Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (191 page)

52
MacCulloch, 609 - 11.

53
M. Astell,
Some Reflections upon Marriage
(4th edn, London, 1730; first published 1700), Appendix, 139; M. Astell,
A Serious Proposal to the Ladies
(4th edn, London, 1697; first published 1694), 14. I am grateful to Sarah Apetrei for our discussions on these texts.

54
J. Wesley,
Primitive Physick: or an easy and natural Method of curing most Diseases
(London, 1747), Preface, ix-x, xviii. See J. Cule, 'The Rev. John Wesley M.A. (Oxon.), 1703-1791: "The Naked Empiricist" and Orthodox Medicine',
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
, 45 (1990), 41-63.

55
C. McC. Weis and F. Pottle (eds.),
Boswell in Extremes 1776-8
(London, 1971), 12-13.

56
I. Rivers, 'Responses to Hume on Religion by Anglicans and Dissenters',
JEH
, 52 (2001) 675-95; quotation from the Rev. Joseph Priestley at 695.

57
A fine treatment of the Catholic Enlightenment and eighteenth-century efforts at Church reform is O. Chadwick,
The Popes and European Revolution
(Oxford, 1981), Ch. 6.

58
Ibid., 247-8, 256.

59
B. Chedozeau,
Choeur clos, choeur ouvert: de l'eglise medievale a l'eglise tridentine (France, XVIe-XVIIIe siecle)
(Paris, 1998).

60
J. Swann, 'Disgrace without Dishonour: The Internal Exile of French Magistrates in the Eighteenth century',
PP
, 195 (May 2007), 87-126, at 99.

61
D. G. Thompson,
A Modern Persecution: Breton Jesuits under the Suppression of 1762- 1814
(Oxford, 1999), and D. Van Kley,
The Jansenists and the Expulsion of the Jesuits from France, 1757-1765
(New Haven and London, 1975).

62
J. McManners,
Church and Society in Eighteenth-century France
(2 vols., Oxford, 1998), II, 314, 320-23, 337-41.

63
An engaging recent study is R. Pearson,
Voltaire Almighty: A Life in Pursuit of Freedom
(London, 2005): see esp. 404-5.

64
F. Bessire,
La Bible dans la correspondance de Voltaire
(Oxford, 1999), esp. 10-13, 226-8.

65
P. Blom,
Encyclopedie: The Triumph of Reason in an Unreasonable Age
(London, 2004), esp. 54, 94-8, 143, 151-4. For a view of Mallet treating him as an ultra-conservative accepted by the editors of the
Encyclopedie
to save themselves from ecclesiastical repression, see W. E. Rex, ' "Arche de Noe" and Other Religious Articles by Abbe Mallet in the
Encyclopedie
',
Eighteenth-Century Studies
, 9 (1976), 333-52.

66
J.-J. Rousseau, ed. M. Cranston,
The Social Contract
[
Contrat social ou Principes du droit politique
] (London, 1968; originally published 1763), 64 [Bk 1, Ch. 7].

67
D. Edmonds and J. Eidenow,
Rousseau's Dog: Two Great Thinkers at War in the Age of Enlightenment
(London, 2006), esp. 221-3, 335-42.

68
Text in J. Schmidt (ed.),
What is Enlightenment? Eighteenth-century Answers and Twentieth-century Questions
(Berkeley, CA, 1996), 58-64, at 58.

69
I. Kant, ed. P. Guyer and A. W. Wood,
Critique of Pure Reason
(Cambridge, 1998), 117 [preface to 2nd edn, 1787].

70
D. G. Steinmetz,
Reformers in the Wings: From Geiler Von Kaysersberg to Theodore Beza
(Oxford, 2001), Ch. 8.

71
An excellent concise account is D. Beales,
Prosperity and Plunder: European Catholic Monasteries in the Age of Revolution, 1650-1815
(Cambridge, 2003), 143-68.

72
Chadwick,
The Popes and European Revolution
, 385-90, and cf. other exceptions mostly in the Protestant British Empire, ibid., 377.

73
Beales,
Prosperity and Plunder
, 210-28.

74
P. Higgonet, 'Terror, Trauma and the "Young Marx" Explanation of Jacobin Politics',
PP
, 191 (May 2006), 121-64, at 155-6.

75
McManners,
Church and Society in Eighteenth-century France
, 698-701, 726-7.

76
Burleigh, 58.

77
D. Andress,
The French Revolution and the People
(London, 2004), esp. 139-41, and for what follows.

78
Burleigh, 87-8, 102-5.

79
An excellent account is still E. E. Y. Hales,
Napoleon and the Pope: The Story of Napoleon and Pius VII
(London, 1961).

