Chinese Comfort Women (51 page)
Read Chinese Comfort Women Online
Authors: Peipei Qiu,Su Zhiliang,Chen Lifei
Tags: #History, #Military, #World War II, #Modern, #20th Century, #Social Science, #Women's Studies
Gong Bohua,
182
Guan Jianqiang,
182
Guan Ning,
169
Guandong Army (
also
Kwantung Army),
21
-
22
,
27
,
37
-
38
,
42
,
54
Guomindang.
See
Nationalist Party of China (Guomindang,
also
Kuomintang)
H
ainan Island: comfort station in Ya County,
131
,
132
comfort women sent out to troops in remote areas,
54
Dalang comfort station,
135
,
136
-
38
deceit used to “recruit” comfort women,
46
-
47
forced collaboration of Chinese in system,
44
Happy House comfort station,
60
investigation of comfort women system,
16
,
173
-
74
large-scale abduction of women (1941),
39
number of comfort stations/women,
16
,
73
-
74
,
126
,
131
,
169
occupation by Japanese (1939),
126
Shilu Iron Mine Comfort Station,
46
,
58
,
71
-
72
Tengqiao Comfort Station,
51
(f),
126
,
130
Zhaojia-yuan Comfort Station,
39
-
40
,
61
,
69
,
70
Hara Zenshirō,
37
Hata Ikuhiko,
38
Hayao Torao,
72
Hayashi Hirofumi,
17
He Chuangshu,
182
He Ji,
169
Hebei Province Academy of Social Sciences,
16
,
40
-
41
Hicks, George,
161
Hirabayashi Hisae,
17
Hirano Shigeru,
52
Hirose Saburō,
42
Honda, Michael,
184
Hongkou District (Shanghai),
33
,
33
(t),
34
Hora Tomio,
17
Hou Dong’e,
168
Howard, Keith,
2
Hu Jiaren,
44
Huang Huirong,
71
Huang Wenchang,
129
Huang Youliang: escape from comfort station,
71
,
129
,
196
-
97
experience as comfort woman on Hainan Island,
51
(f),
127
-
29
photograph,
126
testimony and lawsuit against Japanese government,
16
,
130
,
176
-
77
Hubei Province,
43
-
45
,
64
-
65
,
102
,
157
-
58
Imperial Japanese Army: abuse of Chinese women considered “entertainment,”
8
-
9
,
70
-
71
capture of Chongming Island,
94
,
98
capture of Hainan Island,
126
,
131
,
135
capture of Rugao County,
89
comfort women viewed as “military supplies,”
36
fighting and comfort stations in Hubei Province,
102
fighting and comfort stations in Hunan Province,
108
fighting and comfort stations in Yunnan Province,
141
Hejia-xiang Brothel, Wenshui County,
43
involvement in comfort women system,
8
,
13
,
43
,
64
occupation of Yu County (1938-45),
114
,
119
, xviii; rapes at Laizhuo, Hebei Province,
40
size of army in China,
37
.
See also
Japanese military
International Commission of Jurists,
2
International Committee of the Nanjing Safety Zone,
28
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE): deposition on the kidnapping and rape of women in Nanjing,
30
documents presented re. Japanese military sexual slavery,
151
,
215
n
2
failure to hold military and government responsible for comfort women system,
151
,
152
-
53
failure to label comfort women system a war crime,
151
-
53
lack of thorough investigation re. comfort women postwar,
5
testimony on abduction of Chinese girl by Japanese,
7
-
8
testimony on deaths during Nanjing Massacre,
28
as “white man’s tribunal,”
151
-
52
International Public Hearing Concerning the Post-War Compensation of Japan (Tokyo, 1992),
168
International Solidarity Council,
184
-
85
,
223
n
6
International Symposium on Chinese Comfort Women,
98
(f),
134
Isogai Rensuke,
52
J
apan, postwar environment for comfort women: against state compensation for individual civilian victims,
162
,
164
-
65
AWF formed to raise funds for former comfort women,
161
-
64
Chinese reports of atrocities, in response to Japanese denial of responsibility for war crimes,
15
-
16
denial of military involvement in comfort stations, xix-xx,
3
-
4
denial of responsibility,
3
,
15
,
93
,
160
-
62
,
184
documents re. comfort women classified and non-available to researchers,
50
-
51
,
208
n
4
documents re. comfort women destroyed at end of WWII,
5
,
153
,
169
,
199
n
19
efforts to remove comfort station monument in US (2012), xix-xx; failure of IMTFE to hold military and government responsible for comfort women system,
151
,
152
-
53
international community’s urging Japan to accept responsibility,
184
-
85
Japanese legal experts’ and Diet members’ efforts at legislative solutions,
185
-
86
judged guilty of war crimes (Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal, 2000),
182
-
83
A Proposed Law for the Timely Resolution of the Issues Concerning the Victims of Wartime Forced Sexual Slavery,
185
-
86
report on limited investigation into comfort women system (1992),
161
second report (1993) on comfort women and avoidance of legal responsibilities,
161
-
62
Tong Zeng’s memorandum re. war compensation for individual victims,
165
-
67
,
218
n
25
United Nations’ reports on Japan’s legal liability for sex slavery,
164
-
65
,
179
-
80
Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace (WAM),
188
,
190
.
