Been in the Storm So Long (142 page)

35.
National Freedman
, I (Dec. 15, 1865), 364 (Convention of Colored People, Alabama);
Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia
(Jan. 1866), 30;
St. Landry Progress
(Opelousas, La.), Sept. 7, 1867. For opposition to confiscation, see also
New Orleans Tribune
, June 12, 1867 (Radical Republican convention, Louisiana, June 1867), and
New York Times
, May 26, 1867 (James Harris of N.C.). The Alabama convention of 1867 called for the confiscation of property of employers who discharged blacks for exercising their civil rights (
New Orleans Tribune
, May 4, 1867), and Beverly Nash, a South Carolina black leader, thought the confiscation question should be settled by Congress and “we should make no expression of opinion about it” (
New York Times
, Aug. 9, 1867). For proconfiscation sentiment, see
New Orleans Tribune
, Sept. 10, 24, 1864, April 19, May 6, 1865, and
New National Era
, Jan. 26, 1871.

36.
See, e.g., Montgomery, “Alabama Freedmen: Some Reconstruction Documents,” 247, 249 (Colored People’s Convention, 1865);
New York Tribune
, Dec. 30, 1865 (Colored Convention of Maryland);
Colored Tennessean
, March 31, 1866 (Kentucky Colored People’s Convention);
Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia
(Jan. 1866), 30.

37.
Christian Recorder
Feb. 3, 1866. For similar sentiments, see, e.g.,
Christian Recorder
, April 8 (“What Shall We Do to Be Respected?”), Aug. 26 (Charleston Corr.), Sept. 30 (H. H. Garnet), Dec. 9, 16, 23 (Advice to Freedmen), 1865; March 10 (“Trying Moment”), 17 (“The Jew and the Black Gentile”), 24 (Emigration), April 21 (S.C. Corr.), May 19 (“Get Land”), Aug. 18 (“Colored Conventions”), 25 (J. M. Langston), Sept. 22 (“Our Great Need”), 1866; Sept. 14 (J. M. Langston), Nov. 30 (“Self-Reliance the Key to Success”), 1867;
Colored American
, Jan. 6, 1866;
Black Republican
, April 15, 1865;
Free Man’s Press
, Aug. 1 (“Learn a Trade”), Sept. 5, 1868.

38.
Address by the Colored People of Missouri
, 3;
Colored Tennessean
, March 31, 1866 (Kentucky Colored People’s Convention);
Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia
(Jan. 1866), 29–30;
Christian Recorder
, Feb. 24, 1866 (H. M. Turner);
Convention of Colored Men, Kentucky
(Nov. 1867), 7. On equal access to public facilities, see, e.g., the Georgia (Jan. and Oct. 1866) and Kentucky (1867) conventions.

39.
Convention of Colored Men, Kentucky
(Nov. 1867), 8–9;
Convention of the Freedmen of North Carolina
(Sept.-Oct. 1865), 5;
Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia
(Jan. 1866), 19–20, 29.

40.
Convention of the Colored People of Virginia
(Aug. 1865), 11;
New Orleans Tribune
, May 30, 1865 (Memorial of the Colored Men of Mississippi); Montgomery, “Alabama Freedmen: Some Reconstruction Documents,” 248, 249 (Colored People’s Convention, 1865).

41.
Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia
(Jan. 1866), 29;
New Orleans Tribune
, May 30, 1865 (Memorial of the Colored Men of Mississippi);
Colored Tennessean
, Aug. 12, 1865 (Convention of the Colored People);
Convention of the Colored People of Virginia
(Aug. 1865), 20; S. W. Laidler to Thaddeus Stevens, May 7, 1866, Stevens Papers, Library of Congress (New Bern freedmen’s meeting);
Convention of Colored Men, Kentucky
(Nov. 1867), 7;
New York Tribune
, Nov. 29, 1865 (Convention of Colored People, South Carolina).

42.
New Orleans Tribune
, Aug. 9, 1864, April 6, 1865. See also the issues of Jan. 3, April 28, and July 23, 1865.

43.
Ibid.
, Jan. 14, 15, Feb. 5, 9, 14, 18, 19, 1865.

44.
Convention of the Colored People of
Virginia
(Aug. 1865), 21;
New Orleans Tribune
, March 25, May 28, 1865.

45.
New Orleans Tribune
, April 19, 1865. See also the issue of Nov. 25, 1866, which urged the election of “colored” judges and legislators. “But we want to fight that political contest squarely and fairly, under the banner of suffrage to all, and not by attempting the impracticable and impossible work of suppressing the minority.”