80
S. Hazareesingh,
The Saint-Napoleon: Celebrations of Sovereignty in 19th-century France
(Cambridge, MA, and London, 2004), esp. 3-4, 7-11, 179-200, 227-8.

81
P. S. Wells,
Barbarians to Angels: The Dark Ages Reconsidered
(New York and London, 2008), Ch. 4.

82
Beales,
Prosperity and Plunder
, 282-90.

83
For incisive discussion of nationalism, see R. English,
Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland
(Basingstoke and Oxford, 2006), 1-21.

84
Burleigh, 261-3.

85
Ibid., 235-41.

86
Ibid., 247-8.

22: Europe Re-enchanted or Disenchanted? (1815-1914)

1
N. Atkin and F. Tallett,
Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750
(London, 2003), 91.

2
Duffy, 320. Pius X removed the possibility of this happening again in an election: ibid., 321-2.

3
V. Viaene, 'The Second Sex and the First Estate: The Sisters of St-Andre between the Bishop of Tournai and Rome, 1850-1886',
JEH
, 59 (2008), 447-74, at 461.

4
B. Hamnet, 'Recent Work in Mexican History',
HJ
, 50 (2007), 747-59, at 757.

5
Viaene, 'The Second Sex and the First Estate', 449.

6
K. Harrison,
Saint Therese of Lisieux
(London, 2003), 71-3, 186.

7
D. Blackbourn,
Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany
(Oxford, 1993), 1-57.

8
J. Garnett, 'The Nineteenth Century', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 192-217, at 199 - 201.

9
Blackbourn,
Marpingen
, esp. 278-81, 400-401, 405. On the
Kulturkampf,
see also Ch. 11.

10
Among the most celebrated are Anna Katherina Emmerich (from north-west Germany, stigmata from 1813), Maria Dominica Lazzari (from the Tyrol, stigmata 1835), Maria de Moerl or von Merl (also from the Tyrol, stigmata 1839) and Louise Lateau (from Belgium, stigmata 1868). After Lateau, there was a long gap till the time of the celebrated Italian Francesco Forgione or Padre Pio (1887-1968).

11
M. A. Sells,
The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1996), 98-9, 105-13.

12
J. de Maistre,
Du Pape
,
Discours prelim
, 24 and 7-8: qu. F. Oakley,
The Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300-1870
(Oxford, 2003), 202; partly my translation.

13
O. Chadwick,
A History of the Popes 1830-1914
(Oxford, 1998), 174-6.

14
It should be pointed out that authoritarian-minded outsiders to Freemasonry of whatever political and religious complexion have found the Masons' clannishness and secretiveness threatening: nineteenth-century American Protestantism as much as Nazism and State Communism. That is what makes Freemasonry's survival in Castro's Cuba so remarkable.

15
Atkin and Tallett,
Priests, Prelates and People
, 136.

16
Handy, 121-4.

17
E. Larkin,
The Pastoral Role of the Roman Catholic Church in Pre-Famine Ireland, 1750-1850
(Dublin and Washington, DC, 2006), 5-6, 259-69. On Catholic emancipation in Britain, see pp. 838-9.

18
Hope, 316-21.

19
Burleigh, 137; Viaene, 'The Second Sex and the First Estate', esp. at 450.

20
S. Scholz,
Der deutsche Katholizismus und Polen (1830-1849): Identitatsbildung zwischen konfessioneller Solidaritat und antirevolutionarer Abgrenzung
(Osnabruck, 2005), 154-63, 240-49.

21
By 1876, Our Lady had decided to clarify her syntax, and told the Marpingen visionaries (again in a local dialect), 'I am the Immaculately Conceived': Blackbourn,
Marpingen
, 2.

22
T. Taylor, ' "So many extraordinary things to tell": Letters from Lourdes, 1858',
JEH
, 46 (1995), 457-81, at 464, 472-7.

23
Atkin and Tallett,
Priests, Prelates and People
, 136-9.

24
A point eloquently made by Oakley,
The Conciliarist Tradition
, 16-19, 195.

25
B. Brennan, 'Visiting "Peter in Chains": French Pilgrimage to Rome, 1873-93'
, JEH
, 51 (2000), 741-65, at 759-60. On the Pope and Bruno, see Chadwick,
A History of the Popes 1830-1914
, 303.

