Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (207 page)

Grand Princes: Dmitri Donskoi (1359-89) Ivan I Kalita (1288;); Ivan III ('the Great';;); Semen (1316;); Vasilii I (1371; ); Vasilii II (1415; ); Vasilii III (1479; )

see also
Russia: Tsars

museums

music, liturgical and sacred; African; Anglican; banned in Zurich; Eastern Christianity; Ethiopian; Lutheran; Moravian; Orthodox; Protestant; Roman Catholic; Russian Orthodox; Syriac; Western European; Western Latin

Muslims, first datable use of word;
see also
Islam

Mussolini, Benito (1883-1945)

mystery plays:
see
drama

mystics, mysticism and contemplation; and Dyophysites; and John Cassian; and Counter-Reformation; and Islam; and Judaism; and Latin Western Church; and Orthodoxy;
see also
apophatic Christianity; kenotic Christianity

Nag Hammadi

NNantes; Edict of (1598); Revocation of Edict

nationalism

Native Americans

natural law:
see
law

natural philosophy;
see also
science

Nazi Party (NSDAP) and Nazis ;
see also
Hitler

Neoplatonism

Nestorian Christianity:
see
Church of the East; Dyophysite Christianity; Syriac Christianity

Nestorius: see Constantinople

Netherlands, Kingdom of the;
see also
Belgium; Low Countries; Spanish Netherlands; United Provinces

New Christians (
conversos
)

New England, Map 22 (726-7)

New Prophecy:
see
Montanism

New Rome;
see also
Constantinople

New Spain:
see
Central America; Mexico

New Testament:
see
Bible: New Testament

New World:
see
Central America; North America; South America

New York (New Amsterdam); State

New Zealand (Aotearoa)

Newman, John Henry (1801-90)

Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)

Nicaea; t Council of (325) ; 2nd Council of (787)

Nicene (Niceno-Constantinopolitan) Creed;
see also filioque
clause

Nigeria

Nikon (1605; Patriarch of Moscow)

Ninian (
c.
)

Noah and Flood

nominalism

non-Chalcedonian Churches, Chs.;
see also
Dyophysites; Miaphysites

Non-Jurors;
defined

Normans; and England; and France; and Rus'; and Sicily

Norsemen (Danes, Vikings);
see also
Rus'

North Africa; Byzantine Empire and; Church in ; Islam in;
see also
Augustine of Hippo; Coptic Church; Donatus; Tertullian

North America; Church of England in; English (British) colonies in, Map 22 (726-7); French colonies in; Moravians in; Reformed Protestantism in; witchcraft in;
see also
Canada; 'Great Awakenings'; New France; United States of America

Northern Ireland;
see also
Ulster

Northern Netherlands:
see
United Provinces of the Netherlands

Northumbria

Novatian (
c.
) and Novatianism

Novgorod (Gorodishche; Holmgardr)

Nubia, Christianity in

nudity

nuns; in modern Europe; nunneries dissolved;
see also
Benedictines; Bridgettines; Carmelites; Cistercians; Jansenists; Ursulines

Nuremberg (Nurnberg); Nuremberg Chronicle Plate

oaths; Christian refusal of;
see also
Non-Jurors

obedience, Christian

Observants:
see
Franciscan Order

Oceania:
see
Pacific Ocean

Ockham, William of (
c.
1285-1349)

Oecumenical Councils;
see also
Councils

Oecumenical Patriarchs:
see
Constantinople

Offices of the Church:
see
evensong

Old Believers:
see
Russian Orthodoxy

Old Testament:
see
Bible: Old Testament; Tanakh

Oldham, Joseph Houldsworth (1864-1969)

Oratory movement

Orders of monks, Cluniac origin;
see also
monks

ordination; of women

organs (pipe organs), Plate

Origen (
c. 185-c.
254); and allegory; and Arius; and Augustine of Hippo; and Celsus; Evagrius Ponticus and; 'Origenism'; and purgatory; subordinationism; and Ten Commandments; and universalism

original sin;
see also
Augustine of Hippo; Pelagius

Orthodox Christianity, Chs. ; and Bible; character;
defined
; and ecumenism; and emperors; and Enlightenment; Greek Orthodoxy Chs.; liturgy; and State Communism; and Western Latin Church;
see also
Bulgaria; Constantinople; Great Schism; Greece; Greek Catholics; Hesychasm; Muscovy; mysticism; Patriarchs; Romania; Rus'; Russian Orthodoxy; Ruthenian Orthodoxy; Serbia

