Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (196 page)

26
W. Manzanza Mwanangombe,
La Constitution de la hierarchie ecclesiastique au Congo belge (10 novembre 1959): prodromes et realisation
(Frankfurt am Main, 2002). On A. A. J. van Bilsen's
Vers l'independence du Congo et du Ruanda-Urundi
(Brussels, 1956), see Sundkler and Steed, 901 - 2.

27
K. Ward, 'Africa', in Hastings (ed.), 192 - 237, at 227.

28
T. O. Ranger (ed.),
Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa
(Oxford, 2008), x and xviii n. 10.

29
Sundkler and Steed, 818-25.

30
Ibid., 992 - 3.

31
P. McGrandle,
Trevor Huddleston: Turbulent Priest
(New York, 2004), v.

32
D. Herbstein,
White Lies: Canon Collins and the Secret War against Apartheid
(Cape Town, 2004), esp. 21 - 6, 103-4, 138 - 41, 328.

33
A modified version of both anthems remains the official national anthem of the Republic.

34
Koschorke et al. (eds.), 265 - 7.

35
J. A. Harrill,
Slaves in the New Testament: Literary, Social and Moral Dimensions
(Minneapolis, 2006), 193-4. See p. 908 for similar action from the Mormons.

36
H. McLeod,
The Religious Crisis of the 1960s
(Oxford, 2007), 3. For an entertaining and perhaps surprisingly perky variety of perspectives on secularization in Britain, see J. Garnett et al. (eds.),
Redefining Christian Britain: Post-1945 Perspectives
(London, 2007).

37
G. Therborn,
Between Sex and Power: Family in the World 1900 - 2000
(London, 2004), 163-6, 198.

38
M. Walsh, 'Gendering Mobility: Women, Work and Automobility in the United States',
History
, 93 (2008), 376 - 95, at 385; McLeod,
The Religious Crisis of the 1960s
, 169 - 75.

39
R. Sykes, 'Popular Religion in Decline: A Study from the Black Country',
JEH
, 56 (2005), 287 - 307, at 297, 300 (italics in the original).

40
G. Parsons, 'How the Times They Were a-Changing: Exploring the Context of Religious Transformation in Britain in the 1960s', in Wolffe (ed.), 161 - 89, at 164. I can testify the same phenomenon from my own rural East Anglian boyhood in the 1950s and 1960s.

41
M. Seymour,
Debating Divorce in Italy: Marriage and the Making of Modern Italians, 1860 - 1974
(New York and Basingstoke, 2006), 166-8, Ch. 8.

42
Therborn,
Between Sex and Power
, 199.

43
M. Grimley, 'Law, Morality and Secularisation: The Church of England and the Wolfenden Report, 1954 -1967',
JEH
60 (2009), 744-60. In a strange oversight, Canon Sherwin Bailey has not yet been noticed by the
ODNB
: among his writings on marriage and gender relations, his study
Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition
(London, 1955) is a key work in the evolution of British attitudes to sexuality.

44
See, e.g., O. Chadwick,
Michael Ramsey: A Life
(Oxford, 1990), 35 - 6.

45
D. Bonhoeffer,
Letters and Papers from Prison
(London, 1959) 95, 122, 160.

46
Kennedy,
A Modern Introduction to Theology
, 207 - 8.

47
Cf., e.g., U. E. Eisen,
Women Officeholders in Early Christianity: Epigraphical and Literary Studies
(Collegeville, 2000).

48
S. Mumm, 'Women, Priesthood and the Ordained Ministry in the Christian Tradition', in Wolffe (ed.), 190 - 216, at 199.

49
Breward, 385.

50
M. B. McKinley, 'Marie Dentiere: An Outspoken Reformer Enters the French Literary Canon',
SCJ
, 37 (2006), 401 - 12.

51
B. A. Brasher,
Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism
(New York and London, 2001), 18, and cf. ibid., xvii, 16-17, 292-3. Cf. the unbuttoned comment from one well-informed historian (backed up by the Evangelical politician Jerry Falwell) that a fundamentalist is 'an evangelical who is angry about something': G. M. Marsden,
Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism
(Grand Rapids, 1991), 1.

52
R. Freedman, 'The Religious Right and the Carter Administration',
HJ
, 48 (2005), 231 - 60, esp. 231 (quotation), 236 - 8.

53
W. Bass,
Support Any Friend: Kennedy's Middle East and the Making of the US-Israel Alliance
(Oxford and New York, 2003), esp. 144 - 50.

