Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (208 page)

presbyters (
presbyteroi
);
see also
presbyterianism; priests

Prester John

priests and priesthood; female; origins

printing; in England; in India; in Latin West and Roman Catholicism; in North America/USA; in Ottoman Empire; in Poland-Lithuania; and Protestantism; and Renaissance; in Russia; in Spain

prophets; Christian ; Hebrew ;
see also
Montanists; women

proselyte
defined

prosopon

Prosperity Gospel:
see
Word of Faith movement

Protestant Episcopal Church: see United States of America

Protestantism ; character of;
defined
; and images; Liberation Theology; and Nazism; and printing; and saints; and science; and state Communism; and tradition; 'work ethic':
see
Weber;
see also
Anglicanism; charismatic Christianity; Fundamentalism; Huguenots; justification; liberal Protestantism; Lutheranism; Reformed Protestantism; separatism

providence, divine, and providentialism:
see
God

Prussia; Ducal

Duke: Albrecht of Brandenburg (1490, 1525-68)

Kings: Friedrich I, Elector of Brandenburg (1657, 1701-13); Friedrich II, Elector of Brandenburg ('the Great'; 1712; 1740-86); Friedrich Wilhelm III, Elector of Prussia -
cont
. Brandenburg (1770; 1797-1840); Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1795; 1840-61)

Pseudo-Bonaventure:
see
Caulibus, John de

Pseudo-Dionysius:
see
Dionysius the Areopagite

pulpits;
see also
preaching

Purgatory; origins;
see also
chantries; indulgences

Puritanism;
defined

Quakers:
see
Friends

Qur'an (Koran);
defined
; translations

Rabban Sauma (
c.
1220-94)

rabbis (Jewish teachers)

racism ;
see also
anti-Semitism; apartheid; genocide; Nazis; segregation

radical Reformation; in England; and Erasmus; in Italy; militancy in; and tradition;
see also
Amish; Anabaptists; anti-Trinitarians; Friends; Mennonites; Munster; separatism; Socinians; Spirituals; Unitarians; Valdes

rational religion ;
see also
Deism; Enlightenment

Ravenna; Sant' Apollinare in Classe; Sant' Apollinare Nuovo, Plate 4; San Vitale, Plates

reason:
see
rational religion

rebellion:
see
resistance

redemption:
see
soteriology

'Reductions': see Society of Jesus: Spanish Empire

Reformation, Protestant, Ch. ; and Anglicanism; and Bible; Catholicity; character; and clerical celibacy; magisterial Reformation;
see also
Gregorian Reform; justification; Protestantism; radical Reformation

'Reformation of Manners'

Reformed Protestantism; architecture; in Bohemia; character; in China;
defined
; and divine law; in England; and Eucharist; in France:
see
Huguenots; in Geneva; in Germany; in Hungary/ Transylvania; and images; in Low Countries/United Provinces; in North America; in Poland-Lithuania 533, 641, 678-9; in Scotland; in South Africa; in Switzerland; in United States; and witchcraft;
see also
Bucer; Bullinger; Calvin; Calvinism; consistories; discipline; Dutch Reformed Church; England: Church of; Geneva; Germany; Heidelberg; Huguenots; Hungary; iconoclasm; metrical psalms; Poland-Lithuania; Presbyterian Churches; Puritanism; Scotland; Second Reformation; Strassburg; Switzerland; Transylvania; Vermigli; Zurich

regular clergy:
see
monks

relics ; in Counter-Reformation; theft of;
see also
Jesus Christ: Holy Blood; shrines

Religions of the Book;
defined
;
see also
Christianity; Islam; Judaism

Renaissance (14th-16th centuries);
defined
; Italian;
see also
Carolingian Renaissance; humanism; twelfth-century Renaissance

republicanism

requiems:
see
Mass

reunion of Churches , ;
see also
Brest; Ecumenism; Florence; Greek Catholics; Lyons; Pietism; Uniate Churches

revealed truth and revelation;
see also
Bible

revivals, Ch.; Evangelical;
see also
'Great Awakenings'; 'holy fairs'; mission

rhetoric

Roman Catholicism, Chs.; in Africa; and afterlife; in Belgium; and biblical criticism; and Charismatic Movement; in China; and ecumenism; and Enlightenment; in France; in Germany; in Great Britain; in Holy Roman Empire; in Hungary/Transylvania; in Japan; in Korea;
magisterium
; in Middle East; mission outside Europe, Ch. 19; in modern world; in North America/USA; and persecution, Plate; in Poland; post-Vatican II; revival in 19th century; in Russia; and sexuality; and state Communism; and Thomism; and tradition; in United Provinces;
see also
Catholic Reformation; Greek Catholic Church; Liberation Theology; Melchites; Modernism; papacy; Rome; Western Latin Church

