Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (194 page)

102
A balanced and sympathetic summary account of Mormon origins and development is provided by Ahlstrom, 501-9.

103
On Smith and Freemasonry, see D. Davies, 'Mormon History, Text, Colour, and Rites',
JRH
, 31 (2007), 305-15, at 312 - 14. On his possible eye problems, see F. M. Brodie,
No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith
(New York, 1945), 405-6. For a scholarly biography from within the Mormon community, see R. L. Bushman,
Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism
(Urbana and Chicago, 1984).

104
For a sympathetic account of the Book of Mormon, ibid., Ch. 4.

105
Brodie,
No Man Knows My History
, 67.

106
M. R. Werner,
Brigham Young
(New York, 1925), 136, 350, 195; Brodie,
No Man Knows My History
, 399.

107
For a highly coloured but circumstantial account of modern polygamous Mormon sectarianism, see J. Krakauer,
Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith
(London, 2003), esp. 10 - 40, 259-76, 334 - 9.

108
Davies, 'Mormon History, Text, Colour, and Rites', 309-11; Krakauer,
Under the Banner of Heaven
, 330 - 31.

109
This figure is derived from E. W. Lindner (ed.),
Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches 2008
, compiled by the National Council of Churches.

110
E. Fox-Genovese and E. D. Genovese,
The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview
(Cambridge, 2005), esp. on white supremacy, 215-24. See also M. A. Noll,
The Civil War as a Theological Crisis
(Chapel Hill, 2006), Ch. 4.

111
Handy, 189-90.

112
On Lincoln's religion, R. J. Carwardine,
Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power
(New York, 2006), 7 - 8, 32 - 44, 226 - 7, 276 - 7.

113
On the Kansas massacre at Pottawatomie, D. S. Reynolds,
John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War and Seeded Civil Rights
(New York, 2005), Ch. 7, esp. 164-5. Quotation: ibid., 171, and cf. John 11.50. On Brown's mental state, see K. Carroll, 'A Psychological Examination of John Brown', in P. A. Russo (ed.),
Terrible Swift Sword: The Legacy of John Brown
(Athens, OH, 2005), 118 - 37.

114
Springfield Republican
, qu. A. Nevins,
The Emergence of Lincoln
(2 vols., New York, 1950), II, 100.

115
Reynolds,
John Brown, Abolitionist
, 465 - 70.

116
See esp. P. Harvey, ' "Yankee Faith" and Southern Redemption: White Southern Baptist Ministers, 1850-1890', and H. Stout and C. Grasso, 'Civil War, Religion, and Communications: The Case of Richmond', in R. M. Miller et al. (eds.),
Religion and the American Civil War
(New York and Oxford, 1998), 167 - 86 (quotation at 180) and 313 - 59, at 346 - 9.

117
Acts 2.1-21.

118
Anderson, 26. E. W. Gritsch,
Born Againism: Perspectives on a Movement
(Philadelphia, 1982), 22-3; J. Kent,
Holding the Fort: Studies in Victorian Revivalism
(London, 1978), Ch. 8.

119
Cf. vv. 40 - 41: 'Two men will be in the field; one is taken, and one is left. Two women will be grinding at the mill; one is taken and one is left.'

120
Gritsch,
Born Againism
, 17 - 19.

121
C. G. Flegg,
'Gathered under Apostles': A Study of the Catholic Apostolic Church
(Oxford, 1992), 86, 102, 178, 235, 362, 434 - 5, 438.

122
As a graduate student in 1973, I was an occasional visitor to its small congregation in Liverpool, bravely struggling with its evening liturgy in their beautiful but half-finished Victorian building (designed according to a revelation made to one of the early clergy). Equally heroic was the heading of the notices on the porch board, 'The Church in Liverpool'.

123
Anderson, 24.

124
G. Wacker, 'Travail of a Broken Family: Evangelical Responses to Pentecostalism in America, 1906 - 1916',
JEH
, 47 (1996), 505 - 28, at 509.

125
For a balanced assessment of Azusa Street, see J. Creech, 'Visions of Glory: The Place of the Azusa Street Revival in Pentecostal History',
CH
, 65 (1996), 405-24. On Parham's last years, Anderson, 35 and Wacker, 'Travail of a Broken Family', 516.

126
Fitchburg Sentinel
,
Reno Evening Gazette
,
New York Times
; all 28 August 1883; accessed via the website of the University of Massachusetts at Boston Newspaper Archive,
http://themassmedia.newspaperarchive.com/DailyPerspectiveFullView.aspx?viewdate=08/26/2008
, accessed 17 September 2008.

