Chinese Comfort Women (50 page)
Read Chinese Comfort Women Online
Authors: Peipei Qiu,Su Zhiliang,Chen Lifei
Tags: #History, #Military, #World War II, #Modern, #20th Century, #Social Science, #Women's Studies
Duan Clan Ancestor Temple, Longling County, Yunnan Province,
189
Fengyi-lou Comfort Station, Wuhu, Anhui Province,
61
Fuhou-gang, Nanjing,
30
Happy House, Hainan Island,
60
Hejia-xiang Brothel, Wenshui County, Shanxi Province,
43
Hongkou District, Shanghai,
33
-
34
Huangliu Military Airport, Hainan Island,
71
Huayue-lou Comfort Station, Nanjing,
59
,
61
Hui’ansuo Comfort Station, Chongming Island,
98
Jade Star House, Zhuliang-qiao, Hunan Province,
110
-
11
Jesuit church, Longling County,
189
Longling County stations,
189
-
90
Military Entertainment Facility, Shanghai,
37
Shilu Comfort Station, Hainan Island,
46
,
58
,
71
-
72
Shimenzi Comfort Station, Heilongjiang Province,
69
South Sector Billet Brothel, Manila,
62
,
65
Tengqiao Comfort Station, Hainan Island,
51
(f),
126
,
130
Tianjin,
40
Tongcheng, Hubei Province,
44
-
45
,
64
-
65
Ya County, Hainan Island,
131
,
132
Yangjiazhai Entertainment Centre, Shanghai,
52
-
54
,
60
Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province,
31
Zhaojia-yuan Comfort Station, Hainan,
39
-
40
,
61
,
69
,
70
Zhongxing Hotel comfort station, Rugao, Jiangsu Province,
91
-
92
comfort stations, types: classification methods,
9
-
10
differences from ordinary brothels,
26
divided according to
users’ military rank,
57
; “entertainment” facilities approved by military,
55
-
56
established by Chinese collaborators,
56
-
57
formal comfort stations,
31
,
42
,
50
,
54
-
55
improvised comfort stations,
10
-
11
,
50
,
54
-
55
management by civilian proprietors, under military supervision,
55
secret stations under direct military control,
33
-
34
.
See also
comfort stations, management by Japanese military
Comfort Woman: Slave of Destiny
(Henson),
2
comfort women: “comfort objects” and “military supplies” according to military,
36
,
45
,
64
-
65
condom regulation and usage,
60
,
128
,
132
,
137
English publications of their narratives,
1
-
3
estimated number of victims in military system,
4
,
6
,
37
-
40
illegal drugs supplied by military or station proprietors,
71
Japanese euphemism
ianfu
,
1
murdered at end of war to destroy “evidence,”
73
-
74
,
190
ransom paid by families or friends, xviii
11
,
65
,
73
,
74
,
92
,
112
ratio of comfort women to soldiers,
32
,
37
-
38
; “replacement rate” for comfort women,
37
-
38
sexually transmitted diseases, infections,
61
,
70
shame and silence about being comfort women (until 1990s), xix,
5
,
158
source materials for current book,
13
-
18
term specific to Japanese military’s system of sexual slavery,
1
transport to different locations,
36
-
37
true number of deaths almost impossible to determine,
40
,
48
.
See also
survivors’ narratives;
entries beginning with
comfort women
The Comfort Women: Colonialism, War, and Sex
(Choi),
2
The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan
(Soh),
4
,
9
-
10
Comfort Women: An Unfinished Ordeal
(International Commission of Jurists),
2
comfort women, drafted from Japan and Korea, brutal treatment of,
44
-
45
,
64
-
65
,
190
death rate,
73
false job offers used to “recruit” comfort women,
7
payments to and exploitation of,
63
-
65
registration of comfort women,
58
South Korean victims’ testimony about abuse, xxx,
2
-
3
trafficked to Chinese mainland,
31
-
32
,
157
-
58
,
204
n
56
treatment of pregnant Japanese woman,
60
.