46.
Ibid
, June 4, 1865.

47.
Black Republican
, April 22, 1865;
New Orleans Tribune
, April 20, 1865;
Proceedings of the Forty-eighth Annual Session of the Baltimore Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, April 13th, 1865
(Baltimore, 1865), 8;
Christian Recorder
, April 22, 1865. See also
Christian Recorder
, June 3, 1865 (S.C. Conference), May 5, 1865 (J. C. Brock).

48.
Towne,
Letters and Diary
, 159–60, 162;
Black Republican
, April 22, 1865.

49.
New York Times
, May 13, 1865; Pearson (ed.),
Letters from Port Royal
, 310–11; Botume,
First Days Amongst the Contrabands
, 173–75, 178; Harriet B. Greeley to Rev. George Whipple, April 29, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives;
Black Republican
, April 29, 1865.

50.
New Orleans Tribune
, April 22, 28, 21, 1865;
Proceedings of the Forty-eighth Session of the Baltimore Conf. of the AME Church, April 13, 1865
, 9–10.

51.
Martin Abbott, “Freedom’s Cry: Negroes and Their Meetings in South Carolina, 1865–1869,”
Phylon
, XX (Fall 1959), 264 (Charleston Mutual Aid Society);
New Orleans Tribune
, May 2, 6, April 22, July 27, 1865;
Black Republican
, April 22, 1865.

52.
Towne,
Letters and Diary
, 167.

53.
New Orleans Tribune
, July 27, 30, Aug. 3, Sept. 9, Oct. 27, Dec. 9, 30, 1865. For a more hopeful view of Johnson, see
South Carolina Leader
, Oct. 21, Dec. 9, 1865.

54.
McPherson,
The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction
, 52–55; LaWanda and John H. Cox,
Politics, Principle, & Prejudice, 1865–66
(Glencoe, Ill., 1963), 163. For black response to the interview, see
New York Times
, Feb. 9, 1866;
Christian Recorder
, Feb. 17, 1866.

55.
Christian Recorder
, March 3, April 14, Sept. 8, 1866;
Loyal Georgian
, March 3, 1866. For black disillusionment with Johnson, see also
New Orleans Tribune
, Sept. 11, 15, 1866;
Christian Recorder
, Jan. 19, March 9, 1867;
Loyal Georgian
, March 17, Oct. 13, 1866.

56.
Convention of the Colored People of Virginia
(Aug. 1865), 21.

57.
Reid,
After the War
, 52. For the “taxation without representation is tyranny” argument, see
Convention of Colored Citizens of Arkansas
(1866), 6;
Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia
(Jan. 1866), 18;
Convention of Colored Men, Kentucky
(Nov. 1867), 7;
Christian Recorder
, Oct. 28, 1865 (Edgecombe, Co., N.C.);
New York Times
, Oct. 11, 1866 (Convention of Freedmen, North Carolina);
New York Tribune
, Nov. 29, 1865 (Convention of Colored People, South Carolina);
Loyal Georgian
, Oct. 13, 1866;
New Orleans Tribune
, Nov. 16, 1865;
Black Republican
, April 29, 1865.

58.
Address by the Colored People of Missouri
(1865);
New York Times
, Sept. 17, 1865 (A. H. Galloway at the Convention of Freedmen, N.C);
The Union
(New Orleans), Dec. 1, 1863 (P. B. S. Pinchback);
Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia
(Jan. 1866), 29;
Equal Suffrage. Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Virginia, to the People of the United States
(New Bedford, Mass., 1865);
Christian Recorder
, Oct. 28, 1865 (Edgecombe Co., N.C), May 19, 1866.

59.
Christian Recorder
, July 14, 1866;
Colored American
, Jan. 13, 1866.

60.
Herbert Aptheker, “South Carolina Negro Conventions, 1865,”
Journal of Negro History
, XXXI (1946), 94;
Loyal Georgian
, Feb. 17, 1866;
Colored Tennessean
, Oct. 7, 1865;
New Orleans Tribune
, Nov. 18, 1864, Dec. 15, 1866;
Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia
(Jan. 1866), 19;
Proceedings of the Council of the Georgia Equal Rights Association, Assembled at Augusta, Ga., April 4th, 1866
(Augusta, 1866), 13;
New York Times
, Sept. 17, 1865 (A. H. Galloway at the Convention of Freedmen, N.C); Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 27.

61.
New Orleans Tribune
, Nov. 18, 1864.

62.
Ibid.
, Aug. 1, 1865.

63.
Convention of the Colored People of Virginia
(Aug. 1865), 21–22; Reid,
After the War
, 144.

64.
Convention of the Colored People of Virginia
(Aug. 1865), 22.

65.
New Orleans Tribune
, Dec. 9, Nov. 18, 1864. See also the issue of May 4, 1865 (“Fallacy of ‘Preparation’ ”).

66.
National Freedman
, I (Aug. 15, 1865), 220;
New York Times
, June 4, 1865;
Equal Suffrage. Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Va
. (1865), 9–15.