Ostrogoths

Ottoman Empire ; in Balkans; capture of Constantinople; and Christians; decline; defeat at Lepanto; fall, Map(926), in Hungary/ Transylvania; massacres of Christians; origins

Sultans: Abdul Hamid II (1842; 1876-1909; 1918); Ahmed Bakhti (1590; 1603-17); Mehmet II (1432; 1451-81); Mehmet V(1861; 1918-22; 1926); Selim II (1524; 1566-74); Suleyman 'the Magnificent' (1494; 1520-66)

see also
Turks

Oxford; University

Oxford Movement (Tractarianism)

Pachomius (292-348)

Pacific Ocean and region; missions in;
see also
Fiji; Hawaii; New Zealand; Samoa; Tahiti; Tonga

pacifism;
see also
Friends

Padroado

paedophilia

paganism

Palamas, Gregory (1296-1359)

Palatinate;
defined
Electors Palatine: Friedrich III (1515, 1559-76); Friedrich V (1596, 1610-32)

Palestine; ancient, Map 3 (84), ; medieval; modern; monasticism in;
see also
Holy Land; Israel

papacy, Chs.; allegorically Jerusalem; as Antichrist; and Byzantine Empire ; cathedral, St John Lateran (formerly Christ Church); centralization (modern); claims to primacy ; claims to universal dominion; and Cluny; criticism of;
defined
; elections; and England; and episcopal authority; and Franciscans; Guelphs; and Holy Roman Empire; and Iconoclastic Controversy; and Imperialists; Infallibility (1870); Investiture Controversy; in modern world; obedience to; Papal Schism; and Portugual; Servant of the Servants of God; and slavery; and Spain; as successors of Peter; Vicars of Christ;
see also
Acacian Schism; Babylonian Captivity; bulls; Catholic Reformation; Catholicism; Curia; Donation of Constantine; Gallicanism; Great Schism; Gregorian Reform; Investiture Controversy; legates; Papal Schism; Roman Catholicism; Rome: Popes; ultramontanism; Western Latin Church

Papal Schism (1378)

Papal States

papists:
see
Roman Catholics

Paris (Lutetia) ; Bastille; Catholicism in; Notre Dame; Pantheon (Ste Genevieve); Peace of (1763); Sainte-Chapelle 4; St-Germain-des-Pres; Sorbonne; University;
see also
Denis

parishes and parish clergy ;
defined
; in Islam

Parousia
;
see also
Jesus Christ

Parthian Empire

Passion (crucifixion) of Christ:
see
Jesus Christ: crucifixion and death (Passion)

Pastoral Epistles (I and II Timothy; Titus);
defined

pastoral care;
see also
secular clergy

Paternoster:
see
Lord's Prayer

Patriarchs, Christian;
see also
Alexandria; Antioch; Constantinople; Jerusalem; Moscow; Rome

Patriarchs, Hebrew;
see also
Abraham; Jacob

Patrick (
c.
430), Plate

Paul of Samosata (
c.
200-275)

Paul (Saul) of Tarsus (d.
c.
64-65) ; authentic writings; church dedications; conversion; epistles; and Augustine; and
charismata
; and Eucharist; and Gentile mission; and Greek philosophy; and Jesus; and Jewish Christians; and Qur'an; and Last Days; and the Law; and Marcion; and marriage; martyrdom; and Peter; and Rome; and Sadducees; and sexuality; and slavery; and women

Peace of God movement

Peasants' War:
see
Farmers' War

Pelagius (
fl. c.
400) and Pelagianism;
see also
Augustine of Hippo; semi-Pelagians

penal substitution;
see also
soteriology

penance;
see also
confession; discipline

penitentials and tariff books

Pennsylvania

Pentateuch;
defined
;
see also
Bible; Moses

Pentecost

Pentecostalism; in Africa; and Evangelicals; in Korea; in Latin America; in USA; in Wales;
see also
charismatic Christianity

People of the Book:
see
Religions of the Book

persecution; by Armenians; by Chinese; by Christians; by Church of England; by Communists; by Ethiopians; 'Great Persecution'; by Henry VIII ; by Japanese; by Jews; by Methodists; by Muslims; by New Englanders; by Reformed Protestants; by Roman Catholics , Plate; by Roman Empire ; by Russian Orthodox; by Sassanian Empire; by Soviet Union; by Western Latin Church ;
see also
anti-Semitism; burning at the stake; Donatists; inquisitions; Jews; martyrdom; toleration; witchcraft