54
M. Northcott,
An Angel Directs the Storm: Apocalyptic Religion and American Empire
(London, 2004), 61-8.

55
J. Micklethwait and A. Wooldridge,
The Right Nation: Why America is Different
(London, 2004), 214-17. See J. J. Mearsheimer and S. M. Walt, 'The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy',
New York Review of Books
, 23 March 2006, and a survey of the extraordinary furore which followed the publication of this piece, M. Massing, 'The Storm over the Israel Lobby',
New York Review of Books
, 8 June 2006.

56
A point made to me forcefully outside Damascus in October 2008 by His Holiness Moran Mor Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East. For the dire present plight of Christianity through much of the Middle East, see Dalrymple,
passim
, and A. Elon,
Jerusalem: City of Mirrors
(rev. edn, London, 1996), 223 - 34.

57
New York Times
, 29 October 2000, main section, 18: ('For Bush, his toughest call was whether to enter the campaign'). It is only fair to add that the report went on to say that 'he does not actively disbelieve in it either, as a friend puts it, "he doesn't really care about that kind of thing" '.

58
See respectively
Congressional Record
, 4 March 2002, S1429, and Senator Inhofe's website,
http://inhofe.senate.gov/pressreleases/climateupdate.htm
(accessed 5 April 2009). See also G. Wills, 'A Country Ruled by Faith',
New York Review of Books
, 16 November 2006, 8-12, at 10.

59
Cornwell,
The Pope in Winter
, 84-6.

60
Snyder, 211-12, and cf. ibid., 267, 276.

61
MacCulloch, 45, 483.

62
J. Cornwell,
Breaking Faith: The Pope, the People and the Fate of Catholicism
(London, 2001), 257.

63
On '
magisterium
', see Kennedy,
A Modern Introduction to Theology
, 215.

64
Duffy, 372 - 3; Kennedy,
A Modern Introduction to Theology
, 196-7.

65
M. Gonzalez-Wippler,
Santeria: The Religion
(Woodbury, MN, 1994), 258. On
Candomble
and its allied religions, see pp. 712 - 14.

66
Shortt,
Benedict XVI
, 44-9.

67
After the publicity triggered by the Church authorities' recent inept removal of Newman's remains from his Birmingham grave (which he had stipulated that his body must share with the corpse of his lifelong companion, Ambrose St John), the Cardinal's unexpected emergence as a gay icon was not an asset to the cause of his sainthood.

68
E. T. Oakes, SJ, and D. Moss (eds.),
The Cambridge Companion to Hans Urs von Balthasar
(Cambridge, 2004), esp. 4-5, 194 - 5, 241-2, 256 - 68; A. Nichols, 'An Introduction to Balthasar',
New Blackfriars
, 79 (1998), 2-10, at 9; P. Endean, 'Von Balthasar, Rahner and the Commissar', ibid., 33 - 8.

69
The Tablet
, 8 January 1999.

70
Cornwell,
The Pope in Winter
, Ch. 29. The mendacious statements of some African Catholic leaders about the ineffectiveness of condoms remain one of the blots on the moral reputation of the Catholic Church in that continent.

71
I am indebted to Philip Kennedy for suggesting this
midrash
on Western theories of the ontological status of priesthood.

72
Vatican Press Office statement, 19 May 2006: translated
http://nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/maciel
-
communique.pdf
, accessed 14 September 2008. J. Berry and G. Renner,
Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II
(New York, 2004).

73
Cornwell,
The Pope in Winter
, Ch. 28.

74
S. Albrecht,
Geschichte der Grossmahrenforschung in den tschechischen Landern und in der Slowakei
(Prague, 2003), 199-220, 236 - 8.

75
J. Keane,
Vaclav Havel: A Political Tragedy in Six Acts
(London, 1999), 382 - 3, though the event is there misdated.

76
A fine study of these years, albeit written before the last crisis of Gorbachev's rule, is M. Bourdeaux,
Gorbachev, Glasnost and the Gospel
(London, 1990).

77
S. Plokhy and F. E. Sysyn,
Religion and Nation in Modern Ukraine
(Edmonton, AB, 2003).

78
M. Bourdeaux and A. Popescu, 'The Orthodox Church and Communism', in Angold (ed.), 558 - 79, at 575.

79
C. Andrew and V. Mitrokhin,
The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World
(London, 2005), 490 - 91, and Pls. 23 and 24.