Roman Empire and Emperors ; Antonine dynasty; army; as Babylon; Christianity in accommodation with; Christianity in confrontation with , Ch. 5,; Court ceremonial; divided by Diocletian; Flavian dynasty; and Greeks; imperial cult; and India; and Jews; and Manichaeism; Severan dynasty; Tetrarchy; Western Empire's collapse and formal end (476)

Emperors: Augustus (Octavian;; BCE-14 CE); Aurelian (214/15; ); Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 12; 37-41); Claudius I (10 BCE; 41-54); Commodus (161; 180-92); Constantine I (271/73; ); alliance with the Church, Ch.; and burials; conversion; and Council of Nicaea; Donation of Constantine, Plate;
see also
Fausta; Helena; Constantius I ('Chlorus';;); Constantius II (317;); Decius (
c.
201; 249-51); Diocletian (244; 284-305; d. 311) ; Domitian (51; 81-96); Eugenius (reigned 392-4); Galerius (
c.
260; ); Gallienus (
c.
218; 253-68); Gratian (Flavius Gratianus; 359; ) ; Hadrian (76;); Julian ('the Apostate';;); Licinius (
c.
250; 308-24); Magnus Maximus (
c.
335; 383-8); Marcian (396; 450-57); Marcus Aurelius (121; 161-80); Maxentius

(
c.
278; 306-12); Maximinus Thrax (
c.
173; 235-8); Nero (37; 54-68); Romulus Augustulus (461/3x; 475-6); Septimius Severus (145/ 6; 193-211); :
see also
Julia Domna; Severus Alexander (208; 222-35); Theodosius I (
c.
346; ); Theodosius II (401; 408-50); Trajan (53; 98-117); Trebonianus Gallus (206; 251-3); Valens (328; 364-78); Valentinian II (371; 375-92); Valerian (
c.
200;; after 260)
see also
Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire); Holy Roman Empire

Roman Inquisition:
see
inquisitions

Romania (Rumania); Orthodox Church

romanticism

Rome ; abandoned by emperors; Anglo-Saxons in; Appian Way; Ara Pacis; capture by Italy (1870); Castel Sant'Angelo; catacombs, Plate; citizenship; and Constantine; consuls; Council of (313); Counter-Reformation in; early Church in; Jewish community; origins; Peter and Paul in; pilgrimage to;
Pontifex Maximus
; Sack (410); Sack (1527); St John Lateran (formerly Christ Church); St Peter's Basilica , Plate; San Clemente; San Lorenzo (Lawrence); San Paolo fuori le Mura; San Sebastiano; Santa Maria Maggiore; Senate; Sistine Chapel; traditional religion ; Trastevere; tribunes; Vatican and Vatican State

Church of:
see
Catholic Reformation; Roman Catholicism; Western Latin Church (medieval)

Popes (i.e. Bishops); Adrian VI (Adrian Dedel;;); Agapetus I (reigned 535-6); Alexander VI (Borja, Rodrigo; 1431; 1492-1503); Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa;; 1914-22); Benedict XVI (Ratzinger, Josef; b. 1927; 2005- ); Boniface VIII (Benedetto Caetani;
c.
1235; 1294-1303); Callistus I (reigned 217-22); Celestine V (Pietro Angelerio;
c.
1214; 1294; d. 1296); Clement I (
c.
); Clement II (Suidger; 1005; 1046-7); Clement V (Bertrand de Got; 1264; 1305-24); Clement VI (Pierre Roger; 1291; ); Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici; 1478; 1523-34); Cornelius (reigned 251-3), Plate; Damasus I (
c.
305; ); Eleutherius (reigned 175-89); Eugenius(Bernardo da Pisa; reigned 1145-53); Gelasius(reigned 492-6); Gregory('The Great';
c.
540; 590-604); Gregory VII (Hildebrand; Pope 1073-85); s
ee also
Gregorian Reform; Gregory XI (Pierre Roger de Beaufort;
c.
1336; 1370-78); Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagni; 1502; 1572-85);
see also
calendars; Gregory XVI (Bartolomeo Cappellari; 1765; 1831-46); Hadrian I (reigned 772-95); Hadrian II (reigned 867-72); Honorius I (reigned 624-38); Honorius III (Cencio; 1148; 1216-27); Hormisdas (reigned 514-23); Innocent III (Lotario de Conti; 1160/61; 1198-1216); John XII (Octavianus;
c.
937; 955-63); John XXII (Jacques Dueze; 1249; 1316-34); John XXIII (Baldassare Cossa; antipope 1410-15; d. 1419); John XXIII (Guiseppe Roncalli; 1881; 1958-63); John Paul I (Albino Luciani; 1912; 1978); John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla; 1920; 1978-2005), Plate; Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere; 1443; 1503-13), Plate; Julius III (Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte; 1487; 1550-55); Leo I ('the Great'; reigned 440-61); Leo III (reigned 795-816); Leo IX (Bruno of Eguisheim-Dagsburg; 1002; 1049-54);
see also
Great Schism; Leo X (Giovanni de' Medici; 1475; 1513-21); Leo XIII (Vincenzo Pecci; 1810; 1878-1903); Marcellinus (296-304); Marcellus II (Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi; 1501; 1555); Martin I (reigned 649-53); Martin V (Oddo Colonna; 1368; 1417-31); Nicholas I (reigned 858-67); Nicholas V (Tommaso Parentucelli; 1397; 1447-55); Paul III (Alessandro Farnese; 1468; 1534-49); Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafa; 1483; 1555-9); Paul VI (Giovanni Battista Montini; 1897-1978); Peter:
see
Peter; Pius I (reigned 140-55); Pius II (Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini; 1405; 1458-64); Pius IV (Giovanni Angelo de' Medici; 1499, 1559-65); Pius V (Michele Ghislieri; 1504, 1566-72); Pius VI (Giovanni Angelo Braschi; 1717; 1775-99); Pius VII (Barnaba Chiaramonti; 1740; 1800-1823); Pius IX (Giovanni Mastai-Ferretti; 1792; 1846-78); Pius X (Giuseppe Melchiore Sarto; 1835; 1903-14); Pius XI (Achille Ratti; 1857; 1922-39); Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli; 1876; 1939-58); Silverius (reigned 536-7); Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere; 1414, 1471-84); Stephen I (reigned 254-7); Stephen II (reigned 752-7); Sylvester I (reigned 314-35); Urban II (Otho de Lagery; 1042; 1088-99), Plate 29; Urban IV (Jacques Panteleon;
c.
1195; 1261-4); Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini; 1568; 1623-44); Valerian (reigned 657-72); Victor I (reigned 189-99); Vigilius (reigned 537-55); Zacharias (reigned 741-52)