24: Not Peace but a Sword (1914-60)

1
A. Borg,
War Memorials from Antiquity to the Present
(London, 1991), ix.

2
For contrasting political fortunes of memorials, see C. Moriarty, 'Private Grief and Public Remembrance: British First World War Memorials', and W. Kidd, 'Memory, Memorials and Commemoration of War in Lorraine, 1908-88', in M. Evans and K. Lunn (eds.),
War and Memory in the Twentieth Century
(Oxford and New York, 1997), 125 - 62.

3
Queen Victoria had been proclaimed Empress of India in 1876; her successors formally remained emperors until 1948, the year after Indian independence.

4
G. Besier (ed.),
Die protestantischen Kirchen Europas im Ersten Weltkrieg: ein Quellenund Arbeitsbuch
(Gottingen, 1984), 11 (my translation); on authorship, P. Porter, 'Beyond Comfort: German and English Military Chaplains and the Memory of the Great War',
JRH
, 29 (2005), 258-89, at 267. See also W. H. C. Frend, 'Church Historians of the Early Twentieth Century: Adolf von Harnack',
JEH
, 52 (2001), 83-102, at 97-8. On Harnack and the ninety-three professors, Hope, 591; the text of their Proclamation is Besier (ed.),
Die protestantischen Kirchen Europas im Ersten Weltkrieg
, 78-83.

5
On Winnington-Ingram and Asquith, A. Hastings,
A History of English Christianity 1920-1985
(London, 1986), 45.

6
N. Atkin and F. Tallett,
Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750
(London, 2003), 197 - 9.

7
Hope, 601.

8
J. Joyce,
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
(New York, 1916), 227.

9
Binns, 141; A. Ivanov,
Holy Fools in Byzantium and Beyond
(Oxford, 2006), 358.

10
M. von Hagen, 'The First World War, 1914-1918', in R. G. Suny (ed.),
The Cambridge History of Russia III: The Twentieth Century
(Cambridge, 2006), 94 - 113, at 104-7.

11
B. Geffert, 'Anglican Orders and Orthodox Politics',
JEH
, 57 (2006), 270 - 300, at 271; C. Chulos, 'Russian Piety and Culture from Peter the Great to 1917', in Angold (ed.), 348-70, at 367; M. Bourdeaux and A. Popescu, 'The Orthodox Church and Communism', ibid., 558 - 79, at 558.

12
B. Pilnyak, qu. D. Nicholl,
Triumphs of the Spirit in Russia
(London, 1997), 213-14.

13
Bourdeaux and Popescu, 'The Orthodox Church and Communism', 559. On Stalin's early ecclesiastical associations, see S. Sebag Montefiore,
Young Stalin
(London, 2007), esp. 20 - 22, 26, 57 - 63. He called himself Stalin from 1912 and made it his surname from 1917: ibid., xxvii.

14
J. B. Toews,
Lost Fatherland: The Story of the Mennonite Emigration from Soviet Russia, 1921-1927
(Scottdale, 1967), esp. 26-42, 46-7, 53-5, 68-71. I am indebted to Mark Schaan, himself a Canadian Mennonite, for our conversations about the Church of his youth.

15
I except from this list the very recently minted Bulgarian Tsar Boris III, whose realm was hardly comparable to the others.

16
D. Bloxham, 'The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1916: Cumulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy',
PP
, 181 (November 2003), 141-92. Among the vast literature on this subject, good recent contributions are P. Balakian,
The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide
(London, 2004), Chs. 14-22, and a brave Turkish study by T. Akcam,
A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility
(London, 2007; first published in Turkish 1999).

17
M. Mazower, 'The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1933-1950',
HJ
, 47 (2004), 379 - 98, at 381.

18
Baumer, 260-63.

19
B. Clark,
Twice a Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey
(London, 2006), esp. 203.

20
On the 1930 agreement, ibid., 201 - 2, 213 - 15; S. Vryonis Jr,
The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6-7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul
(New York, 2005), esp. 16, 220-25, 555-6, 565. Menderes, as Turkish prime minister at the time of the massacre, was executed in 1960 for his connivance in the affair.