See also
litigation by Chinese survivors against Japanese government; redress movements in Japan for comfort women Japan Democratic Lawyers’ Association,
171
Japan Federation of Bar Association,
173
,
185
Japanese Legal Team for Chinese War Victims’ Compensation Claims (Chūgokujin sensō higai baishō seikyū jiken bengodan),
17
,
171
-
72
,
173
Japanese military:
11
th Army,
36
,
67
,
68
;
21
st Army,
32
;
56
th Division,
141
,
189
Battle Field Rear Service Teams (used to “recruit” comfort women),
46
-
47
cases of venereal disease,
72
Central China Expeditionary Force,
26
comfort stations (
see entries beginning with
comfort stations); comfort women (
see entries beginning with
comfort women); comfort women seen as “comfort objects” and “military supplies,”
36
,
45
,
64
-
65
comfort women viewed as “public latrines,”
36
courses on establishing comfort stations,
36
-
37
denial of military involvement in comfort stations,
3
-
4
, xix-xx; documents re. comfort women classified and non-available to researchers,
50
-
51
,
208
n
4
documents/records destroyed at end of WWII,
5
,
153
,
169
,
199
n
19
efforts to explain Japanese soldiers’ atrocious behaviour,
22
-
23
,
194
Guandong Army,
21
-
22
,
27
,
37
-
38
,
42
,
54
illegal drugs supplied to comfort women,
71
IMTFE’s failure to hold military responsible for comfort women system,
151
involvement in forming comfort stations,
26
,
41
-
42
; “justification” for comfort stations,
7
,
12
,
24
,
26
,
29
,
43
,
65
,
72
naval comfort stations set up in Shanghai,
22
-
23
North China Area Army,
26
,
29
,
35
,
154
-
55
security concerns re. Chinese comfort women,
31
-
32
Shanghai Expeditionary Army,
25
-
26
,
30
,
32
,
52
taught to view Chinese as non-humans,
195
.
See also
Imperial Japanese Army; Second Sino-Japanese War, 1931-45 (War of Resistance)
Japanese Military Comfort Women System Atrocities Museum at Dongjia-gou,
Longling County, Yunnan Province (Yunnan Longling Dongjia-gou Rijun weianfu zhidu zuixing zhanlanguan),
189
-
90
Japanese Post-War Compensation Network,
173
Japanese scholarship re. comfort women system: Centre for Research and Documentation on Japan’s War Responsibility (JWRC),
3
,
17
classification of comfort stations,
9
on method of “recruiting,”
41
on number of comfort women,
37
-
38
Yoshimi’s discovery of official war documents,
3
,
14
,
160
-
61
.
See also
redress movements in Japan for comfort women; Yoshimi Yoshiaki [Japanese] Women’s Association for Rectifying Public Morals (Fujin kyōfū kai),
24
Ji Wenxiu,
139
Jiang Gonggu,
30
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek),
27
,
153
-
54
Jiang Yulan,
112
justice: minimal investigation of comfort women system by China,
158
-
59
no compensation or justice for comfort women,
151
-
54
physical and mental wounds of survivors,
156
-
57
redress (
see entries beginning with
redress movements).
See also
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE); litigation by Chinese survivors against Japan; Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan’s Military Sexual Slavery
K
ang Jian: first lawsuit against Japan,
174
in fourth lawsuit against Japanese government,
176
-
77
investigation of comfort women system on Hainan Island,
173
on Japan’s contradictory interpretations of San Francisco Peace Treaty,
181
prosecutor at Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal (2000),
182