See also
redress movements in South Korea for comfort women; South Korea, postwar environment for comfort women comfort women, drafted from Mainland China: abuse of women considered a “sport,”
8
-
9
,
70
-
71
brutal treatment,
4
-
5
,
6
,
12
,
49
,
69
,
194
-
95
closely guarded as “enemies” of Japan,
58
,
61
,
71
,
92
,
111
,
128
,
137
,
143
Confucian social conventions and,
5
discrimination, ostracism, and poverty of comfort women postwar,
5
,
13
,
77
,
154
-
56
, xix; distress recalling trauma,
77
-
78
,
88
,
96
,
101
,
107
,
117
-
18
,
132
-
33
,
137
,
193
drug addiction (drugs supplied by military or management),
69
,
71
escapes from comfort stations,
71
,
73
,
74
,
78
,
100
-
1
,
121
-
22
,
138
,
143
-
44
female POWs, treatment,
47
-
48
,
121
grassroots movement in China to shed light on issue,
6
Hou Dong’e and beginning of grassroots redress movement,
168
murder of comfort women with forces’ withdrawal from area,
73
-
74
,
190
,
212
n
27
number of deaths almost impossible to determine,
40
,
48
payments to and money owed by,
62
-
65
,
129
,
132
pregnant women, murder and beating of,
48
,
60
,
105
prostitutes forced to become comfort women,
47
ransom paid for freedom, xviii,
11
,
65
,
73
,
74
,
92
,
112
ratio of comfort women to soldiers,
32
,
37
-
38
rescued by families or local people,
73
,
74
,
112
,
123
,
129
,
132
-
33
,
138
,
143
shame and silence about being comfort women (until 1990s), xix,
5
,
158
source materials for current book,
13
-
18
suicide,
55
,
57
,
64
,
68
,
69
,
71
-
72
,
128
treatment under Cultural Revolu tion,
5
,
129
,
133
,
140
.
See also
Chen Yabian; Huang Youliang; Lei Guiying; Li Lianchun; Lin Yajin; Lu Xiuzhen; survivors’ narratives; Tan Yuhua; Wan Aihua; Yin Yulin; Yuan Zhulin; Zhou Fenying; Zhu Qiaomei
comfort women, drafted from Taiwan: brutal treatment of,
44
-
45
,
69
estimated number,
38
false job offers used to “recruit” comfort women,
7
,
46
payments to and exploitation of,
63
-
65
Taiwan women’s lawsuit (1999-2005),
177
-
78
trafficked to Chinese mainland,
31
-
32
,
189
.
See also
Taipei Women’s Rescue Foundation; Taiwan, postwar environment for comfort women
comfort women, living conditions: close confinement and constantly guarded,
58
,
61
,
71
,
128
,
137
excrement buckets,
61
,
71
,
121
,
132
,
137
hygiene/medical situation with sexually transmitted diseases,
61
,
70
in improvised comfort stations,
10
-
11
,
50
,
54
-
55
,
61
naked or clothed in rags,
33
-
34
,
55
,
70
,
137
rooms in which confined,
69
starvation as food minimal,
69
,
87
,
137
.
See also
brutal treatment of Chinese comfort women and civilians; brutal treatment of pregnant Chinese women; Hainan Island comfort women, “recruiting”: abduction and kidnapping,
8
-
9
,
26
,
39
,
47
coerced collaborators to round up women,
42
-
45
,
207
n
48
collaborators used to gather women,
30
-
31
militaristic brainwashing,
7
comfort women museums: Japanese Military Comfort Women System Atrocities Museum at Dongjia-gou, Longling County, Yunnan Province (China),
189
-
90
Museum of Sexual Slavery by Japanese Military (South Korea),
188
Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace (WAM), Tokyo,
188
,
190
Comfort Women Speak: Testimony by Sex Slaves of the Japanese Military
(Schellstede),
2
Committee of Cultural and Historical Data (of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference [Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui]),
22
Committee for Investigating the Enemy’s War Crimes (Diren zuixing diaocha weiyuanhui),
158
-
59
Committee for the Investigation of the Victimization of Former Chinese “Comfort Women” (Zhongguo yuan “weianfu” shouhai shishi diaocha weiyuanhui),
187
-
88
Communist Party of China (
also
Chinese Communist Party; Gongchandang): fighting in Second Sino-Japanese War,
35
,
114
investigation of war crimes,
40
military tribunals post-WWII,
154
Cultural Revolution: description,
215
n
5
treatment of Chinese comfort women,
5
,
129
,
133
,
140
,
195
-
96
D
eng Yumin,
176
-
77
“Dog” (Tomishima),
8
Dolgopol, Ustinia,
182
Dong-Shenjiazhai and Yangjiazhai Entertainment Centre,
53
-
54
Dongning County comfort stations,
50
E
tō Takami,
162
European Parliament on Japan’s accepting responsibility for comfort women system,
184
Exposé: Chinese Comfort Women (Zhaoshi: Zhongguo weinfu
),
169
50 Years of Silence
(Ruff-O’Herne),
2
Fan Guiying,
61
Feng Puguo,
144
Five Guarantees Program (in China),
133
-
34
G
ao Changming,
125
Gao Fengsheng,
112
Gao Qiaoliang,
112
Gao Xingzu,
169
Global Alliance for Preserving the History of WWII in Asia,
184
,
187
,
223
n
5