26
The main exception was the formidable Brooke Foss Westcott, who as Bishop of Durham successfully mediated a long-running Durham miners' dispute in 1892.

27
R. Harris, 'The Assumptionists and the Dreyfus Affair',
PP
, 194 (February 2007), 175-212, esp. 177, 192.

28
A useful introduction is J. McManners,
Church and State in France 1870-1914
(London, 1972), esp. Ch. 6.

29
Garnett, 'The Nineteenth Century', 205, 209 and Fig. 8 (217). Two versions are in St Paul's Cathedral, London and Keble College Chapel, Oxford.

30
S. Mumm, ' "A peril to the Bench of Bishops": Sisterhoods and Episcopal Authority in the Church of England, 1845-1908',
JEH
, 59 (2008), 62-78.

31
J. Hopkins,
A Woman to Deliver Her People: Joanna Southcott and English Millenarianism in an Era of Revolution
(Austin, 1982), esp. 272-3. We await the full results of the major research project being conducted on the Panacea Society of Bedford by Christopher Rowland and Jane Shaw.

32
C. G. Flegg,
'Gathered under Apostles': A Study of the Catholic Apostolic Church
(Oxford, 1992), 41-51. For the tragicomic story of a later English visionary, Mary Ann Girling, see P. Hoare,
England's Lost Eden/Lost Edens: Adventures in a Victorian Utopia
(London, 2005), and for several examples of female prophetic founders of Churches in the USA, see Ch. 23.

33
T. Larsen, ' "How many sisters make a brotherhood?" A Case Study in Gender and Ecclesiology in Early 19th-century English Dissent',
JEH
, 49 (1998), 282-92.

34
H. Mathers, 'The Evangelical Spirituality of a Victorian Feminist: Josephine Butler, 1828-1906',
JEH
, 52 (2001), 282-312, at 299, 302.

35
T. A. Howard,
Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University
(Oxford, 2006), 143, 151-4.

36
Ibid., 166-72.

37
G. Spiegler,
The Eternal Covenant
(New York, 1967), 128, qu. J. Macquarrie,
Thinking about God
(London, 1975), 161.

38
B. A. Gerrish,
A Prince of the Church: Schleiermacher and the Beginnings of Modern Theology
(London, 1984), 39.

39
G. W. F. Hegel, ed. E. Moldenhauer and K. M. Michel,
Werke
(20 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1969-71), XVI, 192, qu. P. Kennedy,
A Modern Introduction to Theology: New Questions for Old Beliefs
(London, 2006), 99.

40
L. Feuerbach,
The Essence of Christianity
(London, 1881; first published 1841), 12. The English translation, like that of Strauss's
Leben Jesu
, was by the freethinking Christian Mary Anne or Marian Evans (who used the pen name George Eliot in her novels).

41
J. Garff,
Soren Kierkegaard: A Biography
(Princeton, 2005), esp. 5-6, 102-3, 134-6, 308-16, 517-19.

42
S. Kierkegaard, ed. H. V. and E. H. Hong,
The Moment, and Late Writings
(Princeton, 1998; first published 1855), 206 [
The Moment
, no. 6].

43
S. Kierkegaard, tr. A. Hannay,
Fear and Trembling
(London, 2005; originally published pseudonymously 1843), 150 [Epilogue].

44
J. A. Moses, 'Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Repudiation of Protestant German War Theology',
JRH
, 30 (2006), 354 - 70, esp. 356.

45
W. Walsh,
The Secret History of the Oxford Movement
(5th edn, London, 1899), 362.

46
Hope, 340-43.

47
The monumental German Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, built between 1893 and 1898 on a site acquired by the Prussian Crown Prince in 1869 very near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, was another eventual outcome of German religious fascination with the Holy Land. It is a notably assertive element on the Jerusalem skyline, not to that skyline's enhancement.

48
N. M. Railton,
No North Sea: The Anglo-German Evangelical Network in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century
(Leiden, 2000), esp. Ch. 8. The second Bishop of Jerusalem, Samuel Gobat, was also an enthusiastic writer on apocalyptic matters.

49
R. J. Ross,
The Failure of Bismarck's
Kulturkampf
: Catholicism and State Power in Imperial Germany, 1871-1887
(Washington, DC, 1998), esp. 180 - 90.

50
Burleigh, 263-7, and see useful summary discussion by H. McLeod in
JEH
, 54 (2003), 787-9 of L. Holscher et al. (eds.),
Datenatlas zur religiosen Geographie im protestantischen Deutschland. Von der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg
(4 vols., Berlin and New York, 2001).