67.
On the “election” in Beaufort, see
The Mission of the United States Republic: An Oration Delivered by Rev. James Lynch … July 4, 1865
(Augusta, 1865), 10; on a mayoralty election in Fernandina, see Reid,
After the War
, 160; on the registration and voting in New Orleans, see
New Orleans Tribune
, June 17, 23, 24, 30, July 12, 21, 28, Aug. 4, 18, 22, Sept. 2, 10, 17, 19, Nov. 7, 8, 10, 15, 1865.

68.
Blassingame,
Black New Orleans
, 1–22.

69.
New Orleans Tribune
, Nov. 15, 16, 1864.

70.
Ibid
, Sept. 2, 26, 1865.

71.
Christian Recorder
, May 19, 1866.

72.
New Orleans Tribune
, Nov. 11, Oct. 23, 1866.

73.
Colored Tennessean
, Aug. 12, 1865 (Convention of the Colored People);
New York Times
, April 25, 1865 (Petition from “the colored men of East Tennessee”). See also
New Orleans Tribune
, April 4, July 25, 1865, Sept. 13, 1866.

74.
Du Bois,
The Souls of Black Folk
, 3–4.

75.
Christian Recorder
, Aug. 25, 1866. See also “The Negro an Inferior Race,” in
ibid.
, Nov. 20, 1869 (D. A. Straker)

76.
Ibid.
, Oct. 4, 1877 (“Race Characteristics”).

77.
Ibid.
, Nov. 21, 1868 (“The American Negro”).

78.
Blassingame (ed.),
Slave Testimony
, 381;
Colored Tennessean
, Aug. 12, 1865 (Convention of the Colored People);
Christian Recorder
, Jan. 23, 1864 (H. M. Turner);
Weekly Louisianian
, Dec. 7, 1878 (“Spell It with a Capital”). On objections to “negro,” see also
New Era
, Aug. 18, 1870; nevertheless, the editor of
Weekly Louisianian
(Dec. 12, 1874) thought few if any “intelligent colored citizens” objected to the term, “though they very properly resent the contemptuous one when spelt with two gs.” On gradations of color, see
New Orleans Tribune
, May 23, 1865. For the debate over whether to strike “African” from the name of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, see
Christian Recorder
, Nov. 21, Dec. 19, 1863, April 9, 1864, March 25, April 1, 8, May 6, 1865;
New Orleans Tribune
, June 9, 1865.

79.
Loyal Georgian
, April 10, 1867;
New Era
, Feb. 3, 1870.

80.
Christian Recorder
, June 16, 1866;
Semi-Weekly Louisianian
, June 15, 1871.

81.
Semi-Weekly Louisianian
, March 10, 1872 (H. H. Garnet);
Christian Recorder
, May 13, 1865.

82.
Christian Recorder
, March 25 (J. Lynch), April 8 (G. Rue), 1865.

83.
New Orleans Tribune
, Aug. 13, 1865, Feb. 18, 1869; Evans,
Ballots and Fence Rails
, 90;
Christian Recorder
, Nov. 27, 1869.

84.
Christian Recorder
, June 30, 1866, Oct. 21, 1865.

85.
New Orleans Tribune
, April 13, 1867 (Savannah meeting);
Christian Recorder
, Jan. 5, 1867; Josiah Gorgas, Ms. Journal, entry for July 9, 1867, Univ. of North Carolina.

86.
William S. Basinger to George W. J. DeRenne, Aug. 12, 1867, DeRenne Papers, Duke Univ.

87.
Loyal Georgian
, July 6, 1867.

88.
B. F. Randolph to Bvt. Maj. Gen. R. K. Scott, Aug. 6, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau (Randolph’s assassination was announced in
Christian Recorder
, Oct. 31, 1868);
New Orleans Tribune
, May 12, 1867. See also
Loyal Georgian
, July 6, 1867 (“A Word on Registration”).

89.
New Orleans Tribune
, May 24, 1867. On the demands voiced by black political rallies, see, e.g.,
Christian Recorder
, May 4, 1867 (Beaufort, S.C.);
New Orleans Tribune
, May 4 (Mobile), 10 (St. Louis), 1867;
New York Times
, Jan. 27 (Georgetown, D.C.), March 19 (Savannah), 27 (Charleston), April 2 (Savannah), 19 (Mobile), 24 (Petersburg, Va.), May 4 (Mobile), 8 (Talladega, Ala.), 9 (Jefferson Co, Fla.), 1867.