80
W. L. Daniel, 'Reconstructing the "Sacred canopy": Mother Serafima and Novodevichy Monastery',
JEH
, 59 (2008), 249-71.

81
For a parallel history of Russian Orthodox imitations of architectural form, to make a more purely theological point, in Cathedrals of the Dormition, see pp. 507-8 and 524.

82
Binns, 238.

83
A classic study of this emigration and its origins is N. Zernov,
The Russian Religious Renaissance of the Twentieth Century
(London, 1963), esp. Ch. 9.

84
B. Geffert, 'Anglican Orders and Orthodox Politics',
JEH
, 57 (2006), 270-300, at 288 - 94.

85
K. Buchenau, '
Svetosavlje
und
Pravosavlje
: Nationales und Universales in der serbischen Orthodoxie', in M. Schulze Wessel (ed.),
Nationalisierung der Religion und Sakralisierung der Nation im ostlichen Europa
(Stuttgart, 2006), 203-32, at 211-14.

86
Binns, 93; Buchenau, '
Svetosavlje
und
Pravosavlje
', 221-4.

87
B. Anzulovic,
Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide
(London, 1999), esp. 51-61. For a wise overview of the Serbian cultural formation and comparable situations, see A. Hastings, 'Holy Lands and Their Political Consequences',
Nations and Nationalism
, 9 (2003), 29-54, esp. 40-42.

88
B. Panteli, 'Nationalism and Architecture: The Creation of a National Style in Serbian Architecture and Its Political Implications',
Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
, 56 (1997), 16-41, at 33-5.

89
A ruefully fair account by an academic of Serb descent, which does not minimize Croat or Muslim atrocities and cultural destruction, is M. A. Sells,
The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia
(Berkeley, CA, and Los Angeles, 1996).

90
Jenkins, 244.

91
F. Knight,
The Nineteenth-Century Church and English Society
(Cambridge, 1995), 21, 23, 31n, 35, 66; P. Slack, 'Government and Information in Seventeenth-century England',
PP
, 184 (August 2004), 33-68.

92
G. Speake,
Mount Athos: Renewal in Paradise
(New Haven and London, 2002), 173- 209, and NB especially the emphasis on the restoration of community (coenobitic) life over idiorhythmic monasticism. On renewal in Coptic Egypt, see A. O'Mahony, 'Coptic Christianity in Modern Egypt', in Angold (ed.), 488-510, at 501-8.

93
C. Cavafy, 'Waiting for the Barbarians' (1904), qu. Speake,
Mount Athos
, 194: he was speaking of the paradoxical sense of moral relief which a late Roman aristocrat might have felt at the invasion of forces over the imperial borders.

94
Koschorke et al. (eds.), 273-4; I. Apawo Phiri, 'President Frederick Chiluba and Zambia: Evangelicals and Democracy in a "Christian Nation" ', in Ranger (ed.),
Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa
, 95-130.

95
L. Sanneh, 'Religion's Return',
TLS
, 13 October 2006, 14.

96
Jenkins, 37.

97
See, e.g., report 'President's Apology',
Korea Times
, 'Opinion', 9 September 2008,
http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2008/09/202
-30800.html, accessed 25 September 2008.

98
I am grateful to Professor Sangkeun Kim of Yonsei University, Seoul, for our discussions about the significance of these figures.

99
Sermon of 1982, qu. B. Chenu et al. (eds.),
The Book of Christian Martyrs
(London, 1990), 211.

100
Breward, 253, 303-7.

101
C. McGillion,
The Chosen Ones: The Politics of Salvation in the Anglican Church
(Sydney, 2005).

102
S. Bates,
A Church at War: Anglicans and Homosexuality
(London, 2004), 129-30; see also ibid., 136-7.

103
Ibid., 198.

104
G. Wills, 'Fringe Government',
New York Review of Books
, 6 October 2005, 46-50, at 47.

105
A. Hastings, 'Latin America', in Hastings (ed.), at 365-7.

106
J. K. Asamoah-Gyadu,
African Charismatics: Current Developments within Independent Indigenous Pentecostalism in Ghana
(Leiden, 2005), 240. W. Hollenweger,
Pentecostalism: Origins and Developments Worldwide
(Peabody, MA, 1997), 200-217. For discussion of changing politics in African Evangelicalism generally, see Ranger (ed.),
Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa
, esp. xii-xiii, and P. Gifford, 'Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa: A Response', ibid., 225-42.