Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (205 page)

Hermes Trismegistus and hermetic writings

hermits; in Russia

Herzegovina:
see
Bosnia

Hesse,
Landgraf
: Philipp (1504, 1509 - 67)

Hesychasm

heterosexuality;
see also
families; homosexuality; men; women

hidden Christians:
see
crypto-Christianity

High Churchmanship, Anglican ;
see also
Anglo-Catholicism; Arminianism; homosexuality; Non-Jurors; Oxford Movement; Tories; Tractarians

High Mass:
see
Mass

Hinduism; and Christianity; fundamentalism in

Hippolytus of Rome (
c..
)

history, writing and concepts of (historiography); and Greeks; and Jews; in modern West; moral task; and Muscovites/ Russians; Renaissance; and Romans; and Protestants;
see also
Dispensationalism; hagiography

Hitler, Adolf (1889 - 1945)

HIV:
see
AIDS

Hobbes, Thomas (1588 - 1679)

Hohenzollern dynasty; Albrecht of Brandenburg, Cardinal Archbishop of Mainz (1490-1545);
see also
Brandenburg; Prussia

holidays;
see also
saints

Holiness Movement

Holy Communion:
see
Eucharist

Holy Fools; in Byzantium; in Russia; in Syria

Holy Land Chs., Maps;
see also
crusades; Jerusalem; Palestine

holy mountains;
see also
Athos; Tur 'Abdin

Holy Office:
see
inquisitions: Roman

Holy Roman Empire, Map (617), Map (648), ; abolished; and Byzantine Empire; elective monarchy; free cities; Ghibellines; Habsburg dynasty ; imperial prince-bishops; Imperialist propaganda; Investiture Controversy; Ottonian dynasty; and papacy; Roman Catholicism in (
see also
Germany)

Electors:
see
Bavaria; Bohemia; Brandenburg; Cologne; Palatinate; Saxony

Emperors: Charlemagne (
Carolus Magnus
;; );
Libri Carolini
;
see also
Carolingian society and reforms; Charles, King of Bohemia (1316; ); Charles(1500, 1519-55); retirement; and papacy; and Peace of Augsburg (1555); persecution by; and Protestantism; and reunion; Ferdinand, Archduke in Inner Austria, King of Bohemia and Hungary (1503, 1558 - 64); and reunion; Ferdinand, Archduke in Inner Austria, King of Bohemia and Hungary (1578, 1619 - 37); Francis, King of Hungary, later Emperor of Austria (1768;;); Henry(876; ); Henry (973;); Henry(1050;;.); Joseph II ); Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1747; ); Louis 'the Pious' (778; ); Maximilian(1459, 1493 - 1519); Maximilian, King of Hungary (1527, 1564-76); Otto (912;); Otto(955; ); Otto(980; ); Sigismund (1368; )

Empresses: Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary, Bohemia (1717; 1745-65; d. 1780); Theophano (960 - 91)
see also
Carolingian dynasty

Holy Spirit; ; baptism of;
defined
; and Erasmus; female; inner light; subordination of;
see also charismata
; charismatic Christianity;
filioque
clause; Macedonianism; Pentecost; Pentecostals

Holy Week

Homer

Homoeans

homoousios
(the
Homoousion
)

homosexuality; in ancient Greece; and Christianity; in modern West; in Reformation era;
see also
sodomy

Hong Xiuquan (1814 - 64)

Howell, Vernon:
see
Koresh, David

Huguenots ;
see also
France

human dignity and human nature;
see also
Fall; sin

humanism, atheistic

humanism, Renaissance ;
see also
Erasmus

Hume, David (1711-76)

Hungary; and Byzantine Empire; crusade (1514-15); first Christianity in; modern history; Ottoman Empire in; Protestantism in; Reformed Church of; witchcraft in
see also
Magyar language

Hus, Jan (
c.
1371-1415)

Hussites (Utraquist Church);
see also
Bohemian Brethren

hymns; atheist; English; Evangelical; Greek Orthodox; of hate; Jewish; Latin; Lutheran;; Methodist; Moravian; Pentecostal; Pietist; Russian; Syriac; Xhosa; in Zurich;
see also
Bible: individual books: Psalms; Negro Spirituals

Hypatia (d. 415)

hypostasis

Iberia, 1038; Islam in; Jews in; world expansion Ch., Map 21 (694 - 5),
see also
Portugal, Spain

iconoclasm and iconophobia: in Dyophysite Christianity; in England; in France; in Germany; Judaizing Heresy (Russian); in Korea; in Low Countries; Paulicians; in Reformed Protestantism; in Switzerland;
see also
idolatry; images; Judaism

