, 18, 1867, Everson to Lt. Crawford, June 19, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, North Carolina and South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

115.
[name deleted] to Gov. Jonathan Worth, Nov. 29, 1866, in Gov. Worth to Col. Bomford, Dec. 3, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, North Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

116.
J.J. Pringle Smith to Mrs. Robert Smith, Jan. 13, 1867, in D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 273; Rogers,
History of Georgetown County
, 433; James DeGrey to Lt. J. M. Lee, Nov. 15, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Louisiana (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

117.
Reid,
After the War
, 546–50.

118.
Lt. Erastus Everson to Bvt. Maj. Henry W. Smith, Jan. 30, 1866, R. H. Willoughby to Bvt. Maj. A. M. Crawford, July 27, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), and J. J. Wright to Bvt. Gen. Gile, June 3, 1867, Records of the Subdivision of Beaufort, S.C., Freedmen’s Bureau.

119.
McFeely,
Yankee Stepfather
, 202–03; Lt. and Bvt. Brig. Gen. H. Neide to Bvt. Maj. Edward L. Deane, Feb. 9, 1867, Bvt. Maj. Gen. R. K. Scott to Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard, Feb. 14, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

120.
Workingman’s Advocate
, April 28, June 2, 1866;
New York Times
, April 18, May 24, Dec. 6, 1866, Feb. 10, May 15, June 15, 1867; Taylor,
Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia
, 120.

121.
New Orleans Tribune
, May 17, 1867; Trowbridge,
The South
, 405.

122.
Christian Recorder
, Dec. 2, 1865;
New Orleans Tribune
, Dec. 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 1865.

123.
Williamson,
After Slavery
, 92–93. For the action of a Bureau officer in the South Carolina low country when faced with a “combination” among the blacks on several plantations, see Capt. D. Corbin to H. W. Smith, Feb. 1, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

124.
South Carolina Leader
, Dec. 16, 1865; Reid,
After the War
, 464. See also Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 247.

125.
Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 15, 114–15, 276–77;
Colored American
, Jan. 6, 1866; Moore (ed.),
The Juhl Letters
(July 4, 1866), 103; Bvt. Lt. Col. B. F. Smith to Bvt. Maj. H. W. Smith, Jan. 21, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

126.
Everard Green Baker, Ms. Diary, entries for Dec. 26, 1862, May 31, 1865, Jan. 13, July 17, 1866, May 29, 1867, Univ. of North Carolina; Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll
, 90.

127.
Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 18–19; Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, Aug. 2, Oct. 24, 1865, Nov. 8, 1866, June 17, Dec. 1, 1867, James J. Philips Collection, Univ. of North Carolina.

128.
Myers (ed.),
Children of Pride
, 1340–41, 1366, 1369, 1374, 1376, 1403, 1429.

129.
Moore, (ed.),
The Juhl Letters
(Oct. 7, 1866), 125; Trowbridge,
The South
, 545.

130.
Lt. Erastus Eversori to Bvt. Maj. Henry W. Smith, Jan. 30, 1866, Bvt. Lt. Col. B. F. Smith to Bvt. Maj. Henry W. Smith, Jan. 21, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau;
Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard
, II, 239; Andrews,
The South since the War
, 212.

131.
Loring and Atkinson,
Cotton Culture and the South
, 4; Reid,
After the War
, 463; Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation
, 57–58, 78–79. For other examples of the yearning for landownership and the movement toward tenantry, see Loring and Atkinson,
Cotton Culture and the South
, 5, 14, 121, 145; Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 272; Reid,
After the War
, 533; Trowbridge,
The South
, 362; Macrae,
Americans at Home
, 210;
Christian Recorder
, Dec. 30, 1865;
National Freedman
, I (Nov. 15, 1865), 337.