see also
bulls; Catholicism Gallicanism; General Councils; Lateran Councils; papacy; Papal States; Vatican Council; Western Church

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712-78)

Rubruck, William of (Willem van Ruysbroeck) (
c.
1220-c.1293)

Rus'; Kievan; Christianity in; conversion of (988); and Oecumenical Patriarch;
Primary Chronicle
; Rurikid dynasty

Princes (Kiev): Boris and Gleb (d. 1015/19); Ivan IV:
see
Russia: Tsars; Jaroslav I ('the Wise';
c.
978; 1019-54); Sviatopolk ('the Accursed';
c.
980-1019); Sviatoslav I (
c.
942; 962-72); Vasilii I (1371; 1389-1425); Vasilii II (1415; 1425-62); Vladimir (Basil;
c.
958; 980-1015)

Princesses (Kiev): Anna
Porphyrogenneta
(?963-?1011); Olga (Yelena;
c. 890-c.
969)

Russia, Map 17 (544), ; Empire proclaimed; Jews in; KGB and FSB; and Ottoman Empire; Revolution (1917); Romanov dynasty; Russo-Japanese War (1904-5); and Serbia; Soviet Union ; speaking in tongues; and World War I 917-19, and World War II 949 - 50 Tsars; Aleksei (1629; ); Alexander I (1777; 1801-25); Alexander II (1818; 1855-81); Feodor I (1557; 1584-98); Ivan IV ('the Terrible'; 1530; 1533-84); Michael I (1596; 1613-45); Nicholas I (1796; 1825-55); Nicholas II (1868; 1894-1917); Peter I ('the Great' 1672; 1689-1725)

Regents: Sophia (1657; 1682-9; 1704)

Tsarinas/Tsaritsas (Empresses): Alexandra (1872; 1894-1918); Catherine II ('the Great'; 1729; 1762-96); Elizabeth (1709; 1741-62)
see also
Bolsheviks; Muscovy; Rus'

Russian Orthodoxy, Ch. 15; and biblical translation; character; confraternities; and ecumenism; monasticism in; Holy Synod; and Oecumenical Patriarch; Old Believers; and Russian Federation; and Soviet Union; 'Third Rome'; and Western Christianity;
see also
Moscow: PatriarchsRuthenian Orthodoxy;
see also
Greek Catholics

Sabbath and sabbatarianism

Sabellianism:
see
modalism

sacraments; and Augustine; etymology; sacramentalism; Seven;
see also
baptism; confirmation; Eucharist; marriage; ordination; penance; unction

sacrifice; Aztec; in Christianity; human; in Judaism; in Roman religion;
see also
Abraham; altar; Eucharist; martyrdom

Sadducees

St-Denis Abbey

St Petersburg (Leningrad, Petrograd)

St Sabas monastery (Palestine)

saints; cults of ;
defined
; in Islam; merits of; patron saints;
see also
canonization; hagiography; syncretism

salvation:
see
soteriology

Sanchez Cepeda Davila y Ahumada, Teresa:
see
Teresa

Sanliurfa:
see
Edessa

Santeria
:
see
syncretism

Santiago:
see
Compostela

Sassanian Empire; and Christianity; and Islam

Satan;
see also
Devil

Sava (
c.
1175-1235) and
Svetosavlje