Persia (Iran); and Greeks Kings (Shahs): Cyrus ('the Great'; reigned BCE); Darius I ('the Great';
c.
BCE)
see also
Parthian Empire; Sassanian Empire; Zoroastrianism

Peter Abelard:
see
Abelard

Peter, Apostle (Cephas; d. ); in art, Plate 18; church dedications; martyrdom; and Mary Magdalene; and Paul; putative Bishop of Rome; tomb;
see also
papacy; Rome

Peter Martyr:
see
Vermigli

Petrarca, Francesco ('Petrarch';)

Phanariots;
see also
Constantinople: Phanar

Pharisees

Philip, Apostle (
c.
)

Philo (
c.
20 BCE-50 CE)

philosophes

Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; Latin; Western;
see also
Aristotle; Neoplatonism; Plato

physicality in worship

physis

Pieta
: see Mary: sufferings

Pietism

Pilgrim Fathers

pilgrimage; attacked; to Canterbury; to Compostela, Map(367), Plate; and early Christianity; to Guadalupe; to Jerusalem; to Lourdes; to Marpingen; in modern Europe; to Rome; to Walsingham; in Western Latin Church;
see also
relics; shrines

plague, illness and epidemics

plainsong/plainchant

Plato (428/7-348/7 BCE) ; and afterlife; and Augustine; and Christianity ; and Islam; in Renaissance; see also Neoplatonism

pluralism of religion and denomination ; in North America;
see also
syncretism; toleration

Pneumatomachi
:
see
Macedonianism

poetry

pogroms:
see
anti-Semitism

Poitiers (Pictavia); battle of (73 2/3 );
see also
Hilary

Poland; first Christianity in; Jews in; modern; Protestantism in; Roman Catholicism in

Queen: Jadwiga (Hedwig; /4;)

see also
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

polis
;
defined

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ; bishops; and conciliarism; decay; Jagiellon dynasty; Jews in; Kmel'nyts'kyi (Chmielnicki) Rebellion (1648); and Muscovy/Russia; Orthodoxy in; partition; Protestantism in; Roman Catholicism in; Socinianism in; and Sweden; toleration in; Union of Lublin; and witchcraft

Kings: Henri:
see
France: Kings: Henri III; Sigismund I (1467, 1506-48); SigismundAugustus (1520; ); Sigismund III (also King of Sweden;; ); Stefan Bathory, formerly Prince of Transylvania (Istvan Bathori;; ); Wladyslaw Jagiello I (Jogaila, Grand Prince of Lithuania;
c.
1362; 1377-86; 1386-1434); Wladyslaw (1595; 1632-48);
see also
Saxony: Electors

see also
Brest; Lithuania; Ruthenian Orthodoxy; toleration

political thought: Greek; Jewish;
see also
Church and State; monarchy; republicanism

Polycarp of Smyrna (
c. 69-c.
155)

polygamy

Pontius Pilate (Prefect in Judaea 26-36)

poor relief, almsgiving and charity;
see also
Liberation Theology

Popes:
see
Alexandria; papacy; Rome

Portugal, Map(589), in Africa; in America; and China; in India; and Islam; and Japan; Jews in; modern history;
Padroado
; and slavery; united with Spain

Kings: Jose I (1714; 1750-77); Manoel (1469; 1495-1521)

see also
Spain: Kings

post-millennialism

Prague; Cathedral, Plate 11; Defenestration of (1419); (1618)

praxis

prayer

Prayer Book:
see Book of Common Prayer

preaching; Anglican; Byzantine; early Church; Evangelical; and Lollards; Lutheran; Methodist; Orthodox; outdoor; Protestant; Reformed Protestant; Roman Catholic; Russian Orthodox; Western Latin ;
see also
friars; pulpits; sermons

predestination; and Augustine of Hippo; and Calvin; in gnosticism; and Luther; and Thomas Aquinas; and Vermigli;
see also
Arminianism; soteriology

premillennialism

presbyterianism and presbyteries;
defined

Presbyterian Churches; in Africa; in Australia; in China; in India; in Korea; in North America/ USA; in Ulster;
see also
Geneva; Low Countries; Scotland: Church of