21
For the example of Madagascar, see pp. 886-7.

22
Jenkins, 164.

23
D. Harkness,
Northern Ireland since 1920
(Dublin, 1983), 33-5.

24
ODNB
, s.v. Nicholson, William Patteson. We still lack a scholarly biography of this important figure.

25
T. Owain Hughes, 'Anti-Catholicism in Wales, 1900-60',
JEH
, 53 (2002), 312-25, at 322. On the Pentecostal links of the 'Evan Roberts' revival, see R. Pope, 'Demythologising the Evan Roberts Revival, 1904-1905',
JEH
, 57 (2006), 515-34, at 526, 530, and Anderson, 36.

26
S. Brown, 'Presbyterians and Catholics in Twentieth-century Scotland', in S. J. Brown and G. Newlands (eds.),
Scottish Christianity in the Modern World
(Edinburgh, 2000), 255 - 81, at 256 (quotation), 265 - 7, 270.

27
G. I. T. Machin, 'Parliament, the Church of England, and the Prayer Book Crisis, 1927 - 8',
Parliamentary History
, 19 (2000), 131 - 47, esp. 139, 141-2.

28
When my mother was a girl in the 1920s, living in an enclave of working-class Anglicanism in Stoke-on-Trent in the Staffordshire Potteries, my devout grandfather, pillar and principal worker of his local Anglican church, and by no means an Evangelical, made it clear that he would be highly displeased if she even entered a Roman Catholic place of worship to look round.

29
M. F. Snape,
The Royal Army Chaplains' Department 1796-1953: Clergy under Fire
(Woodbridge, 2008), 15.

30
D. Kirby, 'Christianity and Freemasonry: The Incompatibility Debate within the Church of England',
JRH
, 29 (2005), 43-66. Fisher's early Victorian predecessor Archbishop Howley was also an enthusiastic Freemason.

31
J. F. Pollard,
Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850- 1950
(Cambridge, 2005), 31 - 5.

32
Duffy, 322 - 3.

33
Sundkler and Steed, 107-8; Hastings, 419, 552, 559.

34
R. G. Tiedemann, 'China and Its Neighbours', in Hastings (ed.), 369-415, at 396; Koschorke et al. (eds.), 99-100.

35
Burleigh, 314-15.

36
E. Wright-Rios, 'Envisioning Mexico's Catholic Resurgence: The Virgin of Solitude and the Talking Christ of Tlacoxcalco 1908-1924',
PP
, 195 (May 2007), 197-240, at 201, 204 - 5.

37
For an early complaint (1771) by Creoles of Spanish discrimination against them, Koschorke et al. (eds.), 340 - 41.

38
Wright-Rios, 'Envisioning Mexico's Catholic Resurgence', 216n, 221.

39
M. Butler, 'The Church in "Red Mexico": Michoacan Catholics and the Mexican Revolution, 1920-1929',
JEH
, 55 (2004), 520 - 41, at 527, 523-4.

40
Koschorke et al. (eds.), 379.

41
Butler, 'The Church in "Red Mexico" ', 532-3, 541. This is not to minimize the heroism of martyred priests: for one insouciant Jesuit reminiscence, see Koschorke et al. (eds.), 378 - 9.

42
G. Barry, 'Rehabilitating a Radical Catholic: Pope Benedict XV and Marc Sangnier, 1914-22',
JEH
, 60 (2009), 514 - 33; on
Action Francaise
, Duffy, 336-7.

43
Pollard,
Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy
, esp. 143 - 9, 162 - 7, 205 (quotation).

44
Atkin and Tallett,
Priests, Prelates and People
, 217-22.

45
P. C. Kent, 'A Tale of Two Popes: Pius XI, Pius XII and the Rome-Berlin Axis',
Journal of Contemporary History
, 23 (1988), 589 - 608, at 598 - 9.

46
See a fine study of the process, M. Vincent,
Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic: Religion and Politics in Salamanca, 1930 - 1936
(Oxford, 1996), Ch. 7.

47
Ibid., 231.

48
G. D. Macklin, 'Major Hugh Pollard, MI, and the Spanish Civil War',
HJ
, 49 (2006), 277 - 80 (quotation at 279).

49
M. Vincent, ' "The keys of the kingdom": Religious Violence in the Spanish Civil War, July-August 1936', in C. Ealham and M. Richards (eds.),
The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
(Cambridge, 2005), 68-89, at 68 (quotation), 86-8; M. Richards, ' "Presenting arms to the Blessed Sacrament": Civil War and Semana Santa in the City of Malaga, 1936 - 1939', ibid., 196 - 222, at 202, 211.

50
Kent, 'A Tale of Two Popes', 604.