Iconoclastic controversy (Orthodox); Triumph of Orthodoxy; and Western Latin Church

iconostasis; Russian, Plate

icons ; Plate;
acheiropoieta
;

idolatry and idols

Ignatius of Antioch (d.
.
)

Ignatius Loyola (Inigo Lopez de Loyola; ?1491-1556), Plate;
Exercises
; and papacy

images and Christian statues; and Calvin; and Karlstadt; and Luther and Lutherans; and Protestants; and Reformed Protestants; and Western Latin Church; and Zurich;
see also
iconoclasm; Iconoclastic Controversy; idolatry; Ten Commandments

Immaculate Conception:
see
Mary

immortality:
see
afterlife

imperialism:
see
colonization

Imperialists:
see
Holy Roman Empire

Incarnation of Christ;
defined
;
see also
celestial flesh; Jesus Christ; Mary

India; ancient; British in; Church of North India; Church of South India; Dyophysites in; French in; Great Rebellion (1857-8); Honourable East India Company; missionary 'failure' in; Portuguese in; Roman Catholic mission in; Seven Years War;
see also
Hinduism; Mar Thoma; Mughal Empire

indulgences

Industrial Revolution

Infallibility, Papal:
see
papacy

inhumation:
see
funerals and burials

inner light:
see
Holy Spirit

inquisitions; Portuguese; Roman (Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Holy Office) ; Spanish

Inter-Testamental literature;
see also
apocryphal writings

Interregnum:
see
England: Commonwealth

Iran:
see
Persia

Iraq;
see also
Mesopotamia

Ireland (Hibernia); 'Ascendancy'; wars (17th century) (1921 -); English rule in; first Christianity in; and 'Glorious Revolution'; Presbyterians in; Reformation in; Republic; Revolution (1918 -); Roman Catholicism in Church of (Protestant) Lords, Kings, Queens:
see
England: Kings, Queens; Great Britain: Kings, Queens
see also
Celtic Christianity; Ulster

Irenaeus of Lyons (d.
c.
202) ; millenarianism

Irving, Edward (1792 - 1834)

Islam (Muslims), Ch.; and ascetics; in Africa; in Balkans; in central Asia; and Christianity ; claim to antiquity;
defined
; early conquests; and end of the World; fundamentalism in; and Greek learning; and images; in India; and Judaism; in modern Middle East; and Mongols; and Russia; scholarship; and sexual liberation; in Spain (
mudejars
); and twelfth-century Renaissance;
see also
crusades; minarets; Mongols; Mughal Empire; Muhammad; Ottoman Empire; Qur'an; Spain; Turks

Israel, ancient Ch. 2, Map 2 (49); destruction; and Ethiopia; origins; Twelve Tribes

Kings: Ahab (reigned
c.
870 - 850 BCE); David (
c.
1037; 1000-970 BCE); Saul (
c.
1040-1000 BCE); Solomon (reigned
c.
971 - 931 BCE)

Queen: Jezebel (reigned
c.
870 - 840 BCE)

see also
Canaan; Exodus; Hasmonean monarchy; Holy Land; Jews; Judah; Maccabees; Palestine; Patriarchs

Israel, modern;
see also
Palestine

Istanbul:
see
Constantinople

Italy; Byzantines in ; Cathars in; Catholic Reformation in Ch. 18; Fascist regime; Greek settlement in 30; monasticism in; modern history; Muslims in; and Purgatory; radical Reformation in; and Renaissance; Republic; unification; universities; and Valois wars

Jacob (Israel)

Jacobite Church:
see
Syriac Orthodox Church

Jacobites (Great Britain)

Jagiellon dynasty;
see also
Hungary; Poland-Lithuania

James ('the Greater');
see also
Compostela

James 'the Just' (d. 62);
Liturgy of

Jansenism

Japan; Christianity in; and Korea; occupation of China; Tokugawa shoguns

Jehovah

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jerome (
c.
345 - 420)

Jerusalem ; as Aelia Capitolina; Al-Aqsa mosque; allegorically Rome; Anglo-Prussian bishopric; captured by Crusaders (1099); captured by David ; Church of the Holy Sepulchre , Plate; and Constantine I ; destroyed (70, 135); Dome of the Rock; Ethiopian monastery; first Church in; Georgian monastery; High Priests; Lutheran Church; Muslim capture (638) (1187); New Jerusalem; and Orthodox liturgy; Orthodox Patriarch; pilgrimage to; post Church in; sacked (614); Temple ; and True Cross;
see also
Aelia Capitolina; Alexander; Ark of the Covenant; Israel; James 'the Just'; Judah; Zion

Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of

Jesuits:
see
Society of Jesus

Jesus Christ (Joshua/Yeshua) ;
Life recounted in New Testament
: (virgin) birth ; brothers and sisters; origins in Galilee; Aramaic-speaker early life, Plate; circumcision; baptism; public ministry; disciples (apostles:
see also
Andrew; Bartholomew; James the Greater; John the Evangelist; Judas; Levi; Matthew; Matthias; Peter; Philip; Thomas; Twelve); and funerals; and Kingdom of God; lack of writings; and the Law; and marriage and divorce; miracles and healing; and Mary Magdalene; parables; and Pharisees; and Sadducees; and Samaritans; sayings ; Sermons on the Mount and the Plain; and Temple 91; and violence 156; and wealth; Transfiguration ; Crown of Thorns; tomb (Holy Sepulchre); Resurrection ; at Emmaus 94, Plate 18; Ascension; appears to Paul;
Topics concerning
: allegorically Isaac; in art , Plate 65; Atonement; as Bridegroom; correspondence with Abgar; divinity; and fish-symbol; and Franciscan poverty; at God's right hand; as Good Shepherd; gnostic; as High Priest; 'historical'; Holy Blood; humanity ; Johannine;
kenosis
; as King; as King of the Jews; as Lamb 104; as
Logos
(Word) ; as Lord (
Kyrios
); in Manichaeism; merits; as Messiah (
Christos
); Monophysite Controversy; as Moses; Name of Jesus; as Noah; personal relationship with; and Protestant Reformation; in Psalms; return (
Parousia
); ridicule of, Plate; Second Adam; and Seven Sacraments; Son of David; Son of God; Son of Man; symbolism for two natures; and women;
see also
Anne; Apollinaris of Laodicea; Arianism; celestial flesh; Chalcedon; Christ the King; Christmas; christology; Corpus Christi; docetism; Easter; Eucharist; Good Friday; Incarnation; Mary; Mass; Monarchianism; Socinianism; Trinity; unitarianism

Jewish Christians (Ebionites)

Jews 2, Ch. 2; and ancient Greeks; in Babylon; conversion in Last Days; deicide; and early Christians; in England; and Enlightenment; eschew infanticide; expulsion from Spain (1492); first called; and Mass; in medieval Europe; in Middle East; and Nazism (Holocaust); in Netherlands; in North America/USA; in Ottoman Empire; and
Peshitta
; philosemitism; in Poland-Lithuania; in Portugal; Revolt (66 - 70); Revolt (135); and Roman Empire;; in Russia; and the sea; in Spain (Sephardic Judaism), Jews -
cont
.;
see also
anti-Semitism; Babylon; Bible: Old Testament; blood libel; crusades; diaspora; Exile; ghettos; Hebrew language; Hebrews; Israel; Judaea; Judah; Judaism; Moses; New Christians; rabbis; synagogues

Joachim of Fiore (
c.
1135-1202)

John the Baptist

John Cassian (
c.
360 - 435)

John Chrysostom:
see
Constantinople: Oecumenical Patriarchs

John Climacus (
c.
525 - 606)

John of the Cross (Juan de Yepes; 1542-91)

John of Damascus (John Damascene;
c. 655-c.
750)

John the Divine (
c.
80);
see also
Bible: individual books: Revelation

John the Evangelist (
c.
80);
see also
Bible: individual books: John

Judaea King: Herod I ('The Great'; 73; 37 - 4 BCE)
see also
Bethlehem

Judah, kingdom of

Kings: Amon (reigned
c.
642 - 640 BCE); Josiah (641; 649 - 609 BCE)

Judaism 2, 4, Ch. 2; in Arabia; and art; and celibacy; character; and Christian origins; and early Christianity; and Enlightenment; and Ethiopian Church; food taboos; fundamentalism in 5; and gnosticism; and Islam; and Khazars; literature; and Protestants; and return of Messiah; 'Second Temple' period; Sephardic; and slavery; in Yemen;
see also
anti-Semitism; Bible: Old Testament; circumcision; Hasmonean dynasty; Maccabbees; Jews; Pharisees; Sadducees; synagogues; Tanakh; Yahweh; Zealots

jure divino
:
see
episcopacy

just war:
see
warfare

justice

justification by faith or works;
see also
soteriology

Justin Martyr (
c. 100-c.
165); millenarianism

Kant, Immanuel (1724 - 1804)

kataphatic Christianity
defined